ࡱ> !` `bjbj\\ lf>>q'$B&C&C&CPvC$CBK,RDRDRDRDRD)F)F)F}KKKKKKK*MhOLK9)FE@)F)F)FKRDRDK K K K)FRDRD}K K)F}K K K KRDFD /=&CHx KIK4K0K KOEJpO KO K<)F)F K)F)F)F)F)FKKJX)F)F)FK)F)F)F)FBBB>&CBBB&CBBB  1. Which of the following increases GFR? a. Decrease in renal blood flow b. Decrease in plasma protein concentrations c. Decrease in afferent arteriolar pressure d. Constriction of afferent arteriole e. Compression of the renal capsule 2. The percentage of Hb saturated with oxygen will increase if a. The arterial pH is ( b. The temperature is ( c. The arterial pO2 is ( d. The Hb concentration is ( e. The arterial pCO2 is ( 3. Turbulence is more likely to occur in a blood vessel if a. The velocity of blood within the vessel ( b. The viscosity of the blood within the vessel ( c. The diameter of the vessel ( d. The density of the blood ( e. The length of the vessel ( 4. Which point on the following graph corresponds to the condition of respiratory acidosis?  7.0 7.2 C D arterial 7.4 B E pH 7.6 A  7.8 0 20 40 60 80 PaCO2 (mmHg) a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E 5. A decrease in stroke work is most likely to be caused by increasing a. Aortic compliance b. Preload c. Contractility d. Central venous pressure e. Ejection fraction 6. H+ secretion in the distal nephron is enhanced by all of the following EXCEPT a. An increase in the level of plasma aldosterone b. Metabolic acidosis c. An increase in the tubular lumen concentration of poorly reabsorbable ions d. Hyperkalaemia e. Respiratory acidosis 7. Which of the following is not metabolised in the pulmonary circulation? a. Angiotensin I b. Serotonin c. Vasopressin d. Leukotrienes e. Bradykinin 8. Regarding the effect on the cardiovascular system of rising from supine to upright position a. Small vein pressure decreases = 10mmHg b. Total peripheral resistance increases 25% c. Heart rate ( on average 50bpm d. Stroke volume increases 20% e. Abdominal and limb flow ( 40% 9. The oxygen dissociation curve is moved to the right by a. ( 2,3 DPG b. ( in temperature c. Foetal Hb d. ( pH e. Presence of carbon monoxide 10. What is the rate of blood flow when pressure difference is 5mmHg; diameter of vessel if 10cm; length of vessel is 20cm, and viscosity is 2 a. 15 b. 30 c. 100 d. 250 e. 500 11. Regarding the principal lipoproteins a. Chylomicrons originate in the liver b. IDLs are 40% phospholipid c. LDLs are 20nm in size d. HDLs are 25% protein e. VLDLs are 6% triglyceride 12. Pulmonary compliance is characterised by which of the following statements a. It decreases with advanced age b. It increases in patients with pulmonary oedema c. It is equivalent to "P/"V d. It is inversely related to the elastic recoil properties of the lung e. It increases when there is a deficiency of surfactant 13. All of the following are vasoconstricting agents EXCEPT a. Bradykinin b. Norepinephrine c. Vasopressin d. Endothelin e. Angiotensin 14. A patient has a blood gas, which shows pH = 7.67; pO2 120mmHg on oxygen; pCO2 = 60mmol/l; bicarbonate = 36mmol/l. Which of the following best represents a. Respiratory alkalosis b. Mixed metabolic and respiratory alkalosis c. Metabolic alkalosis d. Respiratory acidosis e. Metabolic acidosis 15. Regarding the carotid sinus baroreceptors a. They are not stimulated by pressures between 0 and 90 mmHg b. They respond much more to a stationary pressure compared with a rapidly changing pressure c. Once stimulated cause increase in arterial pressure by causing decrease in peripheral resistance and decrease in cardiac output d. A primary purpose of these is to reduce the daily variation in arterial pressure to about to 1/3 that which would occur were the baroreceptor system not present e. Signals from these are transmitted via the vagus nerve 16. The resistance of the large and medium sized airways as a percentage of total airway resistance is approximately a. 10% b. 20% c. 40% d. 60% e. 80% 17. Peripheral and central chemoreceptors may both contribute to the increased ventilation that occurs as a result of a. Decrease in arterial O2 content b. Decrease in arterial BP c. Increase in arterial CO2 tension d. Decrease in arterial O2 tension e. Increase in arterial pH 18. Regarding protein metabolism a. Endopeptidases hydrolyse the amino acids at the carboxyl and amino ends of the polypeptides b. Absorption of amino acids is rapid in the ileum c. Pepsinogen II is found only in acid secreting regions of the stomach d. Di and tripeptides are transported into enterocytes by a system that requires H+ e. Protein absorption increases with age 19. Regarding cardiac output a. The normal cardiac output is 7l/minute b. A right atrial blood sample is optimal for using in the Fick method of measuring cardiac output if the oxygen consumption is known c. The larger the area under the curve in the thermodilution method of measuring cardiac output, the lesser is the cardiac output d. The cardiac index is the cardiac output divided by the body weight e. The dye dilution method of measuring cardiac output has advantages over the thermodilution technique 20. Renin release from the juxtaglomerular apparatus is inhibited by a. ( agonists b. Prostaglandins c. Aldosterone d. Increased pressure within the afferent arterioles e. Stimulation of the macula densa 21. Regarding regional differences in gas exchange a. The dependent lung is best ventilated in a patient lying on his side b. Ventilation is greater at the apex of the lung compared with the base in a standing patient c. In a supine patient the anterior part of the lung is ventilated better than the posterior part d. Blood flow is higher at the top of the lungs compared with the bottom e. The difference between pCO2 at the top versus bottom of the lung is 40mmHg 22. Regarding fat metabolism a. Short chain fatty acids enter the mitochondria bound to carnitine b. Most of the synthesis of fatty acids occurs de novo from acetyl coA via a pathway located in the microsomes c. Hormone sensitive lipase is found on the surface of the endothelium of the capillaries d. Fatty acid synthesis stops in practically all cells when the chain is 10 carbon atoms long e. Free acetoacetate can be formed in the pancreas because it contains a deacylase 23. Which of the following is true regarding the cardiac cycle a. The C wave in the jugular venous pressure curve occurs in diastole b. The mitral valve opens when the ventricular volume is approximately 80ml c. The T wave on the ECG occurs in diastole d. The aortic valve opens immediately after the QRS complex of the ECG e. The V wave in the JVP curve coincides with the aortic valve opening 24. All of the following occur in response to acute experience at moderately high altitude EXCEPT a. Hyperventilation b. Pulmonary vasodilation c. Shift to R) of O2 dissociation curve d. Increase in number of capillaries per unit volume e. Headache, fatigue, insomnia 25. Regarding changes in cardiovascular function during exercise (isotonic) a. Diastolic pressure rises markedly b. Stroke volume changes relatively little c. The amount of blood mobilised from the splanchnic area and other reservoirs may increase the amount of blood in the arterial portion of circulation by as much as 50% d. The AV O2 difference may increase up to 10 vol % in exercise e. Cardiac output may increase to values > 55 l/min 26. The blood supply to the brain is a. 250 ml/minute b. 750 ml/minute c. 1000 ml/minute d. 1250 ml/minute e. 1500 ml/minute 27. Which of the following substances will be more concentrated at the end of the proximal tubule than at the beginning of the proximal tubule? a. Glucose b. Creatinine c. Sodium d. Bicarbonate e. Phosphate 28. The intestinal brush border promotes digestion by all of the following EXCEPT a. Acting as a protective barrier for intestinal epithelium b. Increasing the surface area of the intestinal mucosa c. Supplying digestive enzymes d. Supplying specialised transport systems e. Facilitating movement of intestinal contents 29. What is the value of PaO2 in a subject living at 647atm breathing air with a PaCO2 of 44mmHg? a. 50 mmHg b. 65 mmHg c. 80 mmHg d. 100 mmHg e. 125 mmHg 30. If, under resting conditions, the heart rate is 70 beats per minute, the cardiac output is 5.6 l/min, and the end diastolic volume is 160ml what is the ejection fraction? a. 0.40 b. 0.45 c. 0.50 d. 0.55 e. 0.60 31. The following factors serve to decrease heart rate EXCEPT a. Decreased activity of baroreceptors in the arteries b. Expiration c. Increased ICP d. ( blockers e. Fear 32. Ammonia is an effective and important urinary buffer for which of the following reasons? a. Its production in the kidney decreases during chronic acidosis b. The walls of the renal tubules are impermeable to NH3 c. The walls of the renal tubules are impermeable to NH4+ d. Its acid-base reaction has a low pKa e. None of the above 33. Regarding metabolic rate a. Basal metabolic rate falls about 10% during prolonged starvation b. An amount of protein sufficient to provide 100Kcal increases the metabolic rate a total of 30Kcal c. The curve relating the metabolic rate to the environmental temperature is S-shaped d. Trained athletes can increase their metabolic rate as much as 10 fold e. A normal BMR in an adult male is about 80kcal/m2/h 34. Stroke volume can be decreased by a. Increased ventricular contractility b. Increased heart rate c. Increased CVP d. Decreased TPR e. 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