ࡱ> WYV%` 7bjbjNN .,,.&XXXX\K\K\K8KxL%~(M P"BPBPBP!Q!Q!Q}}}}}}}hy\}!QQ!Q!Q!Q}XXBPBP}WWW!QXBPBP}W!Q}WWnx,TzBPM @ \KQ y }}0%~*yՁATՁ@zzՁ|!Q!QW!Q!Q!Q!Q!Q}}=V!Q!Q!Q%~!Q!Q!Q!Q48:$8:XXXXXX Chapter 7: Techniques of Estimation. Section 7.2: BASIC SKILLS AND CONCEPTS Definitions: A point estimate is a single value (or point) used to approximate a population parameter. A confidence interval (or interval estimate) is a range (or an interval) of values used to estimate the true value of a population parameter. A confidence interval is sometimes abbreviated as CI. Example 1: Suppose that the mean for the current gas prices in $3.00 with the standard deviation $0.25. Construct an interval that will contain 90% of all sample means of all random samples of size 40. Suppose that you asked 40 people in different parts of San Diego and found that the mean price of gas that they bought this week was $3.04. Assume that population standard deviation is known to be $0.25. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the true mean of the gas price. A confidence level is the probability 1- ( (often expressed as the equivalent percentage value) that is the proportion of times that the confidence interval actually does contain the population parameter, assuming that the estimation process is repeated a large number of times. (The confidence level is also called degree of confidence, or the confidence coefficient.) A critical value is the number on the borderline separating sample statistics that are likely to occur from those that are unlikely to occur commonly denoted by Z( /2. When data from a simple random sample are used to estimate a population parameter, the margin of error, denoted by E, is the maximum likely (with probability 1 () difference between the observed statistic and the true value of the population parameter. Critical value denoted by Z( /2is on the borderline separating the right-tail with the area ( /2. #7 p.313. Find the critical value Z( /2 that corresponds to the 98% confidence level. #8 p.313. Find the critical value Z( /2 that corresponds to the 99.5% confidence level. #14 (modified) p. 313 Use the confidence interval limits given as  EMBED Equation.3  to find the point estimate  EMBED Equation.3  and the margin of error E. Express the confidence interval in the form in the form  EMBED Equation.3  Estimating a Population Proportion: Requirements The sample is a simple random sample. The conditions for the binomial distribution are satisfied. (See Section 5-3.) There are at least 5 successes and 5 failures. Notation:  EMBED Equation.3  population proportion  EMBED Equation.3  sample proportion of x successes in a sample of size n  EMBED Equation.3  sample proportion of failures in a sample size of n  EMBED Equation.3  Confidence interval for Population Proportion where  EMBED Equation.3  Margin of error of the estimate of p #10 p.313. Express the confidence interval 0.600 < p < 0.800 in the form  EMBED Equation.3  #20 p.313. Assume that a sample is used to estimate a population proportion p. Find the margin of error E for the sample size of 2107, of which 65% are successes. Use 90% confidence level. #22 p.313. Construct a 99% Confidence Interval for a sample with n= 1200, and x = 800 Sample size is determined using the formula  EMBED Equation.3  #28 p.313. Use the given data to find the minimum sample size required to estimate a population proportion or percentage. Margin of error: five percentage points; confidence level: 95%; from a prior study,  EMBED Equation.3 is estimated by the decimal equivalent of 27%. Try to solve these problems by yourself. #24 p.313. Construct a 90% Confidence Interval for a sample with n= 4500, and x = 2925 #26 p.313. Use the given data to find the minimum sample size required to estimate a population proportion or percentage. Margin of error: 0.050; confidence level: 99%; and  EMBED Equation.3  and  EMBED Equation.3  unknown. #32 p.314. An important issue facing Americans is the large number of medical malpractice lawsuits and the expenses that they generate. In a study of 1228 randomly selected medical malpractice lawsuits, it is found that 856 of them were later dropped or dismissed. Construct a 99% confidence interval estimate of the proportion of medical malpractice lawsuits that are dropped or dismissed. Does it appear that the majority of such suits are dropped or dismissed? Section 7.3: ESTIMATING A Population MEAN: EMBED Equation.3  known Estimating a Population Mean: Requirements The sample is a simple random sample. The value of the population standard deviation  EMBED Equation.3 is known. Either or both of these conditions is satisfied: The population is normally distributed or n>30.  EMBED Equation.3 or  EMBED Equation.3  - Confidence interval for Population mean where  EMBED Equation.3  For the next two problems calculate the margin of error E if the necessary requirements are satisfied. If the requirements are not all satisfied, state that the margin of error cannot be calculated by using the methods of this section. #10 p.326. The confidence level is 95%, the sample size is n = 9, and  EMBED Equation.3 is not known. #11 p.326. The confidence level is 99%, the sample size is n=9,  EMBED Equation.3 = 15, and the original population is normally distributed. #14 p.326. Use the given confidence level and sample data to find a confidence interval for estimating the population mean: Speeds of drivers ticketed in a 55mi/h zone: 95% confidence; n = 90,  EMBED Equation.3  = 66.2 mi/h, and  EMBED Equation.3  is known to be 3.4 mi/h Sample size is determined using the formula  EMBED Equation.3  #18 p.326. Use the given formula and the given margin of error, confidence level, and population standard deviation to find the minimum sample size required to estimate an unknown population mean. Margin of error: 0.25sec, confidence level: 99%,  EMBED Equation.3 = 5.40 sec. Section 7.4: ESTIMATING A Population MEAN: EMBED Equation.3  is not known Estimating a Population Mean: Requirements The sample is a simple random sample. Either the sample is from a normally distributed population or n>30. We use a student t distribution instead of a normal distribution. Degrees of freedom = n - 1 Confidence interval for population mean with  EMBED Equation.3  is not known  EMBED Equation.3  where  EMBED Equation.3  For the next three problems do one of the following, as appropriate: (a) Find the critical value Z( /2, (b) find the critical value t( /2, (c) state that neither the normal nor the t distribution applies. Guidelines for selecting distribution that applies: if the distribution is skewed or the shape is unknown and n <= to 30, neither normal nor t distribution applies. If the population is normally distributed or/and n>30, and  EMBED Equation.3  is known, then normal distribution applies ( use z value) If the population is normally distributed or/and n>30, and  EMBED Equation.3  is not known, then t distribution applies ( use t value) #8 p.339. 95%; n = 50;  EMBED Equation.3 is known; population appears to be skewed. #10 p.339. 98%; n = 16;  EMBED Equation.3 = 5.0; population appears to be very skewed. #12 p.339. 90%; n = 33;  EMBED Equation.3 is unknown; population appears to be normally distributed. #14 p.340. Construct the confidence interval for the population mean. Assume that the population has a normal distribution. Lifespan of desktop PC: 99% confidence; n = 21;  EMBED Equation.3 = 6.8 years, s = 2.4 years. Try to solve this problems by yourself. #29 p.327. When 14 different second-year medical students at Bellevue Hospital measured the blood pressure of the same person, they obtained the results listed below. Assuming that the population standard deviation is known to be 10mmHg, construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population mean. 138 130 135 140 120 125 120 130 130 144 143 140 130 150 #20 p.340. Because cardiac deaths appear to increase after heavy snowfalls, an experiment was designed to compare cardiac demands of snow shoveling to those of using an electric snow thrower. Ten subjects cleared tracts of snow using both methods, and their maximum heart rates were recorded during both activities. The following results were obtained ( based on data from Cardiac Demands of Heavy Snow Shoveling, by Franklin et al., Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 273, No 11); Assume that maximum heart rates are normally distributed. Manual snow shoveling maximum heart rates: n = 10, x-bar = 175, s = 15. Electric snow thrower maximum heart rates: n = 10, x-bar = 124, s = 18. Find the 95% confidence interval estimate of the population mean for those people who shovel snow manually. Find the 95% confidence interval estimate of the population mean for those people who use the electric snow thrower. Compare the confidence intervals from parts a) and b) and interpret your findings Chapter 7: Techniques of Estimation. Section 7.5: ESTIMATING A POPULATION VARIANCE Estimating a Population Variance: Requirements The sample is a simple random sample. The population must have normally distributed values (even if the sample is large) Confidence interval for Population variance  EMBED Equation.3 where  EMBED Equation.3  Degree of freedom = n - 1 Use table A- 4 for the critical values of  EMBED Equation.3 . Each critical value of  EMBED Equation.3 corresponds to an area given in the top row of the table, and that area represents the cumulative area located to the right of the critical value. For the next two problems find critical values that correspond to the given confidence level and sample size. #6 p.352. 95%, n = 7 #8 p.352. 90%, n = 91 For the next two problems use the given confidence level and sample data to find a confidence interval for the population standard deviation  EMBED Equation.3 . Assume that a simple random sample has been selected from a population that has a normal distribution. #10 p.352. Speeds of drivers ticketed in a 55mi/h zone: 95% confidence; n = 90,  EMBED Equation.3  = 66.2 mi/h, and s = 3.4 mi/h #12 p.352. Amounts lost by gamblers who took a bus to an Atlantic City casino: 99% confidence; n = 40,  EMBED Equation.3  = $189, and s = $87. #18 p.353. Quarters are currently minted with weights having a mean of 5.670 g and a standard deviation of 0.062 g. New equipment is being tested in an attempt to improve quality by reducing variation. A simple random sample of 24 quarters is obtained for those manufactured with the new equipment, and this sample has a standard deviation of 0.049 g. Use the sample results to construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of  EMBED Equation.3 , the standard deviation of the weights of quarters made with the new equipment. Based on the confidence interval, does the new equipment appear to produce a standard deviation that is clearly lower that the standard deviation of 0.062 g from the old equipment? Based on the results, does the new equipment appear to be effective in reducing the variation of the weights? Try to solve this problem by yourself. #22 p.354 The worlds smallest mammal is the bumblebee bat, also known as the Kittis hog-nosed bat. Such bats are roughly the size of a large bumblebee. Listed below are weights (in grams) from a sample of these bats. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the standard deviation of weights for all such bats. 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