ࡱ> *,)56C7 bjbjUU & 7|7|\ l8LFFFFQSSSSSS$ w-@wKFFcKKK(FFQKQKKQQF @},:QQ0QpKpQKCalculating Power using G*Power In this tip sheet we will depart from using Excel and introduce a program called G*Power. Using G*Power, we will be able to conduct both a priori and post hoc power analyses. Our example will focus on a scenario in which the appropriate statistical analysis is an independent groups t test, but G*Power can be used to compute power for a variety of statistical tests, including other t tests, F tests, and 2 tests. G*Power is available for free in Windows and Macintosh versions from the following website: http://www.psycho.uni-duesseldorf.de/aap/projects/gpower/ The Ingredients Recall that in order to calculate power by hand we need to know the sample size (N), the alpha level (), and the effect size (d or g for a t test). Fortunately, G*Power requires the same information but allows us to avoid the complicated arithmetic involved in a hand calculation. G*Power will also calculate the effect size when given two sample means and a standard deviation. We will begin our investigation of G*Power by performing a post hoc power analysis. Below is an image of G*Powers interface. Make sure to select Post hoc in the Analysis box and Two tailed in the Test is.. box. Make selections with the mouse.  The example scenario involves a developmental psychologist studying adolescents and adults. The researcher has hypothesized that adults are better able to generate consequences for actions than are teens. The difference between the means was not significant, t58 = 1.93, p = 0.06. The means, estimated pooled standard deviation, and sample size are given below. Note that N represents the number of participants in each group.  EMBED Equation.DSMT4 parents = 4.0  EMBED Equation.DSMT4 teens = 3.4  EMBED Equation.DSMT4 = 1.7 N = 60 The first step in conducting our power analysis is to select t-Test from the Tests menu as shown below.  EMBED PBrush  The next step in conducting a post hoc power analysis is to compute the effect size. Begin by clicking the Calc Effectsize button. You should see a screen similar to the one below. Input the adults mean for group 1 and the adolescents mean for group 2. Sigma is our estimated pooled standard deviation. After entering the data, click Calc & Copy.  You should now see a screen similar to the one below. Input the sample sizes as shown. Make sure that Accuracy is selected in the I prefer box and click the Calculate button.  After clicking Calculate, your Protocol box should look like the one below. If the researchers results represent the actual difference between the means, what was her probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis before collecting data? Does that seem adequate?  Now we will conduct an a priori power analysis using the same example to determine what sample size the researcher would have needed to have power of 0.80 if the smallest effect size in which she is interested is d = 0.3. Our first step is to select A priori from the Analysis box. Next we will change our effect size to 0.3 and our Power to 0.8. When your interface resembles the one below, click the Calculate button.  Your Protocol box should now look like the one below. The sample size given is the total number of participants required. Are you surprised she needs 176 participants in each condition?  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