ࡱ>  bjbj *}rrrrrlj7,6666666,8H;7r7rr$7 rr6646vz! 6"6:70j776j;;D6r6,77j7; 8:   What You Need to Know About Miscellaneous Subjects Types of Social Sciences Economics study of use of resources and decisions about allocating goods Archeology study of civilizations by studying artifacts Anthropology study of civilizations by studying the people Geography determines how people live; people adapt to it Types of economies Traditional peasant, subsistence agriculture, self-sufficient; doesnt change from generation to generation Manorial - Economic portion of feudalism where all aspects of life were centered on the lords manor including peasant villages, a church, farm land, a mill, and the lord's castle or manor house. Market (Free Market) an economy based on free trade and supply and demand Command production is based on a plan rather than supply and demand; a strong centralized government commands what to produce; often associated with communism Important Geographical facts Greece mountainous, peninsula led to isolated city-states, lots of sea trade Japan mountainous, island led to isolated feudal manors; unified culture, mostly isolated from cultural diffusion what little there was came from China, Korea Buddhism, Confucianism, writing Russia search for warm water ports; huge expanses led to military defeat of invasions of Napoleon and Hitler Indian Subcontinent Himalayas and Hindu Kush separate it from rest of continent; seasonal monsoons Africa disease, insects made it hard to move inland; many different geographies made it hard to explore, traverse South America many different geographical regions made it hard to unite Middle East: oil; river valleys and irrigation in Egypt, Mesopotamia Miscellaneous historical facts Irish Potato Famine (1840s) led to migration, especially to the United States AIDS a continuing problem of disease; kills lots, especially in Africa What You Need to Know About the Neolithic Age and Ancient Civilizations Migration From Africa all over the world To the Americas over the Bering Strait land bridge Ice Ages Hunter-gatherers are considered nomads people who move from place to place Neolithic Revolution (8000 BCE): People settle down Domestication of animals (livestock) and agriculture (grains) Traditional Economy basic farming and herding; self-sufficiency Leads to civilization River Valley Civilizations (4000 1000 BCE): Why Rivers? Water supply for irrigation Easier movement of trade goods General Characteristics of Ancient Civilizations Organized religion Government and laws Record keeping writing Specialization of labor and social classes Technology irrigation, wheel, bronze and iron, city-states Iron first invented by Hittites in 1000 BCE Egypt: the Nile flooded in a regular and predictable way natural geographic barriers (desert) protected it from invasion Hieroglyphics writing system Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where Iraq is today subject to regular invasion no natural barriers Hammurabis Code: a code of laws an eye for an eye (harsh punishment) China the Mandate of Heaven explained that the Emperor was chosen by Heaven and fell when he no longer carried out the will of heaven China was the most isolated of the four main river valley civilization Huang He or Yellow River Harrappa Indus River Valley in Northern India Phoenicians Trading and merchant culture invented the alphabet What You Need to Know About Belief Systems Animism = Belief in spirits in nature Polytheism = Belief in many gods Monotheism = Belief in just one god: Christianity, Islam, Judaism All major religions are ethical tell us how and why to behave well, and reward us for doing so Hinduism India Polytheistic many gods Reincarnation quality of your new life is based on deeds in this one (karma, dharma) Caste all people are assigned by ancestry to one of four social groups: Priests (Brahmins), warriors, merchants/craftsmen/herders, peasants; lack of social mobility Buddhism founded in India, practiced mostly in China, Japan Founded by Siddhartha Gautama: the Buddha Reincarnation until you have given up all desire Enlightenment leads to Salvation Nirvana Reach Nirvana by following the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path Spreads from India to China Confucianism China Not a religion; no gods Teaches respect for elders filial piety The 5 Relationships father/son, husband/wife, older brother/younger brother, ruler/subject, older/younger If everyone acts correctly, according to their role, society will prosper Judaism founded in Middle East First Monotheistic religion Belief in a messiah (savior) who would spread gods word Old Testament (Bible) Ten Commandments Christianity founded in Middle East Comes from Judaism Jesus Christ was a Jew Monotheistic Christians believe Christ was the messiah and son of god Salvation (afterlife) through belief in Christ Holy Books are New Testament and Old Testament Islam founded in Middle East Founder is Muhammad Holy Book is Quran Recognizes Christ as a prophet, but not a god; tolerant toward Christians and Jews, who are People of the (Holy) Book Salvation by following the Five Pillars of Islam: Belief in god (Allah) Prayer Charity (Alms) Fasting during holy month of Ramadan Pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca What You Need to Know About Classical Civilizations Greece, Rome, India, China Different Forms of Government Monarchy: ruled by a King or Emperor Aristocracy: ruled by Nobles Oligarchy: ruled by a small group of citizens Republic: all citizens choose representatives to make decisions Democracy: all citizens make all decisions Theocracy: ruled by priests or religious authorities Greece (500 300 BCE) Significance of geography: Separate city-states due to mountainous geography Access to sea, many harbors, encouraged sea trade and colonization around the Mediterranean Athens: Democracy, but not for women or slaves only males born in Athens were citizens Led by Pericles during its Golden Age a time of great art, culture and science Famous philosophers Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Fights Peloponnesian War with Sparta Sparta: Oligarchy with many serfs (helots) who were not citizens Very militarist all citizens received military training Alexander the Great unites Greece, conquers Persia and Egypt; Hellenistic Age sharing of many cultures Rome Republic (approx 500 BCE 0) Empire (approx 0-500 CE) First Emperor: Augustus Pax Romana Roman peace time of prosperity, peace, trade throughout Empire Road system Body of laws: The Twelve Tables Applied to all citizens Innocent until proven guilty; right to face accuser Compare with other ancient bodies of law: Hammurabis Code, 10 Commandments, Justinians Code India Maurya Empire (300-100 BCE) Greatest Emperor was Ashoka spread Buddhism India -- Gupta Empire (300-500 CE) a Golden Age of culture and science invented zero China (200 BCE 200 CE) Qin Dynasty unites China under ideas of Legalism Han Dynasty Confucian Merit System to choose government officials Invention of paper Similarities Between Han China and Roman Empire Both empires are a time of prosperity, trade networks Both fall because of barbarian invasions Interaction between cultures cultural diffusion Silk Road gunpowder, paper, trade goods Indian Ocean trade network connects China to India to Europe (after Vasco da Gama) Chinese ideas diffuse to Korea, Japan, SE Asia What You Need to Know About the Golden Age of Islam and Feudal Europe and Japan Golden Age of Islam (600 1200) Begun by Muhammad, founder of Islam Expansion by conquest (esp. during Umayyad Dynasty, 650-800); then by conversion Baghdad was capital of Abbasid Dynasty (800 1200) and great trading city Ibn Battuta travels throughout Islamic lands from Africa to Spain to China Great advances in mathematics, medicine, astronomy Whats a Golden Age? Time of great culture, science, learning Feudalism in Europe (500 1300) Central authority breaks down kings lack power A time of chaos and disorder constant warfare, raids by Vikings Gradual re-creation of stability and order: Europe adopts Christianity as religion: Church provides education Feudalism local lords with large land estates take power and provide protection; land (fiefs) given to lesser lords or knights in return for military service Manorialism an economic system in which the lords manor is self-sufficient makes nearly everything it needs Many peasants become serfs they are tied by law to lords land Lack of social mobility The Crusades (1100 1250) Unites Christian Europe in a quest to take Jerusalem (the Holy Land) from the Muslims In the end, Muslims win back Jerusalem Exposes backward Europe to advanced Islamic culture Feudalism in Japan similarities to Europe (800 1600) Japanese Emperor, European Kings both lack power Japanese Daimyos = European Lords Japanese Samurai = European Knights Samurais Bushido = Knights Chivalry both are codes of honor Feudalism develops because Japan is mountainous hard to create central authority What You Need to Know About the Byzantine Empire, Russia, the Mongols, and African and American Kingdoms The Byzantine Empire (400 1453) Created from the Eastern half of the Roman Empire Preserved Greek and Roman culture Constantinople was capital and great trading city between Europe, Asia Justinians Code: Romes Twelve Tables re-written as a complete body of laws often paired with Hammurabis Code, 10 Commandments, Twelve Tables Eastern Orthodox Christianity splits with Roman Catholicism; two different branches of Christianity Conquered by Ottomans Byzantines influence Russia (1000 Byzantines convert Russians to Eastern Orthodox Christianity Byzantines encourage Russian Czarism like all-powerful Byzantine emperors Mongols conquer almost all of Asia (1200 1400) Genghis Kahn, then Kublai Khan, are main rulers Effects of conquests: Peace and unity throughout Asia allows spread of ideas, trade, disease on Silk Road: Pax Mongolica Marco Polo, Italian merchant, travels to Kublai Khan in China Golden Horde rules Russia, limits contact with Europe Bubonic Plague, Black Plague, Black Death, spreads from Asia to Europe along trade routes Ming Dynasty replaces Mongols in China; Romanov Dynasty in Russia African Empires Geography lack of navigable rivers, poor soil makes much of Africa hard to develop Bantu expansion from West Africa to the east and south cultural diffusion of advanced farming and iron-working techniques West African empires Ghana, Mali, Songhay Connection with the Islamic world by trans-Sahara (desert) trade routes kings convert to Islam Gold-for-salt trade Mali greatest ruler was Mansa Musa pilgrimage to Mecca Songhay greatest ruler was Askia Muhammad Timbuktu was great trading and intellectual center Evidence of advanced civilization, high levels of technology and culture, before contact with Europeans American Empires were completely isolated from the rest of the world Mayans Central America (Guatemala, Belize) Many city-states Organized religion, government, development of writing Aztec Empire Mesoamerica (Mexico) Inca Empire west coast of South America in Andes mountains (Peru) Overcome geographical problems (mountains) by terrace-farming Build road network through mountains Evidence of advanced civilizations and technology before contact with Europeans What You Need to Know About the Commercial Revolution, the Age of Exploration and the Renaissance Commercial Revolution Europe trades within itself and the Islamic world Development of banking, letters of credit and joint stock companies, merchant capitalism Hanseatic League group of Northern European traders Italian City-states especially Venice Led to rise of Kings, nation-states, merchant class and decline of feudal nobles Age of Exploration Zheng He (Chinese) explores Indian Ocean and Africa Vasco DaGama (Portugal) circles around Africa to Asia - 1498 Looking for access to Indian Ocean spices, goods w/o dependence on Ottomans Opens sea route from Europe to Asia Columbus (1492), etc. (Spanish) explore Americas, then conquer it Aztecs conquered by Cortes Incas conquered by Pizarro Why? Better military technology guns, cannon, horses; disease Effects of disease 90% of all Native Americans die after first contact with Europeans Conversion of Native Americans to Christianity Columbian Exchange To Europe, Asia, Africa corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans To America disease, horses, cows, sheep, sugar, wheat, Christianity Triangle Trade slaves, sugar and tobacco, manufactured goods Latin America and Caribbean Portuguese in Brazil; French in Haiti; Spanish elsewhere Encomienda system forced Native peoples to work for Spanish Caste in Latin America: peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mullatos, Indians, African slaves Mercantilism: theory that a nation should try to export more than it imports, get raw materials from colonies and force colonies to buy the goods of the mother country Renaissance (Rebirth) in Europe (1300 1600) / Humanism A Golden Age of Art, Learning and Science Starts in wealthy Italian city-states, spreads throughout Europe Tried to pattern themselves after the Greeks and Romans (Classical Age) Humanism idea that men (sorry) should try to reach their full potential on earth, not just seek salvation. Renaissance Man knows about everything art, science, literature, math (DaVinci) Important artists: Leonardo DaVinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael remember the Ninja Turtles! Art in a naturalistic manner; sometimes religious, sometimes not religious Supported by wealthy merchant-traders (patrons) Nicolo Machievelli political writer Said leaders should do whatever was necessary to gain power for the state the ends justify the means Gutenberg invents the printing press increases production of books, diffusion of knowledge, literacy People began to question and debate politics and religion leads to Reformation What You Need to Know About the Protestant Reformation, Absolutism and the Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution Reason, testing, experimentation replace the Bible as the way to find things out Copernicus, Galileo prove the Earth revolves around the Sun Isaac Newton shows how the Universe works according to regular laws Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation Martin Luther protests indulgences buying your way into heaven through gifts to Catholic Church 95 Theses Luthers list of things wrong with the Catholic Church, especially about how they are corrupt Protestant Reformation a different, more personal way to practice Christianity; dont need the Pope or priests Results: Catholic Counter-Reformation Church fights back cleans up act, ends indulgences (Council of Trent), creates missionary movement (Jesuits Ignatius Loyola, founder) France, Italy, Spain stay Catholic England, Holland become Protestant Kings. Princes gain power; organized religion loses power Germany splits half and half fights the 30 Year War over right to religious freedom Age of Absolutism kings and emperors eliminate rivals, gain absolute (total) power within nations Divine Right monarchs claim God gave them the right to rule Thomas Hobbes: said life without government was nasty brutish and short; government was best when an absolutist ruled no disputes about who was in charge Examples and important information Louis XIV of France; builds the Versailles Palace to show power Philip II of Spain Peter the Great of Russia creates huge army to win a warm water port; tries to adopt Western (European) culture Henry VIII of England changes all English peoples religion from Catholic to Protestant Suleiman the Magnificent of Ottoman Empire Akbar of India adopts western military technology to expand his empire Tokugawa Japan bars Europeans, Christianity What You Need to Know About the Enlightenment, and the English, American, French Revolutions Enlightenment Ideas Belief in human reason and the goodness and perfectibility of man (not woman) Opposed to Absolutism and the kings absolute power Consent of the governed people have a right to choose their leaders John Locke: all men have the natural right to life, liberty and property Compare Locke to Hobbes: Locke says people have the right to overthrow unjust governments; Hobbes says no right to rebel Baron de Montesquieu: separation of powers within government; checks and balances Other Enlightenment philosophes (thinkers): Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot Englands Glorious Revolution (1689) Development of the Rights of Englishmen Magna Carta King agrees that his power is not absolute Glorious Revolution Parliament (English Congress) issues the English Bill of Rights Creation of a Constitutional Monarchy all real power in hands of elected Parliament, limits power of king The Thirteen Colonies War of Independence (1775-83) Influenced by Enlightenment ideas Thomas Jeffersons Declaration of Independence: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness all men have inalienable (natural) rights First elected representative government since the Roman Republic Constitution establishes separation of powers and a Bill of Rights restricting the governments power The French Revolution (1789-1815) Influenced by the American Revolution Bad economy, famine in France lead King to call a meeting of Estates-General French Congress Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly and issues Declaration of the Rights of Man Execution of the King by guillotine Reign of Terror Robespierre leads killing of opponents of the revolution Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte to lead France; crowns himself Emperor; encourages French nationalism, invades other European nations French Revolution ends after Napoleon is defeated invading Russia due to harsh winter, long supply lines Effects: end of feudalism, spread of democratic and revolutionary ideas Congress of Vienna (1815) Kings of Europe meet to re-establish order in Europe after Napoleons defeat New boundary lines drawn; attempt to create a permanent balance of power Haitian Revolution (1800) Influenced by French Revolution Leader: Toussaint LOuverture Latin American Revolutions (1800-1830) Influenced by American and French Revolutions Revolutionary leaders: Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin Independence and nationalist movements against the Spanish are successful Latin America does not unite due to cultural and geographic differences over a large area What You Need to Know About the Industrial Revolution and Imperialism Industrial Revolution starts in Great Britain (England) Starts in England around 1800 geography supplies of coal and iron (natural resources) Agricultural Revolution higher productivity frees up people to come to cities (urbanization) and work in Factories with machinery run by steam power Invention of railroad allows high speed trade, development of new markets for products Working people include women (for the first time) and child labor Urbanization People gather in cities to work in factories Horrible slums, pollution, terrible living conditions Breaks down traditional societies and ways of life Reform movements: Workers organize labor (trade) unions to protect their rights Workers demand right to vote Women who are working demand equality Abolition of slave trade and, eventually, slavery Theory of Laissez-faire the ideology of capitalism: government should not interfere in the workings of capitalism and the free-market economy business should be allowed to set wages and working conditions without regulation the opposite of mercantilism Karl Marx and Socialism / Communism Workers of the World, Unite! from The Communist Manifesto Opposed the capitalists (bourgeoisie) mistreatment of workers Marx wanted to eliminate private property and capitalism and replace it with government (state) ownership of property Organized for a revolution of workers (proletariat) in Europe to redistribute wages and income equally to each according to his need Age of Imperialism (1850 1914) European nations gained political and economic control of foreign lands, especially in Africa and Asia Cause: Industrial Revolution Factory owners want new markets for their products Factory owners need access to raw materials Industrialization gives Europeans an advantage in military technology Social-Darwinism the (racist) idea that the Europeans were superior and therefore deserved to rule over others and to teach them European civilization. Poet Rudyard Kipling called this The White Mans Burden The Scramble for Africa Europeans divide up control of Africa at the Berlin Conference (1884) Britain controls India the jewel in the (British) crown build railroads, industrialize India Indians fight back but fail Sepoy Mutiny Imperialists in China Opium War Britain demands right to sell drugs (opium) in China Extraterritoriality Europeans in China dont have to obey Chinese laws Chinese fight back, but fail Boxer Rebellion Imperialism in Japan American Commodore Perry forces Japan to allow trade with US and Europeans American Imperialism: Cuba, Philippines, Caribbean, Latin America building of the Panama Canal What You Need to Know and Nationalism, WWI, and the Treaty of Versailles Nationalism A nation is all the people who think of themselves as a nation and believe themselves united by common culture, religion, history, ethnicity, territory and language Some features of successful nationalist movements: We versus Them easy to identify the other Common culture, easily drawn boundaries Unites people of different social classes What kind of nationalism is it? Does it build larger units or tear apart multi-national units? Does it claim racial or cultural superiority over others? Does it give national minorities equal rights or exclude them? European nationalism: German states unite into Germany Chancellor Otto Bismark the great questions will be settled by blood and iron Italian states unite into Italy Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi Austria-Hungary Empire breaks up after World War I due to separate nationalities, especially in the Balkans Nationalism in colonies is used to unite people to fight imperialism Turkish nationalism under Kemal Ataturk: modernization and adoption of western culture and democracy Chinese nationalism under Sun Yat-Sen: tries to re-unite nation Indian nationalism under Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi: Salt March to protest British rule, win independence Latin American nationalism Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin Zionism Jewish nationalism to have national homeland Theodore Herzl Japanese Nationalism the Meiji Restoration Japanese people unite against European imperialism, but adopt western culture and science Speedy industrialization Japan becomes an imperialist power too wars with Russia, China, Korea to gain raw materials for expansion WWI and the Treaty of Versailles (1914-18) Britain, France, Russia vs. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Russia drops out (Russian Revolution), US joins Britain and France (1917) Causes: Nationalism defense of motherland Imperialist conflicts around world increase tension Military alliances suck other nations into smaller wars Assassination of heir to Austrian throne actually starts war Results: Large scale death and destruction first major war fought with modern technology Britain, France, US win Russian Revolution Women replace men in factories many never return to the home demand right to vote (suffrage) President Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points says all people have the right to national self-determination (to choose their form of government) Treaty of Versailles; Paris Peace Conference Establishes League of Nations (similar to the United Nations) Austria-Hungary broken up into separate nations Ottoman Empire broken up; Turkey modernizes and westernizes (Mustafa Kemel Ataturk) Germany accepts full responsibility for start of war (war guilt) Germany loses territory in Europe and all its colonies; League of Nations Mandate system established over these colonies Size of German army, navy is limited Germany forced to pay reparations billions of dollars to France and Britain What You Need to Know About Between the Wars and WWII Characteristics of totalitarianism government control over the political, economic and cultural life of a nation, often through the use of secret police Russian / Bolshevik Revolution; Soviet Union Bolsheviks are Communists follow ideas of Karl Marx; leader of Bolsheviks is Vladimir Lenin Causes of 1917 Bolshevik Revolution: defeats in WWI, starvation in cities Bolsheviks promise Peace, Bread and Land to win supports of soldiers, workers, peasants First Communist nation abolition of private property Results of Revolution: New Economic Policy (NEP) allows some capitalism; kulaks Lenin dies and Joseph Stalin becomes new leader ends the NEP Creation of a Command Economy decisions about what to produce and prices are made by the government (planning, not free markets) Land is given to peasants (1917), but later taken away and made into large government-owned state farms (collective farms) famine and terror during collectivization Five Year Plans build up economy, especially heavy industry (steel, electricity) Totalitarianism increasing government control over politics and culture: one political party, censorship of the press, secret police The Great Depression Unemployment rises to about 30% of the population and businesses fail in most of Europe, United States Economic disaster causes many people to look for a non-democratic solution to their problems Fascism in Germany and Italy Fascism is a form of totalitarianism Causes of Hitlers and Nazi Partys rise to power Anger of Germany people over effects of Versailles Treaty on Germany Bad economic times due to Depression Hitler promises to return Germany to greatness Results of Nazi rule Totalitarianism one party rule, secret police, control of press, concentration (forced labor) camps, Hitler Youth Genocide against German Jews and other inferior ethnic groups begins Militarism and aggression, leading to WWII Fascism in Italy Benito Mussolini Militarism in Japan Economic problems due to Great Depression Military government replaces democratic one Increased militarism to gain access to natural resources war in Manchuria (1931) and China (1937) WWII (1939-45) Causes: Militarism, expansion by Germany, Japan Failure of League of Nations to stop aggression Appeasement the hope that by giving an aggressor what it wants, it will prevent war; at the Munich Conference, Britain and France allow Hitler to take part of Czechoslovakia Allies Britain, France, Soviet Union (1941), US (1941) vs. Axis Germany, Italy, Japan War in Europe Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) keeps Soviet Union neutral at start of war Hitler attacks Poland (1939), France (1940), Soviet Union (1941) Tide turns at Battle of Stalingrad, in Soviet Union (1942-43) harsh weather, long supply lines cause Nazi invasion to fail (compare Hitler to Napoleon) D-Day invasion of France by US, Britain (1944) War in Pacific US President Roosevelt blockades Japan, prevents shipments of oil and rubber Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (1941) and seizes most of Southeast Asia, gains access to resources (1942) Tide turns at Battle of Midway (1942) Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945) Effects United States and Soviet Union emerge as worlds greatest military powers Germany under joint US-Soviet occupation, Japan occupied by US Holocaust and Genocide Armenian Genocide (1915) by Turks one million die Rape of Nanking (1937) by Japanese during invasion of China 3/4 million die Holocaust Concentration Camps made into Death Camps death by gassing Systematic killing of all European Jews six million Forced labor camps, death by starvation for Poles, Russians, Gypsies Nuremburg Trials (1945-48) tries and sentences Nazi war criminals, rejects defense of only following orders d. United Nations International Convention on Human Rights (1948) establishes general principle that nations will stop violations of human rights What You Need to Know About the Cold War, Decolonization and Independence Movements Causes of the Cold War Mistrust between US and Soviet Union (USSR) Soviet Union wanted control of Eastern Europe to protect itself from invasion US wanted free market economies throughout Europe Winston Churchill gives Iron Curtain speech Chinese Communist Revolution Mao Zedong Cold War Conflicts Truman Doctrine US promises to support anti-communist governments policy of containment containing communism, not allowing it to spread Marshall Plan economic aid for nations of Europe Soviet Union excluded Satellite nations in Eastern Europe Soviet Union prevents democratic elections in Poland, Czechoslovakia, military occupations of Hungary (1956), Czechoslovakia (1968) Soviet Union blockades Berlin (1949, 1961) Creation of military alliances NATO (US) and Warsaw Pact (USSR) Cuba: Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis Arms race, space race, nuclear arms build-up Effects of the Cold War Proxy Wars Korea (US), Vietnam (US), Nicaragua (US), Afghanistan (USSR) World split into two blocs led by US and USSR Non-alignment India and other nations try to stay neutral Dtente easing of Cold War tensions President Nixon goes to China meets with Mao Zedong SALT I & II (Streategic Arms Limitation Talks) US and Soviets agree to limit nuclear weaponry Decolonization Independence through Nationalism European imperialists weakened by WWI and WWII Key nationalists - communists Ho Chi Minh Vietnam fights French, Americans Fidel Castro - Cuba Mao Zedong China Great Leap Forward huge communes, results in millions of deaths Cultural Revolution violent struggle for political power; Mao uses Red Guard Key nationalists non-communists Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi India ideas of civil disobedience, non-violence Salt March Kwame Nkrumah Ghana idea of self-determination Jomo Kenyatta - Kenya Problems of decolonization British India splits in two at independence (Pakistan) due to religious differences Boundaries in Africa causes ethnic conflict Religious and ethnic conflicts in Israel / Palestine (Arabs/Muslims vs. Jews) hard to resolve Ethnic and religious conflicts in Yugoslavia results in break-up of nation (Serbs vs. Croats vs. Slovenes vs. Bosnians; Roman Catholics vs. Eastern Orthodox Catholics vs. Muslims) South Africa Nelson Mandela successfully leads the fight against apartheid unequal treatment of majority black population by Afrikaner white population Islamic Fundamentalism Iran Ayotollah Khomeini Afghanistan - Taliban Communism in the 1980s - 2006 Lech Walesa leads Polish anti-communist movement (Solidarity) Policies of Mikhael Gorbachev Soviet Union lead to collapse of communism Perestroika market economy replaces command economy glasnost (political freedom) End of Communist Party control Fall of Berlin Wall Eastern European nations elect (anti-communist) democratic governments Soviet Union breaks up into many ethnically-based nations Policies of Deng Xiaoping China Four modernizations encourages market economy Continues Communist Party control Tiananmen Square Protests students unsuccessfully demand political freedom Useful Comparisons 1. Law codes: Hammurabi, Ten Commandments, Twelve Tables (Roman), Justinians Code (Byzantine) 2. Religious Codes: Five Pillars (Islam), Ten Commandments (Judaism), Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path (Buddhism) 3. Monotheistic Religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam 4. Golden Ages cultural and technological achievements: Periclean Athens, Gupta India, Islamic Caliphates, Renaissance Europe 5. 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