ࡱ> GLMJH789|:::B"BBB\CCDdFF GNGGHHHIJJ`KKRLL ^` ^` A. Terminology 1. personality  a person s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns 2. character  personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a person s desirable or undesirable qualities 3. temperament  the hereditary aspCHAPTER 15: PERSONALITY I. Do You Have Personality A. Psychology Looks at Personality B. Traits C. Types D. Self-Concept 1. Self-esteem E. Personality Theories II. Trait Approach A. Predicting Behavior B. Describing People C. Classifying Traits 1. Central Traits 2. Source Traits D. The Big Five 1. Five Key Dimensions ] E. Traits, Consistency, and Situations F. Do We Inherit Personality 1. Twins and Traits III. Psychoanalytic Tehory A. The Structure of the Personality 1. The Id 2. The Ego 3. The Superego B. The Dynamics of Personlity 1. Levels of Awareness C. Personality Development 1. A Freudian Fable? 2. The Oral Stage 3. The Anal Stage 4. The Phallic Stage 5. Latency 6. Latency 7. The Genital Stage IV. Psychodynamic Theories A. Alfred Adler B. Karen Horney C. Carl Jung V. Learning Theories of Personality A. Personality = Behavior B. Social Learning Theory C. Behavioristic View of Development 1. Critical Situations 2. Becoming Male or Female VI. Humanistic Theory A. Maslow and Self-Actualization 1. Characteristics of Self-Actualizers B. Carl Rogerss Self Theory 1. Personality Structure and Dynamics C. Humanistic View of Development VII. Personality Theories A. Trait Theories B. Psychoanalytic Theory C. Behavioristic Theory D. Humanistic Theory VIII. Personality Assessment A. The Interview 1. Computerized Interviews 2. Limitations B. Direct Observations and Rating Scales 1. Situational Testing C. Personality Questionnaires IX. Projective Tests of Personality A. The Rorshach Inkblot Test B. Thematic Apperception Test C. Limitations of Projective Testing PAGE  PAGE 1 ects of personality, including sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability, and adaptability B C: personality trait  a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations; quite stable by 30 D: personality type  a style of6[\hitu&9:Leh ^`  #56Vop1CDVWfg#$;^ $ % @ A [ \ s t  personality defined by a group of related traits 1. Carl Jung a. introvert  a person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-centered person b. extrovert  a person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person E  a person s perception of his/her own personality traits  regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself F  a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality 1. trai&o(ooFp`p@qqrrr(sssxttJuduuJv0www~"~~~\^ ^` A. Terminology 1. personality  a person s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns 2. character  personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a person s desirable or undesirable qualities 3. temperament  the hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability, and adaptability B C: personality trait  a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations; quite stable by 30 D: personality type  a style of personality defined by a group of related traits 1. Carl Jung a. introvert  a person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-centered person b. extrovert  a person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person E  a person s perception of his/her own personality traits  regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself F  a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality 1. trait theories  attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior 2. psychodynamic theories  focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles 3. behavioristic theories  place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning 4. humanistic theories  stress private, subjective experience and personal growth 5. Millon s Biopsychosocial Theory of Personality 1. trait theorist  a psychologist interested in classifying, analyzing, and interrelating traits to understand personality 1. Common traits  personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture 2. Individual traits  personality traits that define a person s unique individual qualities 3. Cardinal traits  personality trait so basic that all of a person s activities relate to it 4  the core traits that characterize an individual personality 5. Secondary traits  traits that are inconsistent or relat theories  attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior 2. psychodynamic theories  focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles 3. behavioristic theories  place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning 4. humanistic theories  stress private, subjective experience and personal growth 5. Millon s Biopsychosocial Theory of Personality 1. trait theorist  a psychologist interested in classifying, analyzing, and interrelating traits to understand personality 1. Common traits  personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture 2. Individual traits  personality traits that define a person s unique individual qualities 3. Cardinal traits  personality trait so basic that all of a person s activities relate to it 4  the core traits that characterize an individual personality 5. Secondary traits  traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial 6. Surface traits  visible or observable traits of one s personality 7  basic underlying traits of personality; each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits 8. Factor analysis  statistical technique used to correlate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors 9. Trait profile  a graph of scores obtained on several personality traits: Five-factor model  proposes that there are five universal dimensions of personality; p.486, Figure 15.4 1. Trait-situation interaction  influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits 1. Behavioral genetics  study of inherited behavioral traits and tendencies 2he  Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts  primitive part of personality that remains unconscious, supplies energy, and demands pleasure a. pleasure principle  a desire for immediate satisfaction of wishes, desires, or needs b. psyche  mind, mental life, and personality as a whole c. libido  the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energizes the personality d. life instincts (Eros)  eg., survival and sexual drives e. death instinct (Thanatos)  eg., aggressive and destructive urges  executive part of personality that directs rational behavior a. reality principle  delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate  judge/censor for thoughts and actions a. conscience  region of the mind that includes guilt when its standards are not met b. ego ideal  part of the superego representing ideal behavior; a source of pride when its standards are met 1. Interaction of personality structure a. neurotic anxiety  apprehension felt when the ego struggles to control id impulses b. moral anxiety  apprehension felt when thoughts, impulses, conflict with the superego s standards 2 a. unconscious  region of the mind that is beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person b. conscious  region of the mind that includes all mental contents a person is aware of at any given moment c. preconscious  area of the mind containing information that con be voluntarily brought to awareness a. psychosexual stages  oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages, during which various personality traits are formed  period when infants are preoccupied with the mouth as a source of pleasure and means of expression a. oral-dependent personality  person who wants to passively receive attention, gifts, love, and etc.; occur with fixation at early oral stage b. oral-aggressive personality  person who uses the mouth to express hostilliy by shouting, cursing, biting, and etc.; also, one who actively exploits others; occur with fixation at later oral stage  psychosexual stage corresponding roughly to the period of toilet training (1  3 yrs) a. anal-retentive  person who is obstinate, stingy, or compulsive, and who generally has difficulty  letting go b. anal-expulsive  disorderly, destructive, cruel, or messy person  psychosexual stage (3  6 yrs), when a child is preoccupied with the genitals a. phallic personality  person who is vain, exhibitionistic, sensitive, and narcissistic b. Oedipus conflict  boy s sexual attraction to his mother and feelings of rivalry with his father c. Electra conflict  girl s sexual attraction to her father and feelings of rivalry with her mother  period in childhood when psychosexual development is more or less interrupted 6  period of full psychosexual development, marked by the attainment of mature adult sexuality: neo-Freudian  a psychologist who has revised Freud s theory, while still accepting some of its basic features 1. Striving for superiority  basic drive propels us toward perfection 2. Compensation  any attempt to overcome feelings of inadequacy or inferiority 3. Style of life  pattern of personality and behavior that defines the pathway each person takes through life 4. Creative self  the  artist in each of us that creates a unique identity and style of life 1. Basic anxiety  primary form of anxiety that arises from living in a hostile world 1. Persona   mask or public self presented to others 2. Personal unconscious  mental storehouse for a single individual s unconscious thoughts 3. Collectiv 1h/ =!"#$% A. Terminology 1. personality  a person s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns 2. character  personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a person s desirable or undesirable qualities 3. temperament  the hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability, and adaptability B C: personality trait  a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations; quite stable by 30 D: personality type  a style of personality defined by a group of related traits 1. Carl Jung a. introvert  a person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-centered person b. extrovert  a person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person E  a person s perception of his/her own personality traits  regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself F  a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality 1. trait theories  attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior 2. psychodynamic theories  focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles 3. behavioristice unconscious  mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans 4. Archetype  universal idea, image, or pattern, found in the collective unconscious a. anima  archetype representing the female principle b. animus  archetype representing the male principle c. self archetype  unconscious image representing unity, wholeness, completion, and balance (self actualization) 5. Mandala  circular design representing balance, unity, and completion4 tively superficial 6. Surface traits  visible or observable traits of one s personality 7  basic underlying traits of personality; each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits 8. Factor analysis  statistical technique used to corr theories  place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning 4. humanistic theories  stress private, subjective experience and personal growth 5. Millon s Biopsychosocial Theory of Personality 1. trait theorist  a psychologist interested in classifying, analyzing, and interrelating traits to understand personality 1. Common traits  personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture 2. Individual traits  personality traits that define a person s unique individual qualities 3. Cardinal traits  personality trait so basic that all of a person s activities relate to it 4  the core traits that characterize an individual personality 5. Secondary traits  traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial 6. Surface traits  visible or observable traits of one s personality 7  basic underlying traits of personality; each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits 8. Factor analysis  statistical technique used to correlate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors 9. Trait profile  a graph of scores obtained on several personality traits: Five-factor model  proposes that there are five universal dimensions of personality; p.486, Figure 15.4 1. Trait-situation interaction  influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits 1. Behavioral genetics  study of inherited behavioral traits and tendencies 2he  Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts  primitive part of personality that remains unconscious, supplies energy, and demands pleasure a. pleasure principle  a desire for immediate satisfaction of wishes, desires, or needs b. psyche  mind, mental life, and personality as a whole c. libido  the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energizes the personality d. life instincts (Eros)  eg., survival and sexual drives e. death instinct (Thanatos)  eg., aggressive and destructive urges  executive part of personality that directs rational behavior a. reality principle  delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate  judge/censor for thoughts and actions a. conscience  region of the mind that includes guilt when its standards are not met b. ego ideal  part of the superego representing ideal behavior; a source of pride when its standards are met 1. Interaction of personality structure a. neurotic anxiety  apprehension felt when the ego struggles to control id impulses b. moral anxiety  apprehension felt when thoughts, impulses, conflict with the superego s standards 2 a. unconscious  region of the mind that is beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person b. conscious  region of the mind that includes all mental contents a person is aware of at any given moment c. preconscious  area of the mind containing information that con be voluntarily brought to awareness a. psychosexual stages  oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages, during which various personality traits are formed 3 .p$* !!t""r##$$$%%h& ''H(X) ^`X))@**+ , -l..//V000v122l33"445\5566667 ^` ^`elate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors 9. Trait profile  a graph of scores obtained on several personality traits: Five-factor model  proposes that there are five universal dimensions of personality; p.486, Figure 15.4 1   : ; `  $D~h]h&`#$.6^4 "\d N ^` ^` A. Terminology 1. personality  a person s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns 2. character  personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a person s desirable or undesirable qualities 3. temperament  the hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability, and adaptability B C: personality trait  a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations; quite stable by 30 D: personality type  a style of personality defined by a group of related traits 1. Carl Jung a. introvert  a person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-centered person b. extrovert  a person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person E  a person s perception of his/her own personality traits  regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself F  a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality 1. trait theories  attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior 2. psychodynamic theories  focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles 3. behavioristic theories  place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning 4. humanistic theories  stress private, subjective experience and personal growth 5. Millon s Biopsychosocial Theory of Personality 1. trait theorist  a psychologist interested in classifying, analyzing, and interrelating traits to understand personality 1. Common traits  personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture 2. Individual traits  personality traits that define a person s unique individual qualities 3. Cardinal traits  personality trait so basic that all of a person s activities relate to it 4  the core traits that characterize an individual personality 5. Secondary traits  traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial 6. Surface traits  visible or observable traits of one s personality 7  basic underlying traits of personality; each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits 8. Factor analysis  statistical technique used to correlate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors 9. Trait profile  a graph of scores obtained on several personality traits: Five-factor model  proposes that there are five universal dimensions of personality; p.486, Figure 15.4 1. Trait-situation interaction  influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits 1. Behavioral genetics  study of inherited behavioral traits and tendencies 2he  Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts  primitive part of personality that remains unconscious, supplies energy, and demands pleasure a. pleasure principle  a desire for immediate satisfaction of wishes, desires, or needs b. psyche  mind, mental life, and personality as a whole c. libido  the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energizes the personality d. life instincts (Eros)  eg., survival and sexual drives e. death instinct (Thanatos)  eg., aggressive and destructive urges  executive part of personality that directs rational behavior a. reality principle  delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate  judge/censor for thoughts and actions a. conscience  region of the mind that includes guilt when its standards are not met b. ego ideal  part of the superego representing ideal behavior; a source of pride when its standards are met 1. Interaction of personality structure a. neurotic anxiety  apprehension felt when the ego struggles to control id impulses b. moral anxiety  apprehension felt when thoughts, impulses, conflict with the superego s standards 2 a. unconscious  region of the mind that is beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person b. conscious  region of the mind that includes all mental contents a person is aware of at any given moment c. preconscious  area of the mind containing information that con be voluntarily brought to awareness a. psychosexual stages  oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages, during which various personality traits are formed  period when infants are preoccupied with the mouth as a source of pleasure and means of expression a. oral-dependent personality  person who wants to passively receive attention, gifts, love, and etc.; occur with fixation at early oral stage b. oral-aggressive personality  person who uses the mouth to express hostilliy by shouting, cursing, biting, and etc.; also, one who actively exploits others; occur with fixation at later oral stage  psychosexual stage corresponding roughly to the period of toilet training (1  3 yrs) a. anal-retentive  person who is obstinate, stingy, or compulsive, and who generally has difficulty  letting go b. anal-expulsive  disorderly, destructive, cruel, or messy person  psychosexual stage (3  6 yrs), when a child is preoccupied with the genitals a. phallic personality  person who is vain, exhibitionistic, sensitive, and narcissistic b. Oedipus conflict  boy s sexual attraction to his mother and feelings of rivalry with his father c. Electra conflict  girl s sexual attraction to her father and feelings of rivalry with her mother  period in childhood when psychosexual development is more or less interrupted 6  period of full psychosexual development, marked by the att. Trait-situation interaction  influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits 1. Behavioral genetics  study of inherited behavioral traits and tendencies 2he  Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts  primitive part of personality that remains unconscious, supplies energy, and demands pleasure a. pleasure principle  a desire for immediate satisfaction of wishes, desires, or needs b. psyche  mind, mental life, and personality as a whole c. libido  the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energizes the personality d. life instincts (Eros)  eg., survival and sexual drives e. death instinct (Thanatos)  eg., aggressive and destructive urges  executive part of personality that directs rational behavior a. reality principle  delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate  judge/censor for thoughts and actions a. conscience  region of the mind that includes guilt when its standards are not met b. ego ideal  part of the superego representing ideal behavior; a source of pride when its standards are met 1. Interaction of personality structure a. neurotic anxiety  apprehension felt when the ego struggles to control id impulses b. mo ral anxiety  apprehension felt when thoughts, impulses, conflict with the superego s standards 2 a. unconscious  region of the mind that is beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person b. conscious  region of the mind that includes all mental contents a person is aware of at any given moment c. preconscious  area of the mind containing information that con be voluntarily brought to awareness a. psychosexual stages  oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages, duringLPM`MhNNN`OOFPPQ&R6SSTTUUVJX YY4ZZZT[[`\ ^` ^``\J]]^^^:___t```abpcZd&eHfghpiijPkllm&o ^` ^`ainment of mature adult sexuality: neo-Freudian  a psychologist who has revised Freud s theory, while still accepting some of its basic features 1. Striving for superiority  basic drive propels us toward perfection 2. Compensation  any attempt to which various personality traits are formed  period when infants are preoccupied with the mouth as a source of pleasure and means of expression a. oral-dependent personality  person who wants to passively receive attention, gifts, love, and etc.; occur with fixation at early oral stage b. oral-aggressive personality  person who uses the mouth to express hostilliy by shouting, cursing, biting, and etc.; also, one who actively exploits others; occur with fixation at later oral stage  psychosexual staovercome feelings of inadequacy or inferiority 3. Style of life  pattern of personality and behavior that defines the pathway each person takes through life 4. Creative self  the  artist in each of us that creates a unique identity and style of life4 :l& Nvh2^ ^` ^`CHAPTER 15: PERSONALITY I. Do You Have Personality A. Terminology 1. personality  a person s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns 2. character  personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; a person s desirable or undesirable qualities 3. temperament  the hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, activity levels, prevailing mood, irritability, and adaptability B. Psychology Looks at Personality C. Traits: personality trait  a stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations; quite stable by 30 D. Types: personality type  a style of personality defined by a group of related traits 1. Carl Jung a. introvert  a person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-centered person b. extrovert  a person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person E. Self-Concept  a person s perception of his/her own personality traits 1. Self-esteem  regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself F. Personality Theories  a system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles used to understand and explain personality 1. trait theories  attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior 2. psychodynamic theories  focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles 3. behavioristic theories  place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning 4. humanistic theories  stress private, subjective experience and personal growth 5. Millon s Biopsychosocial Theory of Personality II. Trait Approach A. Predicting Behavior B. Describing People 1. trait theorist  a psychologist interested in classifying, analyzing, and interrelating traits to understand personality C. Classifying Traits 1. Common traits  personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular culture 2. Individual traits  personality traits that define a person s unique individual qualities 3. Cardinal traits  personality trait so basic that all of a person s activities relate to it 4. Central Traits  the core traits that characterize an individual personality 5. Secondary traits  traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial 6. Surface traits  visible or observable traits of one s personality 7. Source Traits  basic underlying traits of personality; each source trait is reflected in a number of surface traits 8. Factor analysis  statistical technique used to correlate multiple measurements and identify general underlying factors 9. Trait profile  a graph of scores obtained on several personality traits D. The Big Five 1. Five Key Dimensions: Five-factor model  proposes that there are five universal dimensions of personality; p.486, Figure 15.4 ] E. Traits, Consistency, and Situations 1. Trait-situation interaction  influence that external settings or circumstances have on the expression of personality traits F. Do We Inherit Personality 1. Behavioral genetics  study of inherited behavioral traits and tendencies 2. Twins and Traits III. Psychoanalytic Theory  Freudian theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious forces and conflicts A. The Structure of the Personality 1. The Id  primitive part of personality that remains unconscious, supplies energy, and demands pleasure a. pleasure principle  a desire for immediate satisfaction of wishes, desires, or needs b. psyche  mind, mental life, and personality as a whole c. libido  the force, primarily pleasure oriented, that energizes the personality d. life instincts (Eros)  eg., survival and sexual drives e. death instinct (Thanatos)  eg., aggressive and destructive urges 2. The Ego  executive part of personality that directs rational behavior a. reality principle  delaying action (or pleasure) until it is appropriate 3. The Superego  judge/censor for thoughts and actions a. conscience  region of the mind that includes guilt when its standards are not met b. ego ideal  part of the superego representing ideal behavior; a source of pride when its standards are met B. The Dynamics of Personality 1. Interaction of personality structure a. neurotic anxiety  apprehension felt when the ego struggles to control id impulses b. moral anxiety  apprehension felt when thoughts, impulses, conflict with the superego s standards 2. Levels of Awareness a. unconscious  region of the mind that is beyond awareness, especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person b. conscious  region of the mind that includes all mental contents a person is aware of at any given moment c. preconscious  area of the mind containing information that con be voluntarily brought to awareness C. Personality Development 1. A Freudian Fable? a. psychosexual stages  oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages, during which various personality traits are formed 2. The Oral Stage  period when infants are preoccupied with the mouth as a source of pleasure and means of expression a. oral-dependent personality  person who wants to passively receive attention, gifts, love, and etc.; occur with fixation at early oral stage b. oral-aggressive personality  person who uses the mouth to express hostility by shouting, cursing, biting, and etc.; also, one who actively exploits others; occur with fixation at later oral stage 3. The Anal Stage  psychosexual stage corresponding roughly to the period of toilet training (1  3 yrs) a. anal-retentive  person who is obstinate, stingy, or compulsive, and who generally has difficulty  letting go b. anal-expulsive  disorderly, destructive, cruel, or messy person 4. The Phallic Stage  psychosexual stage (3  6 yrs), when a child is preoccupied with the genitals a. phallic personality  person who is vain, exhibitionistic, sensitive, and narcissistic b. Oedipus conflict  boy s sexual attraction to his mother and feelings of rivalry with his father c. Electra conflict  girl s sexual attraction to her father and feelings of rivalry with her mother 5. Latency  period in childhood when psychosexual development is more or less interrupted 6. The Genital Stage  period of full psychosexual development, marked by the attainment of mature adult sexuality IV. Psychodynamic Theories: neo-Freudian  a psychologist who has revised Freud s theory, while still accepting some of its basic features A. Alfred Adler 1. Striving for superiority  basic drive propels us toward perfection 2. Compensation  any attempt to overcome feelings of inadequacy or inferiority 3. Style of life  pattern of personality and behavior that defines the pathway each person takes through life 4. Creative self  the  artist in each of us that creates a unique identity and style of life B. Karen Horney 1. Basic anxiety  primary form of anxiety that arises from living in a hostile world C. Carl Jung 1. Persona   mask or public self presented to others 2. Personal unconscious  mental storehouse for a single individual s unconscious thoughts 3. Collective unconscious  mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans 4. Archetype  universal idea, image, or pattern, found in the collective unconscious a. anima  archetype repr 1. Basic anxiety  primary form of anxiety that arises from living in a hostile world 1. Persona   mask or public self presented to others 2. Personal unconscious  mental storehouse for a single individual s unconscious thoughts 3. Collective unconscious  mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans 4. Archetype  universal idea, image, or pattern, found in the collective unconscious a. anima  archetype representing the female principle b. animus  archetype representing the male principle c. self archetype  unconscious image representing unity, wholeness, completion, and balance (self actualization) 5. Mandala  circular design representing balance, unity, and completion A. Terminology 1. Behavioral personality theory  any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior 2. Learning theorist  psychologist interested in the ways that learning shapes behavior and explains personality 3. Situational determinants  external conditions that strongly influence behavior B 1. Habit  deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behavior 2. Drive  any stimulus strong enough to goad a person to action 3. Cue  external stimuli that guide responses, especially by signaling the presence or absence of reinforcement 4. Response  any behavior, either observable or internal 5. Reward  anything that produces pleasure or satisfaction; a positive reinforcer C  explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition, and the effects of social relationships 1. Psychological situation  situation as it is perceived and interpreted by an individual, not as it exists objectively 2. Expectancy  anticipation about the effect a response will have, especially regarding reinforcement 3. Reinforcement value  subjective value a person attches to a particular activity or reinforcer 4. Self-reinforcement  praising or rewarding yourself for having made a particular response D 1. Social Reinforcement  praise, attention, approval, and/orge corresponding roughly to the period of toilet training (1  3 yrs) a. anal-retentive  person who is obstinate, stingy, or compulsive, and who generally has difficulty  letting go b. anal-expulsive  disorderly, destructive, cruel, or messy person  psychosexual stage (3  6 yrs), when a child is preoccupied with the genitals a. phallic personality  person who is vain, exhibitionistic, sensitive, and narcissistic b. Oedipus conflict  boy s sexual attraction to his mother and feelings of rivalry with his father c. Electra conflict  girl s sexual attraction to her father and feelings of rivalry with her mother  period in childhood when psychosexual development is more or less interrupted 6  period of full psychosexual development, marked by the attainment of mature adult sexuality: neo-Freudian  a psychologist who has revised Freud s theory, while still accepting some of its basic features 1. Striving for superiority  basic drive propels us toward perfection 2. Compensation  any attempt to overcome feelings of inadequacy or inferiority 3. Style of life  pattern of personality and behavior that defines the pathway each person takes through life 4. Creative self  the  artist in each of us that creates a unique identity and style of life 1. Basic anxiety  primary form of anxiety that arises from living in a hostile world 1. Persona   mask or public self presented to others 2. Personal unconscious  mental storehouse for a single individual s unconscious thoughts 3. Collective unconscious  mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans 4. Archetype  universal idea, image, or pattern, found in the collective unconscious a. anima  archetype representing the female principle b. animus  archetype representing the male principle c. self archetype  unconscious image representing unity, wholeness, completion, and balance (self actualization) 5. Mandala  circular design representing balance, unity, and completion A. Terminology 1. Behavioral personality theory  any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior 2. Learning theorist  psychologist interested in the ways that learning shapes behavior and explains personality 3. Situational determinants  external conditions that strongly influence behavior B 1. Habit  deeply ingrained, learned pattern of behavior 2. Drive  any stimulus strong enough to goad a person to action 3. Cue  external stimuli that guide responses, especially by signaling the presence or absence of reinforcement 4. Response  any behavior, either observable or internal 5. Reward  anything that produces pleasure or satisfaction; a positive reinforcer C  explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition, and the effects of social relationships 1. Psychological situation  situation as it is perceived and interpreted by an individual, not as it exists objectively 2. Expectancy  anticipation about the effect a response will have, especially regarding reinforcement 3. Reinforcement value  subjective value a person attches to a particular activity or reinforcer 4. Self-reinforcement  praising or rewarding yourself for having made a particular response D 1. Social Reinforcement  praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others 2  situations during childhood that are capable of leaving a lasting imprint on personality 3 a. identification  feeling emotionally connected to a person and seeing oneself as like him/her b. imitation  attempt to match one s own behavior to another person s behavior A. Terminology 1. Humanism  approach that focuses on hjman experience, problems, potentials, and ideals 2. Human nature  those traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior patterns most characteristic of the human species 3. Free choice  ability to feely make choices that are not controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces B C D6 ڀd Nރ̆`RP`hȊʊ`F&6 ^`6J 4ܖT`JЙ:ětƜΜȝ ^` ^`ȝpZ&HڣpP&(F`@ܭ( ^` ^`esenting the female principle b. animus  archetype representing the male principle c. self archetype  unconscious image representing unity, wholeness, completion, and balance (self actualization) 5. Mandala  circular design representing balance, unixJdرJ0³8PƶL4@XD6ȼ. ^`^ty, and completion V. Learning Theories of Personality A. Terminology 1. Behavioral personality theory  any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior 2. 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Humanistic View of Development 1. Possible self  collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person one could become 2. Conditions of worth  internal standards used to judge the value of one s thoughts, actions, feelings, or experiences 3. Positive self-regard  thinking of oneself as a good, love=able, worthwhile person 4. Organismic valuing  natural, undistorted, full-body reaction to an experience 5. Unconditional positive regard  unshakable love and approval given without qualification VII. Personality Theories A. Trait Theories B. Psychoanalytic Theory C. Behavioristic Theory D. Humanistic Theory VIII. Personality Assessment A. The Interview 1. Terminology a. interview  face-to-face meeting held for the purpose of gaining information about an individual s personal history personality traits, current psychological state, etc. 2. unstructured interview  interview in which conversation is informal and topics are taken up freely as they arise 3. structured interview  an interview that follows a prearranged play, usually a series of planned questions 2. Computerized Interviews a. diagnostic interview  interview used to find out how a person is feeling and what complaints of symptoms he/she has 3. Limitations a. problems with preconceptions (shouldn t be) b. interviewer s own personality can influence patient c. trys to deceive interviewers (TESTING IMPORTANT); this is major limitation with psychiatrist (who don t test) vs. psychologist d. halo effect  tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first impression to unrelated details of personality (shouldn t occur) B. Direct Observations and Rating Scales 1. Terminology a. direct observation  assessing behavior through direct surveillance/observation b. rating scale  list of personality traits or aspects of behavior on which a person is rated (ADHD checklist) c. behavioral assessment  recording the frequency of various behaviors 2. Situational Testing  simulating real-life conditions so that a person s reactions may be directly observed (police training) C. Personality Questionnaires  paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that reveal aspects of personality 1. Objective test  test that gives the same score when different people score/correct it 2. Reliability  ability of a test to yield nearly the same score each time it is given to the same person 3. Validity  ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure 4. Minnesota Mulitphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)  one of the best known and most widely used objective personality questionnaires 5. MMPI-2 profile  graphic representation of an individual s cores on each of the primary scale of the MMPI-2 6. Validity scales  scales that tell whether test scores should be invalidated for lying, inconsistency, or  faking good/bad 7. Honesty test  paper-and-pencil test designed to detect attitudes, beliefs, and behavior patterns that predispose a person to dishonest behavior IX. Projective Tests of Personality  psychological tests making use of ambiguous or unstructured stimuli A. The Rorshach Inkblot Test  projective tests comprised of 10 standardized inkblots B. Thematic Apperception Test  projective test consisting of 20 different scenes and life situations about which respondents make up stories C. 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