ࡱ> !a bjbj 8xEbxEb:: mmm3 5 5 5 5 5 5 $h Y ;+mm;+;+Y n 111;+3 1;+3 11m|@YQ+"  0 {j s+d$ TmW1G#;'mmmY Y 1 mmm ;+;+;+;+mmmmmmmmm:B |: Roaring 1920s Notes CHANGING WAYS OF LIFE During the 1920s, urbanization continued to accelerate For the first time, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas New York City was home to over 5 million people in 1920 Chicago had nearly 3 million URBAN VS. RURAL Throughout the 1920s, Americans found themselves caught between urban and rural cultures Urban life was considered a world of anonymous crowds, strangers, moneymakers, and pleasure seekers Rural life was considered to be safe, with close personal ties, hard work and morals PROHIBITION One example of the clash between city & farm was the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920 This Amendment launched the era known as Prohibition The new law made it illegal to make, sell or transport liquor SUPPORT FOR PROHIBITION Reformers had long believed alcohol led to crime, child & wife abuse, and accidents Supporters were largely from the rural south and west The church affiliated Anti-Saloon League and the Womens Christian Temperance Union helped push the 18th Amendment through SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERS Many Americans did not believe drinking was a sin Most immigrant groups were not willing to give up drinking To obtain liquor illegally, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons known as speakeasies People also bought liquor from bootleggers who smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and the West Indies ORGANIZED CRIME Prohibition contributed to the growth of organized crime in every major city Chicago became notorious as the home of Al Capone a famous bootlegger Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his competition GOVERNMENT FAILS TO CONTROL LIQUOR Eventually, Prohibitions fate was sealed by the government, which failed to budget enough money to enforce the law The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500 poorly paid federal agents --- clearly an impossible task SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALED By the mid-1920s, only 19% of Americans supported Prohibition Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than it solved The 21st Amendment finally repealed Prohibition in 1933 SCIENCE AND RELIGION CLASH Another battleground during the 1920s was between fundamentalist religious groups and secular thinkers over the truths of science The Protestant movement grounded in the literal interpretation of the bible is known as fundamentalism Fundamentalists found all truth in the bible including science & evolution SCOPES TRIAL In March 1925, Tennessee passed the nations first law that made it a crime to teach evolution The ACLU promised to defend any teacher willing to challenge the law John Scopes did SCOPES TRIAL The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow, the most famous trial lawyer of the era, to defend Scopes The prosecution countered with William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential nominee SCOPES TRIAL Trial opened on July 10,1925 and became a national sensation In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert on the bible key question: Should the bible be interpreted literally? Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admit that the bible can be interpreted in different ways Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 THE TWENTIES WOMAN After the tumult of World War I, Americans were looking for a little fun in the 1920s Women were becoming more independent and achieving greater freedoms (right to vote, more employment, freedom of the auto) THE FLAPPER During the 1920s, a new ideal emerged for some women: the Flapper A Flapper was an emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN The fast-changing world of the 1920s produced new roles for women Many women entered the workplace as nurses, teachers, librarians, & secretaries However, women earned less than men and were kept out of many traditional male jobs (management) and faced discrimination THE CHANGING FAMILY American birthrates declined for several decades before the 1920s During the 1920s that trend increased as birth control information became widely available Birth control clinics opened and the American Birth Control League was founded in 1921 MODERN FAMILY EMERGES As the 1920s unfolded, many features of the modern family emerged Marriage was based on romantic love, women managed the household and finances, and children were not considered laborers/ wage earners but rather developing children who needed nurturing and education AMERICAN POSTWAR ISSUES The American public was exhausted from World War I Public debate over the League of Nations had divided America An economic downturn meant many faced A wave of Nativism swept the nation ISOLATIONISM Many Americans adopted a belief in isolationism Isolationism meant pulling away from involvement in world affairs FEAR OF COMMUNISM One perceived threat to American life was the spread of Communism Communism is an economic and political system based on a single-governmental party, equal distribution of resources, no private property and rule by a dictatorship SOVIET UNION COMMUNISM Russia was transformed into the Soviet Union in 1917, a Communist state Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and overthrew the Czarist regime He was a follower of the Marxist doctrine of social equality A Communist party was formed in America, too SACCO & VANZETTI The Red Scare (fear of Communism in the U.S.) fed Nativism in America Italian anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti were a shoemaker and a fish peddler Convicted of robbery and murder despite flimsy evidence, their execution was symbolic of discrimination against radical beliefs during the Red Scare THE KLAN RISES AGAIN As the Red Scare and anti-immigrant attitudes reached a peak, the KKK was more popular than ever By 1924, the Klan had 4.5 million members CONGRESS LIMITS IMMIGRATION Congress, in response to Nativist pressure, decided to limit immigration from southern and eastern Europe The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set up a quota system to control and restrict immigration A TIME OF LABOR UNREST Strikes were outlawed during WWI, however in 1919 there were more than 3,000 strikes involving 4 million workers BOSTON POLICE STRIKE Boston police had not received a raise in years and were denied the right to unionize The National Guard was called New cops were hired STEEL MILL STRIKE In September of 1919, the U.S. Steel Corporation refused to meet with union representatives In response, over 300,000 workers struck Scabs were hired while strikers were beaten by police and federal troops The strike was settled in 1920 with an 8-hour day but no union COAL MINERS STRIKE In 1919, United Mine Workers led by John L. Lewis called a Strike on November 1 Lewis met with an arbitrator appointed by President Wilson Lewis won a 27% pay raise and was hailed a hero 1920s: TOUGH TIMES FOR UNIONS The 1920s hurt the labor movement Union membership dropped from 5 million to 3.5 million Why? African Americans were excluded from membership and immigrants were willing to work in poor conditions THE HARDING PRESIDENCY Warren G. Hardings modest successes include the Kellogg-Briand Pact which renounced war as a means of national policy (signed by 15 nations, but difficult to enforce), and the Dawes Plan which solved the problem of post-war debt by providing loans to Germany to pay France/Britain who then paid the U.S. SCANDAL HITS HARDING The Presidents main problem was that he didnt understand many of the issues Several of Hardings appointees were caught illegally selling government supplies to private companies TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL The worst case of corruption was the Teapot Dome Scandal The government set aside oil-rich public land in Teapot, WY Secretary of Interior Albert Fall secretly leased the land to two oil companies Fall received $400,000 from the oil companies and a felony conviction from the courts THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA The new president, Calvin Coolidge, fit the pro-business spirit of the 1920s very well His famous quote: The chief business of the American people is business . . .the man who builds a factory builds a temple the man who works there worships there AMERICAN BUSINESS FLOURISHES Both Coolidge and his Republican successor Herbert Hoover, favored governmental policies that kept taxes down and business profits up Tariffs were high which helped American manufacturers Government interference in business was minimal Americans wages were increasing THE IMPACT OF THE AUTO The auto was the backbone of the American economy from 1920 through the 1970s It also profoundly altered the American landscape and society IMPACT OF THE AUTO Among the many changes were: Paved roads, traffic lights Motels, billboards Home design Gas stations, repair shops Shopping centers Freedom for rural families Independence for women and young people Cities like Detroit, Flint, Akron grew By 1920, 80% of worlds vehicles were produced in U.S. AIRLINE TRANSPORT BECOMES COMMON The airline industry began as a mail carrying service and quickly took off By 1927, Pan American Airways was making the transatlantic passenger flights AMERICAN STANDARD OF LIVING SOARS The years 1920-1929 were prosperous ones for the U.S. Americans owned 40% of the worlds wealth The average annual income rose 35% during the 1920s ($522 to $705) Discretionary income increased ELECTRICAL CONVENIENCES While gasoline powered much of the economic boom of the 1920s, the use of electricity also transformed the nation MODERN ADVERTISING EMERGES Ad agencies no longer sought to merely inform the public about their products They hired psychologists to study how best to appeal to Americans desire for youthfulness, beauty, health and wealth Say it with Flowers slogan actually doubled sales between 1912-1924 A SUPERFICIAL PROSPERITY Many during the 1920s believed the prosperity would go on forever Wages, production, GNP, and the stock market all rose significantly But. . . . PROBLEMS ON THE HORIZON? Businesses expanded recklessly Iron & railroad industries faded Farms nationwide suffered losses due to overproduction Too much was bought on credit (installment plans) including stocks EDUCATION AND POPULAR CULTURE During the 1920s, developments in education had a powerful impact on the nation Enrollment in high schools quadrupled between 1914 and 1926 Public schools met the challenge of educating millions of immigrants EXPANDING NEWS COVERAGE As literacy increased, newspaper circulation rose and mass-circulation magazines flourished By the end of the 1920s, ten American magazines -- including Readers Digest and Time boasted circulations of over 2 million RADIO COMES OF AGE Although print media was popular, radio was the most powerful communications medium to emerge in the 1920s News was delivered faster and to a larger audience Americans could hear the voice of the president or listen to the World Series live AMERICAN HEROES OF THE 20s In 1929, Americans spent $4.5 billion on entertainment (includes sports) People crowded into baseball games to see their heroes Babe Ruth was a larger than life American hero who played for Yankees He hit 60 homers in 1927 LINDBERGHS FLIGHT Americas most beloved hero of the time wasnt an athlete but a small-town pilot named Charles Lindbergh Lindbergh made the first nonstop solo trans-Atlantic flight He took off from NYC in the Spirit of St. Louis and arrived in Paris 33 hours later to a heros welcome ENTERTAINMENT AND ARTS Even before sound, movies offered a means of escape through romance and comedy First sound movies: Jazz Singer (1927) First animated with sound: Steamboat Willie (1928) By 1930 millions of Americans went to the movies each week MUSIC AND ART Famed composer George Gershwin merged traditional elements with American Jazz Painters like Edward Hopper depicted the loneliness of American life Georgia O Keeffe captured the grandeur of New York using intensely colored canvases WRITERS OF THE 1920S The 1920s was one of the greatest literary eras in American history Sinclair Lewis, the first American to win the Nobel Prize in literature, wrote the novel, Babbitt In Babbitt the main character ridicules American conformity and materialism WRITERS OF THE 1920s Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the phrase Jazz Age to describe the 1920s Fitzgerald wrote Paradise Lost and The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby reflected the emptiness of New York elite society WRITERS OF THE 1920S Edith Wartons Age of Innocence dramatized the clash between traditional and modern values Willa Cather celebrated the simple, dignified lives of immigrant farmers in Nebraska in My Antonia WRITERS OF THE 1920 Ernest Hemingway, wounded in World War I, became one of the best-known authors of the era In his novels, The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war His simple, straightforward style of writing set the literary standard THE LOST GENERATION Some writers such as Hemingway and John Dos Passos were so soured by American culture that they chose to settle in Europe In Paris they formed a group that one writer called, The Lost Generation THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE Between 1910 and 1920, the Great Migration saw hundreds of thousands of African Americans move north to big cities By 1920 over 5 million of the nations 12 million blacks (over 40%) lived in cities AFRICAN AMERICAN GOALS Founded in 1909, the NAACP urged African Americans to protest racial violence W.E.B Dubois, a founding member, led a march of 10,000 black men in NY to protest violence MARCUS GARVEY - UNIA Marcus Garvey believed that African Americans should build a separate society (Africa) In 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association Garvey claimed a million members by the mid-1920s He left a powerful legacy of black pride, economic independence and Pan-Africanism (freedom and independence for all Africa people) HARLEM, NEW YORK Harlem, NY became the largest black urban community Harlem suffered from overcrowding, unemployment and poverty However, in the 1920s it was home to a literary and artistic revival known as the Harlem Renaissance AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITERS The Harlem Renaissance was primarily a literary movement Led by well-educated blacks with a new sense of pride in the African-American experience Claude McKays poems expressed the pain of life in the ghetto LANGSTON HUGHES Missouri-born Langston Hughes was the movements best known poet Many of his poems described the difficult lives of working-class blacks Some of his poems were put to music, especially jazz and blues ZOLA NEALE HURSTON Zola Neale Hurston wrote novels, short stories and poems She often wrote about the lives of poor, unschooled Southern blacks She focused on the culture of the people their folkways and values AFRICAN-AMERICAN PERFORMERS During the 1920s, black performers won large followings Paul Robeson, son of a slave, became a major dramatic actor His performance in Othello was widely praised LOUIS ARMSTRONG Jazz was born in the early 20th century In 1922, a young trumpet player named Louis Armstrong joined the Creole Jazz Band Later he joined Fletcher Hendersons band in NYC Armstrong is considered the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz EDWARD KENNEDY DUKE ELLINGTON In the late 1920s, Duke Ellington, a jazz pianist and composer, led his ten-piece orchestra at the famous Cotton Club Ellington won renown as one of Americas greatest composers BESSIE SMITH Bessie Smith, blues singer, was perhaps the most outstanding vocalist of the decade She achieved enormous popularity and by 1927 she became the highest- paid black artist in the world IN CONCLUSION-THE END OF AN ERA Black Tuesday-October 29, 1929-stock market hit an all-time low. Buying on margin & stock speculation Selling at a loss Overproduction Roaring 1920s Notes CHANGING WAYS OF LIFE During the 1920s, _________________________ continued to accelerate For the first time, more Americans lived in _________________________ than in rural areas _________________________ was home to over 5 million people in 1920 _________________________ had nearly 3 million URBAN VS. RURAL Throughout the 1920s, Americans found themselves caught between _________________________ and _________________________ cultures Urban life was considered a world of anonymous crowds, strangers, moneymakers, and pleasure seekers _________________________ was considered to be safe, with close personal ties, hard work and morals PROHIBITION One example of the clash between city & farm was the passage of the _______ Amendment in 1920 This Amendment launched the era known as _________________________ The new law made it _________________________ to make, sell or transport liquor SUPPORT FOR PROHIBITION _________________________ had long believed alcohol led to crime, child & wife abuse, and accidents Supporters were largely from the rural _________________________ and _________________________ The church affiliated Anti-Saloon League and the Womens Christian Temperance Union helped push the ______ Amendment through SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERS Many Americans did not believe drinking was a _________________________ Most _________________________ groups were not willing to give up drinking To obtain liquor illegally, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons known as ___________________ People also bought liquor from _________________________ who smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and the West Indies ORGANIZED CRIME Prohibition contributed to the growth of organized _________________________ in every major city _________________________ became notorious as the home of _________________________ a famous bootlegger Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his _________________________ GOVERNMENT FAILS TO CONTROL LIQUOR Eventually, Prohibitions fate was sealed by the _________________________, which failed to budget enough money to enforce the law The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500 poorly paid _________________________ --- clearly an impossible task SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALED By the mid-1920s, only ______ of Americans supported Prohibition Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than it solved The ________ Amendment finally _________________________Prohibition in 1933 SCIENCE AND RELIGION CLASH Another battleground during the 1920s was between fundamentalist religious groups and secular thinkers over the truths of _________________________ The Protestant movement grounded in the literal interpretation of the _________________________is known as _________________________ Fundamentalists found all truth in the bible including science & evolution SCOPES TRIAL In March 1925, Tennessee passed the nations first law that made it a _________________________to teach _________________________ The _________________________promised to defend any teacher willing to challenge the law John _________________________did SCOPES TRIAL The ACLU hired Clarence _________________________, the most famous trial lawyer of the era, to _________________________Scopes The prosecution countered with William Jennings _________________________, the three-time Democratic _________________________nominee SCOPES TRIAL Trial opened on July 10,1925 and became a national sensation In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert on the bible key question: _______________________________________________________ Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admit that the bible can be interpreted in different ways Nonetheless, _________________________was found _________________________and fined $100 THE TWENTIES WOMAN After the tumult of World War I, Americans were looking for a little fun in the 1920s _________________________were becoming more _________________________and achieving greater freedoms (right to _________________________, more employment, freedom of the __________________) THE FLAPPER During the 1920s, a new ideal emerged for some women: the _________________________ A Flapper was an emancipated young woman who embraced the new _________________________and urban _________________________ NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN The fast-changing world of the 1920s produced new roles for women Many women entered the workplace as nurses, _________________________, librarians, & secretaries However, women _________________________than men and were kept out of many traditional male jobs (management) and faced _________________________ THE CHANGING FAMILY American _________________________declined for several decades before the 1920s During the 1920s that trend increased as birth control information became widely available Birth control clinics opened and the American Birth Control League was founded in_________________ MODERN FAMILY EMERGES As the 1920s unfolded, many features of the modern family emerged _________________________was based on romantic love, women managed the _________________________and _________________________, and children were not considered laborers/ wage earners but rather developing children who needed nurturing and ____________________ AMERICAN POSTWAR ISSUES The American public was exhausted from World War I Public debate over the _____________________________________had divided America An economic _________________________meant many faced A wave of _________________________swept the nation ISOLATIONISM Many Americans adopted a belief in isolationism _________________________meant pulling away from involvement in world affairs FEAR OF COMMUNISM One perceived threat to American life was the spread of _________________________ Communism is an economic and political system based on a _________________________party, equal distribution of resources, no private property and rule by a _________________________ SOVIET UNION COMMUNISM Russia was transformed into the Soviet Union in 1917, a Communist state Vladimir _________________________led the Bolsheviks and overthrew the Czarist regime He was a follower of the _________________________doctrine of social equality A _________________________party was formed in America, too SACCO & VANZETTI The _________________________ (fear of Communism in the U.S.) fed Nativism in America Italian anarchists _________________________& _________________________were a shoemaker and a fish peddler Convicted of _________________________and murder despite flimsy evidence, their execution was symbolic of discrimination against radical beliefs during the Red Scare THE KLAN RISES AGAIN As the Red Scare and anti-immigrant attitudes reached a peak, the ________ was more popular than ever By 1924, the Klan had ______ million members CONGRESS LIMITS IMMIGRATION Congress, in response to _________________________pressure, decided to _________________________immigration from southern and eastern Europe _________________________________________set up a quota system to control and restrict immigration A TIME OF LABOR UNREST _________________________were _________________________during WWI, however in 1919 there were more than _________________________involving 4 million workers BOSTON POLICE STRIKE Boston _________________________had not received a _________________________in years and were denied the right to _________________________ The _________________________was called New _________________________were hired STEEL MILL STRIKE In September of 1919, the U.S. _________________________refused to meet with union representatives In response, over _________________________workers struck _________________________were hired while strikers were beaten by police and federal troops The strike was settled in 1920 with an _________________________but no union COAL MINERS STRIKE In 1919, United Mine Workers led by _________________________called a Strike on November 1 Lewis met with an _________________________appointed by President Wilson Lewis won a ________ pay raise and was hailed a hero 1920s: TOUGH TIMES FOR UNIONS The 1920s hurt the _________________________movement Union membership dropped from _______ million to _______ million Why? _________________________were _________________________from membership and immigrants were willing to work in poor conditions THE HARDING PRESIDENCY Warren G. Hardings modest successes include the _________________________which renounced war as a means of national policy (signed by 15 nations, but difficult to enforce), and the _________________________which solved the problem of post-war debt by providing loans to Germany to pay France/Britain who then paid the U.S. SCANDAL HITS HARDING The Presidents main problem was that he didnt understand many of the _________________________ Several of Hardings appointees were caught _________________________selling government _________________________to private companies TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL The worst case of corruption was the _________________________ The government set aside _________________________public land in Teapot, WY Secretary of Interior _________________________secretly leased the land to two oil companies Fall received _________________________from the oil companies and a _________________________from the courts THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA The new president, _________________________, fit the _________________________spirit of the 1920s very well His famous quote: The chief business of the American people is business . . .the man who builds a factory builds a temple the man who works there worships there AMERICAN BUSINESS FLOURISHES Both Coolidge and his Republican successor _________________________, favored governmental policies that kept _________________________and business _________________________ _________________________were high which helped American manufacturers Government interference in business was _________________________ Americans _________________________were increasing THE IMPACT OF THE AUTO The _________________________was the _________________________of the American economy from 1920 through the 1970s It also profoundly altered the American _________________________and _________________________ IMPACT OF THE AUTO Among the many changes were: Paved _________________________, traffic _________________________Motels, billboards Home design Gas stations, repair shops _________________________centers Freedom for rural families _________________________for women and young people Cities like _________________________, Flint, Akron grew By 1920, ________ of worlds vehicles were produced in U.S. AIRLINE TRANSPORT BECOMES COMMON The _________________________industry began as a _________________________carrying service and quickly took off By 1927, _________________________Airways was making the transatlantic _________________________flights AMERICAN STANDARD OF LIVING SOARS The years 1920-1929 were _________________________ones for the U.S. Americans owned _______of the worlds _________________________ The average annual income rose ________ during the 1920s ($522 to $705) _________________________income increased ELECTRICAL CONVENIENCES While _________________________powered much of the economic boom of the 1920s, the use of _________________________also transformed the nation MODERN ADVERTISING EMERGES Ad agencies no longer sought to merely _________________________ the public about their products They hired psychologists to study how best to appeal to Americans desire for _________________________, _________________________, health and _________________________ _______________________________________ slogan actually doubled sales between 1912-1924 A SUPERFICIAL PROSPERITY Many during the 1920s believed the _________________________would go on forever Wages, production, GNP, and the _________________________all _________________________significantly But. . . . PROBLEMS ON THE HORIZON? Businesses _________________________recklessly Iron & _________________________industries faded Farms nationwide suffered losses due to _________________________ Too much was bought on _________________________ (installment plans) including stocks EDUCATION AND POPULAR CULTURE During the 1920s, developments in _________________________had a powerful impact on the nation Enrollment in _________________________quadrupled between 1914 and 1926 Public schools met the challenge of educating millions of _________________________ EXPANDING NEWS COVERAGE As literacy increased, _________________________circulation rose and mass-circulation magazines flourished By the end of the 1920s, ten American _________________________-- including _________________________and _________________________ boasted circulations of over 2 million RADIO COMES OF AGE Although print media was popular, _________________________was the most powerful communications medium to emerge in the 1920s News was delivered faster and to a larger audience Americans could hear the voice of the president or listen to the _________________________live AMERICAN HEROES OF THE 20s In 1929, Americans spent _______ billion on _________________________ (includes sports) People crowded into _________________________games to see their heroes _________________________was a larger than life American hero who played for _________________________ He hit 60 homers in 1927 LINDBERGHS FLIGHT Americas most beloved hero of the time wasnt an athlete but a small-town pilot named _________________________ _________________________made the first nonstop solo trans-Atlantic flight He took off from NYC in the ________________________________and arrived in Paris 33 hours later to a heros welcome ENTERTAINMENT AND ARTS Even before sound, movies offered a means of escape through romance and comedy First sound movies: _________________________ (1927) First animated with sound: _________________________ (1928) By 1930 millions of Americans went to the _________________________each week MUSIC AND ART Famed composer George _________________________merged traditional elements with American _________________________ _________________________like Edward _________________________depicted the loneliness of American life Georgia O _________________________captured the grandeur of New York using intensely colored _________________________ WRITERS OF THE 1920S The 1920s was one of the greatest literary eras in American history _________________________, the first American to win the Nobel Prize in literature, wrote the novel, _________________________ In Babbitt the main character ridicules American conformity and materialism WRITERS OF THE 1920s Writer F. Scott _________________________coined the phrase _________________________ to describe the 1920s Fitzgerald wrote Paradise Lost and _________________________ The Great Gatsby reflected the emptiness of _________________________elite society WRITERS OF THE 1920S Edith Wartons _________________________dramatized the clash between traditional and modern values _________________________celebrated the simple, dignified lives of immigrant farmers in Nebraska in _________________________ WRITERS OF THE 1920 Ernest _________________________, wounded in World War I, became one of the best-known authors of the era In his novels, _________________________and A Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war His _________________________, straightforward style of writing set the literary standard THE LOST GENERATION Some _________________________such as Hemingway and John Dos Passos were so soured by American culture that they chose to settle in _________________________ In Paris they formed a group that one writer called, _________________________ THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE Between 1910 and 1920, the _________________________saw hundreds of thousands of African Americans move _________________________to big cities By 1920 over 5 million of the nations 12 million blacks (over _______) lived in _________________________ AFRICAN AMERICAN GOALS Founded in 1909, the _________________________urged African Americans to protest racial violence W.E.B _________________________, a founding member, led a _________________________of 10,000 black men in NY to protest _________________________ MARCUS GARVEY - UNIA Marcus _________________________believed that African Americans should build a _________________________society (Africa) In 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association Garvey claimed a million _________________________by the mid-1920s He left a powerful legacy of black pride, economic independence and _________________________ (freedom and independence for all Africa people) HARLEM, NEW YORK _________________________, NY became the largest black _________________________community Harlem suffered from overcrowding, unemployment and _________________________ However, in the 1920s it was home to a literary and artistic revival known as the _________________________ AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITERS The Harlem Renaissance was primarily a _________________________movement Led by well-educated blacks with a new sense of pride in the African-American experience Claude _________________________poems expressed the pain of life in the _________________________ LANGSTON HUGHES Missouri-born Langston _________________________was the movements best known _________________________ Many of his poems described the difficult lives of _________________________blacks Some of his poems were put to music, especially _________________________and __________________ ZOLA NEALE HURSTON Zola Neale _________________________wrote novels, short stories and _________________________ She often wrote about the lives of _________________________, unschooled Southern blacks She focused on the culture of the people their folkways and _________________________ AFRICAN-AMERICAN PERFORMERS During the 1920s, black performers won large followings Paul _________________________, son of a slave, became a major dramatic _______________________ His performance in _________________________was widely praised LOUIS ARMSTRONG _________________________was born in the early 20th century In 1922, a young trumpet player named Louis _________________________joined the _________________________Jazz Band Later he joined Fletcher Hendersons band in NYC Armstrong is considered the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz EDWARD KENNEDY DUKE ELLINGTON In the late 1920s, Duke _________________________, a jazz _________________________and composer, led his ten-piece orchestra at the famous _________________________ Ellington won renown as one of Americas greatest _________________________ BESSIE SMITH Bessie _________________________, blues _________________________, was perhaps the most outstanding vocalist of the decade She achieved enormous popularity and by 1927 she became the _________________________black _________________________in the world IN CONCLUSION-THE END OF AN ERA _________________________-October 29, 1929-stock market hit an all-time low. 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