ࡱ> *,'()@ #jbjbܡܡ W1Rl802VXXXXXX,  |h"PP4VVBBD _BBBg g B3c[ii]: 20th Century: The New Physics Teacher Resource Sheet 7: Einsteins God Albert Einstein was never comfortable with quantum theory, although he was one of its principle architects. He could not accept that the probabilities central to quantum theory reflected genuine randomness in nature. God does not play dice is his often-quoted pronouncement. Because of Einsteins stance, his position in history is closer to being that of the last of the classical physicists than one of the first of the moderns. What makes Einstein an interesting study is that his objections to quantum theory were philosophically based, not scientifically based. Experimentally, the new theory was a triumph; mathematically, it was beautiful; metaphysically it was radical. It was this latter aspect that troubled him. Over a period of time, Einstein posed scientific questions to the quantum theorists (principally Bohr and Heisenberg), which were designed to show that the new theory was incomplete (or inconsistent). Einsteins hope was that an inconsistency in the mathematics would point the way to a new more detailed version that would remove the randomness he objected to on metaphysical grounds. For centuries the job of physics had been to understand the world in terms of mathematical schemes that allowed precise predictions of what was going to happen. In this aim, physics had been spectacularly successful. In the process it had wedded itself to a metaphysics of strict causality. This was the world that Einstein had learned. His genius lay in the ability to picture reality in the simplest terms, to look through the confusion of details to the precisely visualised natural law behind. He was then able to translate this vision into mathematical form. Central to Einsteins character as a physicist was a profound respect for the beauty of the mathematical structures he generated. To him, seeing the Truth enshrined in mathematics was a profoundly religious experience that he regarded with great seriousness. Consequently, when quantum theory left a hole in the mathematical structure into which some cosmic gambler apparently had to stuff the odds, Einstein could only regard this as profoundly ugly. It was counter to everything he stood for and valued highly. Einsteins stance on religious matters is very interesting. His writings on popular science and his conversations with fellow physicists are quite well stocked with references to God, or The Old One. He was also well read philosophically, especially in the works of Schopenhauer and Spinoza. It is clear, however, from the context of his references to God as well as the writings of these philosophers, that Einsteins God was of a deistic, or even more abstract kind. The following quotes make this plain. But whoever has undergone the intense experience of successful advances made in this domain [science] is moved by profound reverence for the rationality made manifest in existence. By way of the understanding he achieves a far-reaching emancipation from the shackles of personal hopes and desires, and thereby attains that humble attitude of mind towards the grandeur of reason incarnate in existence, and which, in its profoundest depths, is inaccessible to man. This attitude, however, appears to me to be religious in the highest sense of the word. And so it seems to me that science not only purifies the religious impulse of the dross of its anthropomorphism, but also contributes to a religious spiritualization of our understanding of life. [my italics] Nobody, certainly, will deny that the idea of the existence of an omnipotent, just, and omnibeneficent personal God is able to accord man solace, help, and guidance; also, by virtue of it simplicity, it is accessible to the most undeveloped mind. But, on the other hand, there are decisive weaknesses attached to this idea in itself, which have been painfully felt since the beginning of history. That is, if this being is omnipotent, then every occurrence including every human action, every human thought, and every human feeling and aspiration is also His work; how is it possible to think of holding men responsible for their deeds and thoughts before such an almighty Being? In giving out punishment and rewards, He would, to a certain extent, be passing judgement on Himself. How can this be combined with the goodness and righteousness ascribed to Him? It is clear from this second quote that the problem of evil is one reason why Einstein found it difficult to believe in a personal God, but it runs deeper than this. At root, Einsteins problem in going beyond a deistic or abstract God is very similar to his objection to quantum theory. We have penetrated far less deeply in to the regularities obtaining within the realm of living things [than we have in other areas of science], but deeply enough, nevertheless, to sense at least the rule of fixed necessity. One need only think of the systematic order in heredity, and in the effect of poisons, as, for instance, alcohol, on the behaviour of organic beings. What is still lacking here is a grasp of connections of profound generality, but not a knowledge of order in itself. Here Einstein is suggesting that causality clearly exists in the living world, and hence man, as well as in fundamental physics. The consequences of this are profound. The more a man is imbued with the ordered regularity of all events, the firmer becomes his convictions that there is no room left by the side of this ordered regularity for causes of a different nature. For him, neither the rule of human nor the rule of divine will exists as an independent cause of natural events. To be sure, the doctrine of a personal God interfering with natural events could never be refuted, in the real sense, by science, for this doctrine can always take refuge in those domains in which scientific knowledge has not yet been able to set foot. Here is the heart of Einsteins metaphysics exposed. The regularities found in nature and described in beautiful mathematical form leave no room for the willed actions of agents. Just as Einstein cannot accept the randomness of events described by quantum theory, which threaten the strict causal nexus, so he is forced to deny the existence of human will and by extension the existence of a personal God. He does leave open the loophole of a God of the gaps sneaking his will upon the world behind the incompletely mapped areas of scientific knowledge, but as the passage continues beyond the quote Einstein makes it quite clear what a shabby and ultimately futile strategy this would be. A century after Einsteins magnificently productive years, the majority of physicists have voted against him. The randomness of nature at the quantum level is now accepted and brushed aside as being one of those things. Work in chaos theory and on complex systems has shown how order does not necessarily lead to predictability and how randomness can generate structure. In John Polkinghornes elegant phrase, the universe contains more clouds than clocks. Above all, we have learned to be rather more circumspect about how far our current theories can apply. The interesting question that remains, of course, is this. 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