ࡱ> oq`abcdefghijklmn ebjbj΀ i` 5DW,>>L8   m! $+/^///6f;DJ<#######')*# w56ww#//$bbbwM/ /#bw#bb8 Jx# /P;JZX<#$0$* *x#* #P<Qb` l <<<##<<<$wwww*<<<<<<<<<> G:  Women and Coping Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change Using Agrobiodiversity Resources in the Rainfed Highlands of Yemen Prepared for the World Bank By  2008/ 9/ 5 Table of Contenets  TOC \o "1-4" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236263" 1- Introduction  PAGEREF _Toc214236263 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236264" 1.1 General Introduction:  PAGEREF _Toc214236264 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236265" 1.2 Location and Area of Yemen  PAGEREF _Toc214236265 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236266" 1.3 Climate  PAGEREF _Toc214236266 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236267" 1.3 Climate  PAGEREF _Toc214236267 \h 5  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236268" 1.4 Yemeni mountainous heights:  PAGEREF _Toc214236268 \h 6  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236269" 1.5 Population:  PAGEREF _Toc214236269 \h 7  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236270" 1.6 Agricultural activity:  PAGEREF _Toc214236270 \h 8  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236271" 1.7 Animal production  PAGEREF _Toc214236271 \h 9  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236272" 1.8 Main Problems in the Agricultural Sector in the Republic of Yemen:  PAGEREF _Toc214236272 \h 10  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236273" 2. Methodology for study  PAGEREF _Toc214236273 \h 13  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236274" 2.1 Reference studies:  PAGEREF _Toc214236274 \h 13  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236275" 2.1.1 Bio-agricultural diversity and agricultural local knowledge and its importance in Yemen:  PAGEREF _Toc214236275 \h 13  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236276" 2.1.2 What has been done in Yemen to preserve agricultural local knowledge and experiences and genetic resources and the gap to be bridged or adjusted in this regards.  PAGEREF _Toc214236276 \h 14  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236277" 2.2.3 Some current activities of Yemeni universities and governmental and non-governmental research centers and NGOs in the area of genetic resources and biodiversity  PAGEREF _Toc214236277 \h 15  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236278" a. Yemeni universities:  PAGEREF _Toc214236278 \h 15  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236279" b. The Public Authority for Researches and Agricultural Guidance:  PAGEREF _Toc214236279 \h 17  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236280" c. National Committee for Genetic Resources  PAGEREF _Toc214236280 \h 22  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236281" d. Non-governmental organizations and associations  PAGEREF _Toc214236281 \h 24  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236282" 2.2 Reference study on what has been done in Yemen concerning gender and bio-agricultural diversity  PAGEREF _Toc214236282 \h 28  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236283" 3. Determining Areas of Explorative Studies:  PAGEREF _Toc214236283 \h 35  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236284" 4. Mechanism of conducting workshops  PAGEREF _Toc214236284 \h 38  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236285" 5. Study outputs:  PAGEREF _Toc214236285 \h 41  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236286" 5.1 Bio-agricultural diversity  PAGEREF _Toc214236286 \h 41  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236287" Grazing  PAGEREF _Toc214236287 \h 72  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236288" 6. Characteristics of communities or regions covered by the study:  PAGEREF _Toc214236288 \h 76  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236293" 7. Development of a work methodology for knowledge collection and preservation:  PAGEREF _Toc214236293 \h 91  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc214236294" 8. Existing NGOs and local civil society organization:  PAGEREF _Toc214236294 \h 93  1- Introduction 1.1 General Introduction: This study aims to enhance the role of the rural woman in facing the negative impacts of climate changes through benefiting from local knowledge, gained experiences by mothers and grandmothers in areas of rainy mountains and heights in Yemen in the management and maintenance of bio-agricultural diversity as well as knowing how to benefit from varied harvest and the benefit of local crops, vegetables, grazing plants, trees, small trees in order to meet requirements of food, health, living of the population and to continue their activity and maintenance of the agricultural and the environment there by mitigating the potential damages of climate changes. Through this consultation proposes which can be followed to achieve the general objective of the study for the role of women in dealing with adjustment strategies to climate changes by benefiting from the bio-agricultural varied sources in the rainy heights of Yemen. The objectives of the consultation are: Developing a work mechanism that enables dealing with rural women, analyzing gender vision in order to document and exchange experiences and revive them, and benefiting from ability of farming women in involving and effectively contributing and maintaining bioagricultural diversity. Finding a way to preserve genetic resources for Yemeni farmers especially those concerning valuable experiences of the farming woman in such a way that enhances preservations of bio-agricultural diversity and facing climate changes by relying on this knowledge and building on the empowerment of mechanisms that would be dealt with and inserting some of such treatment and practice them to ensure fixed sources of woman and her family for living requirements and needs for a confronting future climate disasters. Knowing where to conduct the study. 1.2 Location and Area of Yemen The Republic of Yemen is located in the Arabian Peninsula in the south east of Asia. Yemen is considered one of the most fertile and populated areas in the Arabian Peninsula. It is located between latitudes 12 and 14.20 to the north and longitudes 45 and 45.20 to the east. Therefore it is clearly influenced by orbiter and tropical climate phenomena. Yemen is bordered to the south by the Arab Sea and Indian Ocean; from north it is bordered by Saudi Arabia; Oman from the east and Red Sea from the west. The total area is 55.5 million acres. Yemen is administratively divided into 20 governorates in addition to the capital secretariat.  1.3 Climate Yemen is located in the extension of the tropical north climate areas and semi-tropical climate of the area. The geographic variance in Yemen plays a big role in the differences of temperature and climate on various Yemeni areas. Climate varies according to elevation. Coastal plains are hot and sandy most times of the year. Heights are warm in summer, however winter nights (October-March) are very cold especially in very high mountains. Rainfall average is low in general; however temperature is usually high especially in summer. According to climate and agricultural characteristics, Yemen is divided into three main regions: coastal region, eastern plain, and mountainous heights. The average temperature in the coastal region ranges between 24-35, and rainfall average ranges between 10-100ml. in the eastern plain the average temperature ranges between 19-33, and the average rainfall ranges between 50-100ml. The average temperature in mountainous heights ranges between 10-22; the average rainfall ranges between 200-600ml, except for wet heights in Ibb city and its surroundings, Mahweet, Hajja, Raima, and Sanaa as the average annual rainfall reaches over 1000ml a year. 1.4 Yemeni mountainous heights: Mountainous heights are considered one of the environmentally agricultural areas which extend from Sada governorate in the north (borders with Saudi Arabia) through Hajja, Mahweet, Amran, Sanaa, Raymah, Dhamar, Ibb, Al-Baidha, Al-Dhale, Taiz, and part of Lahj and Abyan governorates in the south (overlooking Arab Sea and Aden Gulf). Mountainous heights are distinguished by varied geography starting from 500 meters elevation above sea level up to 3670 meters on the peak of Jabal Al Nabi Shuaib (Prophet Shuaib Mountain) close to Sanaa. Agricultural activities which rely on rainfall to a large extent in these governorates and annual rainfall varies from 200 millimeter to more than 800 millimeter. Therefore dry agricultural systems (very dry) could be seen as well as dry, semi-dry and semi-wet systems. The temperature varies according to topography and elevation from sea level. After every 100 meters, temperature decrease by 1. This makes variation large in the agricultural environment of heights in addition to variance of surface and its topography from very sloppy areas to basins which are plain areas surrounded at their borders by mountain chain or valleys for the rain flood to gather in. This variance in rain, climate, and agricultural soil has led to the variance of agricultural crops from one area to another. In addition, the concentration of population at high density on mountainous heights and their reliance on farming as a basic means for settling and living until early seventies of the past century due to their isolation in these areas and lack of roads that enable connecting them to the city. All these made them rely on farming to provide for living requirements. Therefore, they grew a number of types and varieties and developed them through selection of agricultural varieties of various crops which adjusted to their environment, farming, their needs, and living conditions. These varieties differ clearly from one area to another due to selection factors and dynamic development of agricultural groups. Many changes have been witnessed by Yemen from the sixties up to today. And these changes have truly led to the great loss of agriculturally genetic savings which date back to thousands of years. A number of knowledge, experiences, skills related to their agricultural means have also disappeared. These knowledge and agricultural experiences related to genetic resources were the weapon which the local communities used to overcome climate changes that took place in the past times, and they also supplied food requirements and protected population from starving to death in mountains for thousands of years. This has been confirmed by many evidences and facts. Since it start, agriculture in Yemen has been characterized as farming for needs or substance or family farming in which all the family participate in the productive process. Each has his/her own role according to ones efforts, capacity, experience, and the extent of mastering agricultural process. This Yemeni agricultural feature still exists in many Yemeni areas although since early seventies and to a large extent this system has changed to a system using irrigation from underground water instead of relying on rains and led to the transformation of traditional farming into intensive investment farming that relies on excessive use of agricultural inputs such as pesticides, chemical fertilizers and agricultural machinery. This pattern of farming requires the replacement of local types and varieties by commercial varieties and cash crops: a list of commercial varieties and cash crops on top of which Qat is. It also requires women leaving agricultural work and getting restricted to some daily activities. The social and economic changes represented in the decline of economic income from agricultural activity in the previous period (until 2007) by man moving to search for job in the city, women staying on to exercise farming within its minimum limits which have become in some districts a farming for only securing cows feed. The responsibility of women remained in maintaining the minimum limits of agricultural activities, raising cows and providing their feed. These accelerated changes urge speed in maintaining the bio-agricultural diversity, working on the promotion of retaining it to farmers in the fields, and involving woman in this effort and transfer of knowledge to contemporary generations. 1.5 Population: The population of Yemen has reached in 2004 (19,721,643) at an annual average growth reaching 3.02%. Women form 49.22% whereas men 50.78%. The majority of populations rely on agricultural sector at about 74%. It contains nearly 2 million workers forming about 53% of the total labor force in the country. The population growth average is considered very high. Women form 83% of the total labor in Yemen and represent about 95% of labor force in rural areas. In addition, 84% of them work without fares. Woman works in farming and cattle-raising and handles about 70-75% of all aspects of agricultural activity of the Republic of Yemen. The working hours per day for woman ranges between 12-16 hours compared to 12 hours of the man. 1.6 Agricultural activity: The agricultural sector is considered as one of the most important productive sectors in the Yemeni national economy. This importance rises from the fact that it is one of the basic components of the local production income. Its contributions in the gross local production ranges between 15-20%, in addition to the fact that it is the sector which produces food, commodities, and needed raw materials for a number of industries. The majority of populations rely on the agricultural sector, 74%. Natural, material and financial resources are considered the most important grounds for agricultural environment represented by the agricultural land used for agricultural investment at 3% of the total lands of the Republic. The agricultural sector in Yemen in its use of potentials of natural resources in terms of water and land is characterized as very limited. The farmed area represents 68% of the total agricultural land. Studies indicate that agricultural lands are estimated at 1.7 million acres, whereas the area of grazing lands and forests represents roughly 23.3 million acres. The rocky and desert lands mount to 30 million acres. Statistics indicates that 45% of agricultural lands are watered by rain, 40% by wells, 11% by rain floods and 4% by springs. The unfarmed lands are estimated at 23.2% of total agricultural lands. Table (1) Indicating the area distribution of the agricultural lands (1000 acres) according to irrigation means since 1975-2005 Farmed areaFloodsSpringsWellsRainYear151512073371285197511211012531068519901067100020368579199511441264645751520001202137343936092005Source: Agricultural Statistics Book 1.7 Animal production Animal production contributes by 28% to the total agricultural production income for the agricultural sector in Yemen. The most important types available in Yemen are cows, sheep, goats, donkeys, camels, horses, Yemeni chickens and others. Local breeds have economic importance in different areas of governorates since they provide meat, diary, eggs, leather, wool, and fertilizers. In addition they are considered the most efficient in sustaining the rain farming circumstances. They have the ability to produce and re-produce within tough conditions and they can resist dryness, scarcity of rain, and living in tough and very cold mountains. Due to the fast changes in the production systems, social and economic circumstances, the substitution process of foreign breeds of high production for local breeds are all factors that threaten local breeds. Preservation of these animal genetic resources and their use effectively is an issue of its importance for enabling farmers to respond to changing environmental circumstances. Among the factors that threaten loss of animal wealth and knowledge related to its raising: (1) replacing the used components of local animal wealth products in the preparation of meals by manufactured products for many reasons which cannot be numerated but we can mention the following: The change of condition in rural areas through availability of services or existence of markets pushed some women to leave grazing wealth like Yemeni chicken, goats and cows. Availability of products at cheap price in the previous period. Local products need time for preparation. The increased number of family members and lack of local production. This has led to the loss of local knowledge concerning feeding, grazing and health-caring for livestock coupled with loss of local animal wealth and local knowledge concerning how to take care of livestock even through preparation of meals which might form difficulty for confronting the climate changes in the light of food price increase. Therefore, preservation of local breeds has a great role in fighting and controlling poverty and will help women in rural areas confront climate changes**. 1.8 Main Problems in the Agricultural Sector in the Republic of Yemen: The farmed lands in Yemen represent 3% of Yemen area. However, when comparing the farmed area between the years 1975-2005, we found that there is a decrease in farmed lands for a number of reasons the most important of which are: Looking for new income resources for the populations of the rural areas which are found in immigration from rural to urban or abroad. Increased farmed areas of qat which lead to the increased attention in terms of time and effort for taking care of qat and neglecting other agricultural activities. The economic income from rain-based farming is low. On the contrary, important products are available at competitive prices. Therefore, there was great decline in rain-based farming between the years 1975-2005. Great decline in rain-based farming on Yemeni heights varied from one area to another. The most important areas in which the rain-based activity declined to a large extent are those which are adjacent from key roads and city markets, whereas many of rural areas in mountainous heights which are remote from city centers and markets which do not have easily accessible roads met their food and living requirements basically from the production of these areas to a certain extent until the beginning of the third millennium. As a result of the spread of asphalted and un-asphalted road networks in the last ten years to most areas of high mountains, mountainous people started flowing to the market to meet the food and living requirements and therefore there was less dependence on agricultural production to a large extent. Nevertheless, many other rural areas for other reasons still rely on and support of the continuity of rain-based agricultural activity. There are great efforts exerted by the state to encourage agricultural production, but these activities were directed to a large extent to encourage quantitative production through the provision of services which rely on external inputs of seeds and chemical fertilizers, establishment of dams and water harvest and ease of investment which rely on the utilization of underground water. This factor led to the decline of rain-based farming and the substitution of improved varieties as replacement of local varieties which led to a decline in agricultural production and great loss of local types and varieties of vegetables, fruits, and few of grazing crops, cereals, thereby losing a great loss of local knowledge and farming experiences in general as well as those related to the farming of local varieties. However, the rural Yemeni woman remained maintaining the agricultural activity in the rain-based area due to its connection to her life and continue their survival to ensure the living requirements and to a large extent by securing grazing feed for livestock and through collecting wood from trees and doing other agricultural activities. Weak productivity and lack of sustainable irrigated agricultural: Yemen is a dry country and irrigation contributes maximum added value in agricultural sector. However, the irrigation process is threaten by a number of factors on top of which is that it is depleteable on the short run. It also suffers from general services through the past few years as there wasnt any improvement in production factors for most corps. We noticed that accelerated expansion in irrigation from underground water for cash crops has led to a great increase in the economic income which resulted in overlooking the withdrawal of underground water in some areas. In addition to that, the low cost of digging up water resulted in the non-encouragement of farmers to use such water efficiently. Decrease of economic income in the rain-based farming systems and animal wealth due to the great decline in the level of agricultural service which rain-based farming used to receive, scarcity of workers in rural areas, loss of traditional knowledge and expertise which used to be exercised by fathers and grandfathers, and the survival of local varieties without enhancement and development. They have been totally replaced by introducing external varieties which are called improved. There is also a decline of traditional rain-based farming systems and animal wealth although these systems support the poorest rural people particularly rural woman and her children who represent the majority of populations in the rural areas. - Natural and social problems: natural, which are represented in the scarcity of agricultural lands, scarcity of water, erosion and collapse of lands, desertification; social problems represented in the breakup of agricultural holdership, high population growth, and low level of awareness among farmers. Economic problems: insufficiency of financial facilitation, decreased job opportunities increased prices, low incomes, increasing poverty. It could also be institutional represented in the weak institutional capacity, lack of agricultural guidance, lack of having an effective agricultural policy, decrease of information quantity and quality, low institutional capacity of workers, and low effectiveness and efficiency. Yemen imports 75% of food cereals for consumption with a high decrease from the self-dependency level as it used to import only 18% in the year 1970. In addition to that, the average share per person of food cereals is among the least levels in the world. 2. Methodology for study 2.1 Reference studies: Gathering all sources of information on whatever has been done in Yemen to preserve agricultural traditional knowledge and genetic resources and knowing the gap that needs to be bridged or adjusted in this respect and to secure gender oriented directions. 2.1.1 Bio-agricultural diversity and agricultural local knowledge and its importance in Yemen: In Yemen and the world there are two agricultural systems: the first is farming under agricultural intensification system, i.e. availability of vast fertile land with adequate water available. Here the maximum production system could be be applied optimally to the maximum through the growing of highly productive varieties which respond to high fertilizing dozes in the existence of plenty of available water. In this system, agricultural machinery is used in all productive processes. This pattern of farming could be developed in Yemen only in coastal and Tihama areas of Yemen as well as the Eastern Plain. It is totally dependent on irrigation, this system grows unlimited number of commercial agricultural types and varieties and is an exporter of seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides secured from the market every season. The other system is the agricultural productive system which is reliant on the use of local resources of seeds, organic fertilizers, and agricultural tools and traditional practices in managing the production process and protection against diseases and pests. Farming is totally dependent on rainwater as a basic source, in this system for which some traditional methods could be developed and some well-studied modern techniques and means which are environment-friendly (farming soil, biodiversity and sources of water in terms of water springs??? and the ground water) could be applied. This pattern of farming which we call the sustainable agriculture in the Republic of Yemen is called the dry farming and substance farming which we take care of and develop in rainy high areas of Yemen. Why? Because it is the farming of fathers and grandfathers which started since the existence of the Yemeni human being on this soil and the start of his exercise for agricultural activity and its development along with all what he accumulated in terms of agricultural knowledge and experiences, selected and tried suitable agricultural varieties and animal races which were associated with this agricultural system and continued with it by providing the population with livestock feed, clothes, medicine and daily living substance and housing requirements till today and providing all requirements for local populations and, therefore, this farming continued and survived. In this type of farming, varied agricultural types from different crops (cereals, oil, tissues, spices, flavors, vegetables, feed, medical perfumes and oil plants and all that is required by population groups) are being grown. This is what is called bio-agricultural variety. A great number of local varieties could be included within the one type of plant. The bio-agricultural variety or genetic resources are all known as agricultural types, varieties and models whether grown or live in nature or the tamed races of livestock. Genetic resources and biodiversity have environmental values social, functional, living, developmental, economic, ethic, aesthetic, recreational, and scientific values to preserve soil and resist dryness and desertification. They are also considered the main obstacles against ground heat as an influence of the glasshouses of crops. There is a key link between agricultural biodiversity and local agricultural traditional knowledge and experience in any society. Therefore, the international land and environment conferences in Reo-dganero and Johannesburg conference for the importance of local traditional knowledge and experience of local populations and agriculture and maintaining sustainable agricultural growth as well as for the importance of benefiting from genetic resources of types and varieties and of experiences and knowledge gained and developed by local communities in particular to face climate changes. 2.1.2 What has been done in Yemen to preserve agricultural local knowledge and experiences and genetic resources and the gap to be bridged or adjusted in this regards. Agricultural biodiversity has been a point of focus for many researchers and scientists the most important of which is the Danish mission to Yemen in 1762 which included in its membership the bio-agricultural diversity scientist Professor Peter Forskall who gathered, classified and named many of Yemeni plants. His works have been published in Yemen by Caresten Niebhur in 1780. Any person who looks at the works of Forskall in Yemen discovers the importance of biodiversity in Yemen through the great number of plant varieties and agricultural diversity. This mission has been followed by many Arab and foreign plant scientist. Arabic writers also indicated in their writings the agricultural variety as well. For example, Hamdani mentioned in his book Sefat Jazeerat Al Arab (Character of Arabian Peninsula) on grapes mentioned that its varieties are twenty and he described them by their characteristics and features. The Lisan Al-Arab Dictionary (Arab Tongue Dictionary) of scholar Jamal Addin Mohammed Mukarram Bin Mandhor Al-Afriki born in 630 Higri included many terms for Yemeni plants which were gathered by Abu Hanifa Al-Dainoory in the Abbasy era (who died in the year 895 AD), as well as what has been written by Rasooli kings of books the most important of which is Al-Motamid in medicine designated for the king of Ashraf Omar Bin Yusif Bin Rasool who died in 696 Higri, and the book of Melh Al-Mallaha and Baghiat Al-Fallaheen fi Al Ashjar Al Mothmerah wa Al-Rayaheen by the King Al-Afdhal Abbas Bin Al-Mujahid Al-Rasooli who died in 778 Hegira who described agricultural process types and plant varieties which used to be grown in Yemen in that time. In recent eras, there are a number of studies which started taking care of biodiversity especially in plants as bio-agricultural diversity researched and published works are very few: 2.2.3 Some current activities of Yemeni universities and governmental and non-governmental research centers and NGOs in the area of genetic resources and biodiversity a. Yemeni universities: The Yemeni universities conduct studies and positive scientific works to activate activities and independent research in the area of biodiversity and genetic resources in Yemen, including: Conducting classification and exploration studies for flora, but they are missing quantitative and movement studies in relation with the use of man which started to activate recently by registering a number of postgraduate study students (MA and PhD). Collecting genetic resources and preserving them in the glasshouses of the Faculty of Agriculture in Sanaa University in order to study them and establishing breeds grouping to establish agricultural garden. Collecting herbal samples from all herbs in Yemen through field visits and escorting Arab experts. Through such task hundreds of plants varieties whether medical or grazing or forest have been gathered and have been deposited in the Central Plant Sample Garden which needs development in terms of places, equipment, tools and preparation of herbal cards etc. Aden University developed plant garden and currently it has thousands of herbal samples even though this garden needs an increased development to support it and make it an effective tool in the hands of researchers who study flora. The researchers of Naser Agricultural Science Faculty at Aden University continue their studies on the local varieties and types of sesame, cotton, and feed in the circumstances of many south and eastern governorates. Researchers and postgraduate study students at Sanaa University and Naser Agricultural Science Faculty at Aden University continue introducing and evaluating good varieties and types of wheat, barley within the conditions of heights and coasts respectively. The researchers of Genetic Resources Center at Sanaa University continue conducting their studies of cross-breeding between local varieties of wheat, Triticum dicoccum, and other varieties in order to improve local varieties and develop new varieties which are suitable to Yemeni circumstances. Currently, there are hundreds of breeds which are being examined under rain-based farming which are the result of improvement of local varieties of wheat. Some agricultural research stations conduct studies on varieties of thin maize, Sorghum bicolor. Aden University is also assessing some varieties of the same type in Lahj and Abyan governorates. Conducting evaluation studies for some beans and lentil and comparing them with imported ones. Conducting evaluation studies for some varieties of vegetables and comparing them with imported varieties to role out the superior one given biodiversity in most vegetable crops is limited or very limited. Conducting studies based on the classification of Yemeni palm trees and some other fruit trees such as pomegranate, almond, fig. Universities have researchers and postgraduate students, labs, glasshouses and arboretums. Some universities, like Sanaa University has cool storage rooms to store seeds of genetic resources. They also have growth rooms to conduct environmental studies, and have farms. They also need ideas to develop projects of establishing agricultural gardens. Sanaa University developed a laboratory to plant tissues. All what has been mentioned is basic in terms of studying biodiversity in Yemen in addition to arboretums, laboratory equipment, laboratory workers and technicians. However, all these resources need more activation and cooperation with other research field establishments in Yemen and among research teams. Increased link and coordination and integration of activities in the fields of biodiversity and genetic resources between Yemeni universities and public authority for research and agricultural guidance under the umbrella of the National Committee of General Resources will make it very possible to overcome all obstacles. b. The Public Authority for Researches and Agricultural Guidance: The Public Authority for Research and Agricultural Guidance is an independent authority which was established in 1955 by establishing Al-Kod Research Station in Abyan. It cooperated with many international programs and also did many research activities which resulted in the introduction of improved varieties to many corps but they did not benefit from local resources in improving and developing them and relying on them in the grazing programs. This authority supervises all stations and agricultural research centers in Yemen as follows: Date of EstablishmentLocationStationRegion1970 1985 1989Taiz Dhamar SanaSouth Heights Research Station Intermediate Height Research Station North Heights Research StationMountainous heights1955 1996 1978Abyan Mulkalla SardoodAl-Kod Research Station Eastern Plain Research Station Tihama Region Research StationThe coastal plain region1973 1985Sayon MaribHadramout Valley Research Center Eastern Areas Research CenterEastern Plain Region1993 1966 1996 1988 1996Lahj Aden Dhamar Dhamar Sanaa Center of Improving Animal Breeds Post-harvest Center Environmental Resources Evaluation Center Agricultural Training National Center Agricltural Media which was transfer to a department that follows the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural GuidanceSpecialized centers Under the Public Authority of Research and Agricultural Guidance according to 2003 statistics, there are a large number of researchers, 54 holding PhD, 84 hoding MA and 190 holding licenses in agricultural sciences. 35% of the researchers work in the area of crops and gardening; 18% work on the area of plant protection; and 6% work in the area of animal production. Specialized researchers in the sciences of plants, environment, plant distribution and grazing area research are very few, in spite of having a center for evaluating genetic resources that follows the Authority in which Yemeni researchers and technicians work. The authority also complains of the small number of researches in the area of rain-based lands and terraces management, and watersheds in relation to crops, fruit farming and farming of other plants, and in different environments. It also complains of the lack of farming systems forestry and pastoral - which preserve an important part of biodiversity and protect soil from driftage and stop desertification. It also complains of the lack of self-environment of wild, desert, pastoral, medical, industrial and spicy varieties. These studies are the ones that pave the way to domesticate such varieties and transform them to farming. These studies are still very scarce in spite of the availability of laboratories. Activities developed practically after the establishment of National Center for Genetic Resources in the Public Authority for Research and Agricultural Guidance. The key objective in the establishment phase was:- Collecting and preserving genetic resources to ensure the use of such resources in breeding programs. Strengthening the institutional structure of genetic resources and deepening the concept of this activity at the level of the country. Coordinating the programs of genetic resources with the related entities internally and externally. Renewing and maintaining some important groups of wheat, barley, lentil and foul with some regional stations and Yemeni centers. The unit suffered in the beginning from many problems but it did not focus on completing the information base and collecting information on the stored samples and changing storage methods and packaging. The most important activities of collection of genetic resources seeds and plant models and evaluation which took place in Yemen are as follows: Experts of USAID program in 1975 1977 collected 4500 samples of thin maize (Sorghum bicolor) from different environmental areas of Yemen in cooperation with the Project of Agricultural Research in Taiz. There are no identical samples of those in the Yemeni research centers. The scientific results from description and evaluation and places of preservations in the United States are unknown in the Yemeni scientific circles. It helps to communicate with USAID to know the destiny of these samples and the extent of their entry in breeding programs of sorghum in the southern states of the United States and others, so that breeders benefit from their results and givings. USAID program in 1978 made other collection trips for thin maize to strengthen its breeding program in the United States with Mr. Stewart. Most of these samples are still in the Genetic Bank of America. Dr. Mohammed Natheer Samkari of the Arab Center for Dry Areas Studies made a study on the pastoral and desert flora in Yemen. He collected seeds of different types of Yemeni Acacia spp. And of Prosopis, cineria, and P. juliflora. He also studied the resistance of small plants of these types to cold. It was found out that all of them can not resist the degrees of temperature below -5 including Acacia negrii which is plated on Jabal Al Nabi Shoaib (Prophet Shoaib Mountain) 3650 m. Samkari has warned from rolling American Prospis juliflora in Yemen (which is called Al-Soul or Lesisban) so that it does not become an agricultural epidemic that invade Yemeni farming, compete palm trees and expel them from their lands, and in order not to have allergic diseases which made Kuwait eradicate this plant from its land. This is exactly what happened after 25 years when this tree plant threatened biodiversity in Tihama, Hadramout, Abyan, Lahj and even Taiz in the low areas as it is the case in the heights where Tagets minuta influence which is considered one of the most dangerous types of gas herbs of Yemen environment which is the first threat to biodiversity of flora in mountainous heights. Dr. Mohammed Natheer Samkari made studies for the flora of the eastern and southern governorates of Yemen in the year 1992 in which he recorded 24 plant groups. Dr. David Wood, in cooperation with GTZ, collected 490 samples of a number of field crops during the period 1978-1979. He also gathered some types of Aloe Spp. and others. Dr. George Ayad of the International Council of Genetic Resources along with Yemeni researchers in 1980 collected 500 samples of different Yemeni crops which were deposited in IPGRI. The original samples were lost in Yemen. It helps to communicate with IPGRI to obtain the important samples because they are still reserved there. The International Council of Genetic Resources delegated N. R. Sackville Hamilton at the end of 1980 to complete collection of field crops. 283 samples were gathered but also were lost from Yemen. Dr. Mohammed Natheer Samkari studied changes and agricultural sequences in pastoral areas of Yareem. He also surveyed pastoral green cover of northern governorates and by so doing he finished the study of the agricultural cover of the southern west of the Arabian Peninsula. Vavilov Institute in Russia sent 2 researchers F. F. Yedcochena and A. A. Toshiv in 1983 who collected many samples of different crops from north, intermediate and southern heights with the participation of 2 Yemeni researchers: Hasan Amer and Mohammed Mufarreh. There are no samples of these varieties currently at the Authority. ICRISAT sent researcher Prasado Rao in participation with Hamood Abdullah from the Central Research Station in 1984. He collected 180 samples of thin maize. Currently there are no samples of these varieties available at the Authority. Researchers at Al-Kod Research Center did many studies to collect samples of plants and seeds of genetic resources whether wild or farmed. Baledi, Bazara, Al-Muallem and Bawazeer did this at different points of time. Nobody knows about the future of these samples and plant samples. Brokoda and Sanadiqi (1985) of the Arabic Center (Aksad) studied the plants of Lahj, Shabwah, Hadramout and Al-Mahara. They recorded more than 280 types which belonged to 157 type and 50 families whereas the varieties of Hadramout Valley and its heights up to 1600 meters reach 104 varieties belonging to 86 types and 31 families. IPGRI continued sending researchers including Lewiji Juarino who was joined by Yemeni researchers from the Center of Research and Agricultural Guidance (currently the Authority) and the Al-Kod Center of Research. They did many collection trips during the years 1988-89-90. During that time, they gathered 351 samples including 30 field crops and their wild forms. No one knows about the future of these samples. Workers at Al-Kod Research Center who belong to the Crops, Forests & Pastoral Areas Department made group field visits in which Guarino of the International Council of Agricultural Genetic Resources participated in 1988-1989. Seeds of the following types were gathered: thin maize, millet, cowpeas, alfalfa, sesame, fenugreek, barley, onion, black mustard, pepper, napkins, ivy, kanab, tahf, cotton, lentil, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, radish, Vigna Rdiata and Vigna unguiculata, Shami maize. Yemen does not have data about these grouped origins. It is important that the current Authority communicates with all organizations and the institutions which visited Yemen and collected genetic resources to obtain counterparts from the gathered samples in order to continue their research on them and obtain any scientific results arrived to by such organizations and institutions on this regard. The activities which the Unit of Genetic Resources at the Authority did after its establishment in 1989 were summarized by Amer and Dahmashi (1997). Forest and Pastoral Areas Department at Al-Kod Research Center in Abyan Governorate collected some wild genetic resources of plants of forest and pastoral areas in the late eighties. However, this effort did not end up in establishing of an agricultural grouping or agricultural garden for such resources. There are some other scattered works in these fields here and there. The Public Authority of Research and Agricultural Guidance has many cooperative activities with Arab and international organizations which focus on implementing projects to attract internal and external funding. These studies remain as a beginning but acceleration is still not sufficient to cover all crops, fruit trees, vegetables, decoration plants, medical plants, industrial plants, pastoral and forest plants, soil-preserving plants, terraces and watersheds and still less than our aspiration of future, less than the ambitions of Yemeni researchers and scientist, less than the desire of planners and hope of politicians in bridging the gap of production and exportation, and the hope of all environmentalists and tomorrows children in stopping desertification at this difficult time which is faced by genetic resources and biodiversity in Yemen. c. National Committee for Genetic Resources The establishment of the National Committee for Genetic Resources was in 1990 according to a ministerial decree by the minister of Agriculture and Irrigation to have in its membership representatives from different authorities which are related to genetic resources. No doubt this formulation was meant to coordinate all works in this area and push them forward in the right path in order to benefit from them in the agricultural development and achievement of food security. But after 8 years it was very useful for this committee to have a central and supreme power and should be the sole representative of all current or future genetic resources whether partial or total and for all research agencies of biodiversity, universities, concerned districts of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, non-governmental organizations working in the area of genetic resources in Yemen. It is also useful to have a long term plan and annual plan. It should also direct the genetic resources centers, units, research agencies, districts of the Ministry of Agriculture, and non-governmental organizations and should receive partial plans and proposals for those centers and units and others and call for coordinated meetings whether ordinary or general. It should also determine the priorities of work and distribution of tasks among workers and discussing them with the researchers of determining specific endangered varieties and should receive proposals concerning protection, reproduction, and rolling out. It should also follow up on achievements and reward good performance. It should also follow up on the reality of genetic resources preservation and archiving so that the negative points of the past do not happen again in terms of losing genetic resources and also to prevent the repetition of the previous problem in making international organizations the owner of the Yemeni genetic resources and not the national agencies units and centers. It was necessary for this committee (or the Supreme Council) to establish a central documentation office to be connected with all computers related to documentation of genetic resources and should be online with branch documentation offices in genetic resources centers at universities and Public Authority for Research and Agricultural Guidance and at Forest District and Resistance of Desertification. The general secretariat of this committee or the Supreme Council should be close to the Central Documentation Center and should be close to the minister who is the chairman of the committee or the supreme council. A special library should attached to the documentation center containing all studies concerning genetic resources and biodiversity in Yemen and Arabian Peninsula so that the documentation office distributes information publications about the reality of the existing genetic resources and their biological level to the cooperating people research and researchers when their research require so, in order to use them in the plant breeding programs or environment preservation and development programs or development of agriculture gardens or in the development of grazing areas, forests and preserved areas, or in the development of development lands in which used water is used. This committee or the supreme council could manage all financial resources designated to activities of genetic resources and biodiversity which are collected from international cooperation and from international organizations of genetic resources and distribute them on national programs and activities based on progress and achievement of works. The National Committee requests from such funding resources the development of projects that could be funded in this field. It also organizes cooperation between international NGOs and national researchers. It should also supervise holding annual workshops, specialized meetings and work to publish a periodical concerning genetic resources and biodiversity in Yemen and should also translate some basic books on flora and important economic Yemeni varieties. The committee might also seek to develop agricultural genetic resources and local knowledge and preservations law in which the preserved areas and varieties are specified and agricultural gardens located. Endangered varieties should be covered by the law so that the eradication of important varieties is stopped as well as important environmental disturbance. The law should also cover the exportation processes of varieties of economic or future value or of international scarcity including the varieties of Soqatra Island so that its economic varieties do not transfer to Madghashger, South Africa, Kanari Islands, and some Greece islands. It is lucky that Yemen joined in 1999 along with other 149 countries the Agreement on the Preservation and Spread of Genetic Resources and became a member thereto. This came in order to respond to the Declaration of the Fourth Technical International Conference of Agricultural Genetic Resources which was held in Lebzeg, Germany in 17-23/6/1996. The conference issued Lebzeg Declaration which focused on more attention on agricultural genetic resources for international food security and obliged the countries to implement an action plan. It is also useful for this committee to be an introduction to the establishment of the Public Authority of Biodiversity in Yemen in order to keep up with the burdens especially in the area of leading and coordinating works and procedures in all work fields, search in agricultural genetic resources, their sustainable use so that it becomes effective and able to enforce decisions and directives and make them a reality on the ground to collect the efforts of decision-makers, scientists of broad environmental and genetic experience and corps experts and experts of gardening forestry, grazing areas, medical plants, industrial plants, preservation experts and experts of agricultural gardens and experts of agricultural distribution for description and documentation. In 2004, Yemen also joined the International Treaty in Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and started implementing this treaty. d. Non-governmental organizations and associations 1. Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development (YASAD) An association that covers the whole Republic of Yemen and its main office is based in Sanaa. In 2004, the first preparatory committee was formed during the first phase of the project developing rain-based crops and feed at Sabbar Al-Mawadem District which was implemented by the Genetic Resources Center at Sanaa University and IDDEALES and funded by the French Food Support. During the period 2004-2006, the Association was introduced and many farmers became members from different areas who are considered representatives of the Association in their areas which are (Sanaa, Taiz, Ibb, Al-Mahweet, Hajja, Hodeidah, Al-Dhale, Lahj, Dhammar, Sada, Amran) through the implementation of the project of Developing Capacity in Sustainable Agriculture funded by Social Fund for Development and implemented by Genetic Resources Center at Sanaa University and IDDEALES. All participating farmers in workshops were considered founding members of the YASAD. In 2007 the association was officially publicized by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs by calling representative groups of farmers from their different areas, researchers, academicians, and agricultural engineers in Sanaa City and other areas and through support of the two projects Developing the Rain-Based Crops in Saber Al-Mawadem funded by French Food Support and the project of Traditional Food Systems and their Role in Health and Environment which was funded by the International Center for Research and Development (ICRD) and implemented by the Center of Genetic Resources at Sanaa University and IDDEALES. In 2008 YASAD, implemented a project for studying the developing urban agriculture at Sanaa City within the International Network of Urban Agriculture (RURF) in coordination with the Environment Unit and Sustainable Development in the American University, Beirut. It is a project that starts with preparation of policies and strategies for urban agriculture and coming out with views for the implementable projects in the following years. This project came after the association presented visions for developing urban agriculture on the basis of which Sanaa was selected the leader capital in urban agriculture at the level of the Arab World. Also final preparation for implementation of the project of enhancing farmers' role in integrated and sustainable agricultural production is being done including holding 4 workshops with farmers from Sada, Al-Dahle, Taiz, and Ibb. During these workshops branch offices for the YASAD will be established through a support from Social Fund for Development. YASAD seeks achieving the following goals: Familiarizing of the importance of sustainable agriculture and healthy methods of agriculture. Working with farmers, institutions, government and non-government entities in order to develop sustainable rain-based farming. Enhancing the role of the concerned centers of genetic resources and local knowledge, relevant other institutions in preservation and sustainable use of natural sources for development of sustainable agriculture. Collecting and documenting experiences, knowledge, agricultural skills and publishing them. Conducting studies, researches and consultations in the sustainable agricultural development and preservation of sustainable biological and environmental diversity. Contributing to preservation and sustainable use of genetic resources and benefiting from them in the development of sustainable agriculture and encouraging farmers to continue benefiting from such resources in agriculture. Developing capacities and skills of farmers and familiarize them with the importance of such experiences and local resources in the development of sustainable agriculture. Supporting cooperation, exchanging of experiences among farmers and people of agricultural expertise and transferring them to generations. Searching for support sources for farmers in the area of preservation of local genetic resources, knowledge and agricultural experiences and developing sustainable agriculture. Preservation and development of local animal wealth. Along with government and non-government entities, seeking to limit the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides through the application of traditional agricultural methods of preserving fertility of soil, protecting against and control of pests and diseases affecting the production and identifying their harms on the environment and human being. Setting-up markets and exhibitions for local products and traditional agricultural tools. Contributing through research and practical studies related to sustainable agricultural development. Giving attention to organic urban agriculture and developing it through good management or natural resources and their optimal use. Promoting and marketing local products of farmers and encouraging them to continue sustainable production. Protecting individual ownership rights of Yemeni farmers and researchers. Enhancing cooperation and relations among farmers, on the one hand, the relevant entities, on the other hand. Adopting organic agriculture and organic agricultural production and granting quality certificates for products of organic agriculture in cooperation with the relevant entities. Contributing to the provision of supplies for sustainable agricultural production and provision of information targeting the development and improvement of production. Raising awareness on the importance of traditional food systems and their role in preserving natural resources, public health and achievement of family food security. YASAD is the only association which links its objectives to bio-agricultural diversity and local knowledge in order to develop rain-based farming in Yemeni heights. Most researchers are included in this association which was basically established to collect available individual efforts in different entities and institutions with those efforts of some concerned agricultural associations, individual farmers and interested researchers. It follows a research methodology principle including enhancing research through participation and enhancing the role of preserving bio-agricultural diversity in the place through continued farming of these local types and varieties. It could be relied on in the implementation of similar projects to this study due to the experience gained and contacts established with farmers from different governorates. IDDEALS NGO A French NGO that started working in Yemen in 2004 and contributed to the documentation and publication of local knowledge among farmers and raising awareness on the importance of preserving genetic resources and ease of its exchange with farmers. These activities were implemented in cooperation with a research team from the Center of Genetic Resources at Sanaa University. The activity continues with the research team through YASAD. 2004-2007, it implemented a project of developing rain-based crops and grazing plants in the area of Saber Al Mawadem, Taiz. The project aimed at documenting local knowledge and agricultural experiences in addition to applying them with farmers and introducing the farming of some local types in the area. 2005-2006 participation with the Center of Genetic Resources and Social Fund for Development in the implementation of capacity building project of conducting 6 workshops on the importance of genetic resources and local knowledge in the development of sustainable rain-based agriculture. 2006-2008 IDDEALs participated with the Genetic Resources Center in the implementation of traditional food systems and their role in health and environment. It was supervised and funded by the International Development Research Center IDRC. It is a research project studying the traditional food system and its role in health and environment through interaction of the components represented in the bio-agricultural variety, local agricultural knowledge and natural resources of environment and its relation to food meals and health status of the populations of three areas of heights (Masyab/Bani Matar, Sanaa; Al Arrafah / Al Saddah, Ibb; Rebat Al Qalah/ Yareem, Ibb) 2006-2008 IDDEALS participated with Water & Environment Center in the implementation of the study of the current condition of Makashem Center of Old Sanaa City supervised and funded by IDRC. It is a practical research project focusing on the study of various components: agricultural diversity, current and previous water status in terms of type and quantity in addition to the study of socioeconomic factors. It basically aims studying the responsible factors for managing the demand on water and its importance in solving the water problem in WADIMENA. 2007-2008 IDEALS participated with the YASAD in the urban agriculture project supervised by Development Unit at American University in Beirut, RUAF. 2.2 Reference study on what has been done in Yemen concerning gender and bio-agricultural diversity Definition of Gender: The concept of gender means the different roles, rights, and responsibilities of men and women and the relationships between them. The social concept is not restricted to women and men, it also includes the way their characteristics, behavior and identity is determined through social co-living. Gender is generally linked to women and men and historical, religious, and cultural facts which could change by time. Studies conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation The concept of gender is considered a new concept and a result of the failure of many previous development projects due to lack of integration of gender in them and a direction to meet the needs of a certain category like men only. Therefore, it was sought to integrate gender in the implementation of development programs. Yemen has realized the importance of integrating gender in the development programs to face the serious challenges concerning the fading out of the area that provides sources of securing food and increasing of poverty. The Republic of Yemen announced its commitment to work on achieving equality between man and woman and to set woman as a point of focus in the process of development as a partner on equal footing. Yemen did not hesitate to provide clear support to formulate gender policies to achieve success and national agricultural strategy. In spite of growing awareness of the government for economic functions of the rural woman in the agricultural production, general policies and programs did not achieve response to the needs of the economic functions as a productive power in the agricultural field and animal production. As a result of the important role played by the rural woman in the production of food, the Rural Woman Unit at the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation to set the gender policy in agriculture and food security in June 1999. This policy focused on tangible response of tangible and urgent needs of female farmers (rural woman) through setting long-, mid- and short-term objectives all leading to decrease burdens on rural woman and determining the aspects that should be taken care of in response to meeting the practical and strategic needs of the rural woman working in agricultural activity. If such practical needs are achieved, the daily life of the rural woman will improve.( The General Department of Forests & Desertification Control, Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation set a strategy of integrating woman in the activities of the forest component of the project (Project of preserving land and water, forest component) which aimed at introducing the forest guide to raise the awareness level for women in rural areas after noticing that the green cover and land is deteriorating. Rural woman will have an effective contribution in preserving the green cover since she is the main factor of change in the natural agricultural resources due to many reasons including: - 91% of rural women deal with animal production and so forest has become an important source for feeding livestock. - Woman is the only responsible person for providing wood to meet the house needs. - Woman represent 95% of the agricultural labor force and could be the main factor for deterioration of environment and soil due to the ignorance of woman for the impact of such practices as excessive firewood gathering on the use of land and its effectiveness on the long run. The Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation also did a study of minimizing time and efforts for the rural woman and post-harvest techniques in September 2002. The study aimed at conducting a comprehensive survey on techniques to minimize time and efforts for the rural woman in order to improve standards of living of the rural woman because she is in charge of many agricultural activities (farming and livestock) especially post-harvest processing and animal feeding. Therefore, a number of modern techniques were suggested to be introduced through this study to minimize the burdens on the rural woman such as (machine for cutting off animal feed, threshing machine, machine to separate milk, mixer for dung and waste of animal wealth to use it for fuel). Based on the review of the previous studies and projects of the General Department of the Rural Woman at the Ministry of Agriculture, projects concerning the documentation of the experiences of farmers on the use of bio-agricultural diversity were not implemented. Most of the projects focused on setting strategies to integrate gender and implement projects of grazing and fattening of goats and cows in addition to conducting training courses for female workers at the Unit of the Rural Woman in the Governorate. Therefore, what took place about the role of the rural woman and preserving bio-agricultural diversity, experiences, and local knowledge concerning women and their activities was very little. We could indicate the studies which refer to the role of the women in preserving genetic resources and local knowledge which was implemented by male and female researchers from the center of genetic resources during the implementation of many activities through the period 2000-2007: the last study was about the importance of the role of the Yemeni women in the utilization of agricultural biodiversity for preparing traditional food meals (Anhar Abdul Kareem 2008). Studies implemented by the Center of Genetic Resources Concerning the Role of Woman in Preserving Genetic Resources: Among the outputs of the project of Traditional Food Systems and their Role in Health and Environment 2006-2008, rural traditional meals were documented for some rural areas and about 100 meals were documented. Through this the role of the Yemeni woman in the utilization of the agricultural biodiversity for the preparation of the food meals was also documented through securing and preparing high value food meals due to her experience in the utilization of natural resources, the study also indicated that the rural woman has great knowledge in this field and should be documented in the study because local traditional meals are considered among good food cultures which are exposed to negligence and vanishing. The method of cooking and preparation of meals has a great benefit in improving the nutrition value and quality for meals and hence contributing to food security: The study also indicated that there is variation in food meals from one area to another with the existence of a relationship between agricultural biodiversity and meals variation. The vanishing of many traditional meals due to the change of some agricultural systems in the area of study for many reasons. Woman plays a big role in determining the food system of the family through identifying types of meals prepared in the day. Woman was able to use natural plans in the preparation of traditional meals in addition to the meals prepared from agricultural products. Woman plays a role in determining the types of grown crops which determine the type of food along the year. Through the Project of Developing Capacity of Sustainable Agriculture 2004-2006 the following studies were conducted: Studying the roles carried out by both male and female farmer in agricultural work and its relation to agricultural knowledge and experience they own. Farming takes 28% of total agricultural operations whereas 42% of the agricultural operations are done by participation (man and woman). Therefore, the study indicated the existence of variation of agricultural knowledge and experience between male and female farmers due to the result of distribution of work between man and woman. This knowledge varies from one area to another due to the variation of agricultural regions. Local knowledge and experiences of some areas have been also documented in which the woman was able to gain knowledge through work which she exercises as well as the area**. The importance of woman contribution to the preservation of bio-agricultural diversity was documented as well as the contribution of woman in the farming of local varieties and her contribution to the preservation of medical and perfume plants through the growing of some medical plants and using of some wild plants for medication in addition to the role of woman in preserving trees, plants, herbs which are used as animal feed and her contribution to the selection and preservation of seeds***. A study was conducted in the importance of the Yemeni rural woman role in the animal production sector which indicated the role of woman in the area of animal production and documenting of knowledge and experiences in grazing livestock as well as animal health care. From the previous, it was found out that there is a gap concerning the study of gender especially in relation to bio-agricultural diversity and local agricultural knowledge and experience because there are only few studies on this topic especially in relation to woman. Recognition of the importance of gender for better understanding to confront climate changes through use of bio-agricultural diversity and local agricultural knowledge and experience is considered a new concept even for workers in the agricultural sector. Therefore, there must be some plan and policy design to raise awareness for the concerned parties, policy and decision makers, researchers, and relevant entities such as ministries and universities by trying to set up programs that work on activating direct contact between researchers, workers and male and female farmers. Hence YASAD focused on this aspect and set among its structure a specialized unit that is concerned with documenting the knowledge of Yemeni woman and studying her role in the maintenance and utilization of genetic resources. This is clear from the current studies which are being implemented in the urban farming and the activities which are being implemented with IDDEALS in Seyon, Hadramout Governorate. 3. Determining Areas of Explorative Studies: Based on the information gathered from and consultations conducted with a number of farmers who are members of YASAD in addition to the information published about rain-based mountainous farming, 20 areas or locations were selected to represent environmental areas agriculturally environmental areas and their different interventions as well as socioeconomic changes and level of relying on agriculture as an important resource for population and woman, spread of education among girls, spread of qat farming and level of urbanization (access to asphalted roads and electricity as indicators). Table 2. Characteristics of selected areas of the study representing 20 agriculturally environmental areas and their different interventions as well as socioeconomic changes and level of relying on agriculture as an important resource for population and woman, spread of education among girls and spread of qat farming and level of urbanization (access to asphalted roads and electricity as indicators) CharacteristicsTaizDaleSaber Al-MawademQadasSaber TabashiahZaid Al-Maafer MountainSameJobanAl-AzariqJahhafAl-HashEnvironmental - agricultureSemi-wetSemi-wetSemi-dryDrySemi-drySemi-dryDrySemi-wetSemi-dryLevel of spread of qat farming Only grown up to 2400 m 70% grown with distances5% grownavailable at 5%80% up to 2000 mStarted at 5%N/AN/A50%Asphalted roadsAsphalted since 8 yearsCurrently being asphaltedCurrently being asphaltedUnasphaltedUnasphaltedAsphaltedCurrently being asphaltedCurrently being asphaltedVery toughElectricitySince 2 yearSince 2 yearCurrentlyCurrentlyN/AAvailableN/ACurrentlyN/ASocioeconomic changesFewBigIntermediateFewFewBigFewFewFewGirl education up to high schoolAvailableAvailableVaried from one village to anotherVaried from one village to anotherVery fewAvailableFewAvailableFewBio-agricultural diversityBigBigIntermediateIntermediateBigBigBigBigBig (Followed) Table 2. Characteristics of selected areas of the study representing 20 agriculturally environmental areas and their different interventions as well as socioeconomic changes and level of relying on agriculture as an important resource for population and woman, spread of education among girls and spread of qat farming and level of urbanization (access to asphalted roads and electricity as indicators) CharacteristicsSanaaIbbMahweetQa SahmanBait MawjanAllawz MountainManakhaMasiabRibat Al-QalahAl-ArrafahAl-MahweetArrajmAl-AhjirEnvironmental agriculturalPlain and semi-wetSemi-dry terracesDry terracesSemi-dry terracesPlain terraces and semi-dryPlain and semi-wetSemi-wet in between plain and terracesSloppy terraces and semi-wetTerraces and semi-wetLittle sloppy terracesAvailability of rain-based qatN/AN/AGrown at 5%Available at 10%Available at 3%N/AN/AAvailable at 30%Available 20%Available at 90%Asphalted roadsAvailableN/AAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableElectricityAvailableN/AN/AAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableAvailableSocioeconomic changesFewBigFewFewIntermediateBigFewBigFewIntermediateGirls education up to high schoolFewN/AFewFewStarted from a primary levelAvailableN/AAvailableFewAvailableBio-agricultural diversityBigBigIntermediateBigBigIntermediateBigBigBigFew 4. Mechanism of conducting workshops After selecting the targeted areas, contact was established with agricultural offices and those governorates and districts or branches of Agricultural Cooperative Union and members of the YASAD and members of the local councils in the districts or areas. Arrangement with them as well as explanation of the objectives of this study was also made. Searching for influential persons and well-known persons of the area whether in Sanaa or in the capital of the governorate to participate in the visit. These persons are the ones who will introduce the team and the purpose of the mission before starting the meeting. Assigning agricultural guides or agricultural associations or local councils in the area to search for female farmers of agricultural experiences and knowledge who are able to talk and participate in the workshop provided their number is about 5-6 female farmers in addition to some male farmers of agricultural knowledge and experiences. Determining a place and time of conducting the workshop in a school or a clinic or the house of the Sheikh if it is unfeasible to find a public gathering place and explain that the participants will get allowance for transport and accommodation as incentives. In the beginning of the meeting introduction of all took place as well as explanation for female and male participants about the objective of the meeting and gaining trust and satisfaction with the importance of the workshop. Participatory method was followed by drawing a map for the area and getting to know the map of natural resources, seasonal analysis and talking about the agricultural calendar followed in the area and at the same level of conversation and modesty. Everybody was involved because objective is to exchange information with farmers and making the participants feel that the objective is not to gather the information from the farmers but to give them instructions and directions from our side. Therefore, at the beginning of each workshop, a short and focused presentation is giving to bring enthusiasm to and motivate participants to talk and focus in the speech on the following topics: The importance of agricultural knowledge and experiences of fathers and grandfathers in the preservation of local varieties and development of sustainable agriculture and how fathers and grandfathers were able to achieve food security throughout thousands of years and discussing them based on the reality of the area. Types of grown crops which were grown previously and the reason for their disappearance. Followed farming methods, their means and current changes. Obstacles currently in front of farming. Diseases befalling crops and harmful herbs. Types of fruit trees, legumes and vegetables. Medical and perfume trees and forest and wood trees. Firewood trees, grazing plants and their trees and common trees (grazing wood collecting bee raising). Plants used for medicating livestock and humans and diseases befalling livestock and different livestock. In the afternoon session women and men are divided into women group and men group: With woman group a gender consultant works with female engineers and assistants to organize dialogue on daily activities and focus on activities exercised by woman through talking about her experience (securing animal feed, taking care of domestic livestock, securing firewood, and etc) through the groups or direct recording through distributing of questionnaire form set for this purpose. with men group of maintaining natural resources through utilizing of knowledge and experiences for maintaining terraces and management of waterfalls and encouraging cooperative work at the level of the village, or selecting to talk about what has been concluded from the morning meeting and it represents a bigger attention and priority for the population and trying to present the concepts of sustainable agricultural development thereon. Methods followed during field visit and small workshops for female farmers to study gender vision. First: A questionnaire form including the following sequential points was distributed: Activities done at home. Agricultural practices. Care for animal wealth. Documenting local knowledge and agricultural heritage. Taking the decision. Following the method of participatory information collection (PRA). This approach is based on group talk through using different tools including: Drawing a map for the area representing natural resources and available services in the area as a means to discuss with female and male farmers. Doing the agricultural calendar with female and male farmers. Daily analysis for female farmers. Determining priority for crops and animal wealth. Raising the topics to exchange local experiences and knowledge such as medical uses of plants, mechanism of confronting agricultural epidemics, applied methods to adjust to the seasonal changes. Discussing proposals contributing to increased woman income to enhance her contribution and preserving natural resources and utilizing them in the best way. Talking about problems that faced female farmers and their solutions 4. Trying to use some information documenting means such as recording or filming during workshops and visits. 5. Study outputs: Through field visits 20 workshops were conducted in 19 areas in addition to direct interviews with female and male farmers in the field during arrival or departure from the area. Table to summarize the information recorded directly. In some cases a small digital recording machine was used without embarrassing the participants. We tried to summarize the information from the reports which could help us describe these areas and local communities. It is the primary tool to determine possible variation in order to give an idea about the view of rural societies towards the participation of woman in the agricultural work in general and her contribution to the daily life. Data of study areas were extracted, analyzed and explained which give a comprehensive idea about the role of rural woman in agricultural work and determine possible interventions to work with them in order to minimize their efforts, meet their requirements, benefit from their experiences and document them, and teaching these experiences to their daughters to benefit from them in the continuity of rural life productively, and enhancing the participation of woman work with man and the agricultural production in order to minimize the current economic impacts of decreased food sources and increased prices day after day. 5.1 Bio-agricultural diversity a. Local varieties of crops and their importance in the development of sustainable rain-based agriculture: The importance of local varieties lies in the fact that they are:- varied and different from one area to another. This variation is a result of variation in the basic genetic structures, evolution and different breeding methods until such types and varieties on distinctive genetic resources that enabled them to survive and reproduce. Adjustability to local production and environment circumstances and meeting the conditions of sustainable production, it is a basis to create sustainable agricultural development characterized by good sustainable production which meets the desires of producers and consumers. Possibility of benefiting from them in the programs of genetic development and improvement to produce agricultural types and farming varieties that secures the process of sustainable agricultural development. The achievement of a sustainable agricultural development is conditioned on work to preserve what is left in terms of agricultural genetic resources. They take the highest step in the ladder of available natural resources because they have developed and adjusted to biological and environmental circumstances and meet human being needs of nutrition and living through history. Such resources cannot be valorized because they are the result of experiences and efforts of thousands of years from our ancestors. They are our buried treasures which were left for us to preserve them and utilize them in such a way that enables us to preserve them and handover such inherited deposit to generations to come. Yemeni agriculture was established and developed by relying on farming of local adjustable varieties which were used for each area and have been circulated and reproduced spontaneously by farmers and also by relying on experiences and knowledge gained by farmers from fathers and grandfathers. It continued the addition of experiences and knowledge on the already available experience and knowledge in such a way that meets the continuity of agricultural production process and securing food requirements and livelihood for population until the beginning of seventies of the previous century. Primary studies indicate that the number of plant varieties used in the agricultural production process in Yemen exceeds 150 plant variety during different phases of the development of Yemeni agriculture, the larger number of these was still being grown until the early seventies of the previous century. Then many of these varieties started disappearing due to the accelerated changes in the agricultural process which developed at the expense of traditional farming which led to the loss and waste of many local types and varieties with which gained old local knowledge and experience in the management of agricultural production in the traditional agricultural systems vanished as well. A key principle of sustainable agriculture (farming for living and efficiency) is the variation of grown types and varieties in order to secure a balance production and best and optimal utilization of available natural resources and continuity of their giving of the same amount. This principle was known and applied by the Yemeni farmer based on inherited experience and experience of growing multiple crops in his land not only because of his needs of such the products of such crops to meet his requirements and needs but also selects different varieties and types which are inline with the quantity of rain in the area, agricultural season, selection of types and varieties that can resist damages of frost from those which cannot as well as types matching the farming season along the year in line with the available resources. There are also types and varieties that cannot be grown except in a special type of soil and under certain climate conditions. There are also types and varieties which match other crops in their farming. In addition, the ability of local types and varieties varies in the resistance of diseases, agricultural epidemics, birds and rodents damages, as well as what different types and varieties enjoy in terms of food features, quality and specifications which are linked to the level of preference and desire of the farmer. We can provide here some agricultural types and varieties which are still being grown from one area to another. In addition, and among the one type, there are many varieties according to the farming season, type of soil, location of the agricultural land, time and quantity of rains, quantity of available water, desires and needs of the farmer, the area and population needs, and in accordance with the plan of the farmer in the governorate to preserve the vitality and fertility of the soil. The following examples explain the importance of production variation in the sustainability of rain-based farming based on the field visits that took place during this consultancy: In Taiz Governorate: 5 locations in which workshops were conducted with female and male farmers. We provide here some information concerning biodiversity and the rest of information will follow in the enclosed report in the annex: Saber Al-Mawadem This area varies in its height from 1200 meters above sea level in Tabashiah up to 3000 meters in Al-Miqab areas, Al-Areda Area and Tabashiah Area representing Taiz areas of 1200-1400 meters high above sea level. Farming in the area: it starts in (April, June, July, August, September) these months are known more by man than the woman. I asked the woman by the names of the months but she didnt not understand them by sequence because she doesnt exercise them in the agricultural processes. When we asked her about the name of grown crops and varieties she quickly answered the grown crops in the village are: Thura Nissany (April maize) Thura Rubaee Hamra (seeded in the beginning of the season) Dukhn (millet) Gareb (one type) (maize) Deger Abiadh (white pea) Kushari Juljul (sesame) Agricultural knowledge and experiences in the area: Immediately upon asking the farmers about their farming experiences in the area, they started narrating the farming processes. We must know first what are the most famous agricultural months and signs which they use. These signs are known by female and male farmers at varied levels. Agricultural processes in this start from: Taqsheeb and Tandheeh and in March a transfer of dung on their heads, women and children transfer dung on their heads and donkeys and spread the dung before plowing. Plowing in good farming plots (big fields of good soil). If there is rain these fields give good production (gives good harvest). In April they use close plowing (close blowing). Blowing is done using one ox or two. The worker throws seeds. In February nobody seeds: if anyone seeds on February worms will befall the plan; if it rains in February Dak takes place. The dung man has a small cottage on the road which contains the dung. It is transferred into fields in piles. The cottage is opened in March and dung spread on the fields. Second seeding takes place. The third seeding starts in April and is called (Al-Miqrab). After which April seeding starts. It takes place in the first week of April if there is rain. If there isnt rain, they seed in dry soil. The plowing is done the man and seeding by the woman. The woman throws 3-4 seeds in each step. Shooting starts in the beginning of the season and shall be 40 days old (end of season beginning). Faqh takes place by removing plants. 3-4 plants are left. If there is enough rain the plants produce. Faqh takes place by the Mahfar (digging tool) as plants are dug up and returned for farming by the Mahfar. This process is called Qaheef after which comes Al-Jaleeb (Shahek) and Al-Mithwab. A branch of the tree is attached to the plow to make an opening in the soil. This process takes place in June. In June maize is gathered and after that its plants are gathered too as animal feed. Gareb has only one harvesting (harvested for one time in the season) whereas maize has 3 harvests (Jaleeb, Shahik and Mithwab). If there is rain, crops grow okay If there is no rain, plants die Zajeed, hand digging, mowing and remah using our hands to collect firewood and we do all this. We noqashib and nogadder until sunset when we finish with our hands wounded. When we were children we used to work, ate dry bread and graze goats, donkeys and camels in the mountains and sometimes guarded the fields from monkeys which attack the fields from morning to 6 pm. If there are locusts we expel the locusts from the fields. A dress (clothes) remains on the woman for a period of one year, the same dress. At home the woman comes back to grind and make borage. At night she sleeps on the ground no bed and no cover. These were our conditions before (talk of a female farmer aged 65 years old). At the beginning of the season Gareb is seeded until the beginning of June as well as robaei maize and millet. In September and August harvest starts. It starts with using mowing Gareb harvest and then maize and then their leftover plants and gathers. Taking the dung for fertilizing through bags and now through sacks and sometimes by cars if available. Seeds are selected by seeds mehgan and remains in the sun on the roof and the rest is gathered and entered in the gaish. They also have experiences in how to treat cow diseases: A small red rug used to be soaked in water on Al-Magadah soil and left to dry on the roof from sunset to Eisha prayer after which it is placed on the back of the cow from Eisha time to the morning. Cauterizing done by men. Goats which are infected with pimples in the eye they are treated with othrop (a plant) with salt placed on them. Fathg and Osug plants are also used for treatment of human and animal eyes. If a goat leg is broken, Al-Fath plant is placed on the broken leg and tied up until it heals. For the cow which does not eat, salt and hilqah is given for treatment. For the diarrhea they are also given with water. They used to give such a cow Gareb, cereal and green laweyah plant. The water which was used for cooking locust used to be kept to treat the cow by drinking such cooking water. When asked about names of the trees: Addaba: firewood. Asaq: firewood. Madeed: firewood and boards for houses Ilb: for sun strike on the back, leaves are gathered in the early morning. Saber: cactus. Qaradh Attamj Henna Abub + henna + ilb There is clear understanding and knowledge for the uses of plants: Othrub Hilqa Alfaq Arrasf for toothache Al-Gareerah for wounds Al-Anshak for nose bleeding Assairab poison for flies Feed of cows and fodder: Winter feed resources start in the days of December and January. They give chaff, Jardum and plant canes (remains of harvest) and Gishr. In January, canes and remains of Al-Aqabah and trees are provided. In February plant canes. Diseases and epidemics of plants: Maize: is infected with nogaz: which is treated by removing the dry leaves sometimes. If there are worms. In the past this was treated through growing pea plants in the areas of infection. Using branches of red castro-oil plant for controlling and prevention against woodworms. Cutting trees in this month, the fifth and the seventh month. Al-Osal: if there is rain in the jomaiz of June and jomaiz of July, maize is not watered in this period. Al-Okab: the seeds are washed with water 2 hours before planting, then seeds are planted. Harvest: people always used to agree on the time of harvest. Possible options to improve income: Growing cactus and taking care of what is available of this plant and growing wild or grown fruit trees such as bitumen, qaraneet and cactus. Al-Mawasit Qadas District: In these areas there are plenty of eye-catching qat growing with leaving spaces between plants ranging between 2-3 meters. In this in-between areas, farming takes place for groups of cereals and legumes so that land is exploited fully during rain season. During rain season crops are grown and harvested along with qat at the same time as an important cash crop. Qadas varies in its height between 1800-2240 meters high above sea level Farming in-between gat plants for crops of maize, millet, legumes, fenugreek, lentil, monazzalah maize (white maize) with red and yellow color. Peanuts are grown between maize plants during April. Big maize is grown starting from 18 April. Black cumin. Gareb is grown in the 15 days of season beginning lasting for 60 days. Millet In shalilah, barley (rain-based) Al-Hind (shami maize) tholathi, robaei and sodasi in the first 3 months. Bilsin lasts 3 months Fenugreek in the last third of August Atar same period Fenugreek + tartar + bilsin are grown with barley Huntum very little available Sesame grown between maize plants (Gareb) Sugar canes in Wadi Al-Ajab Handhl Tomatoes Napkins (Raimi & Chinese) Beans (red and white) grow in April and fruit in June Al-Faisawan shogor Peas and Kushari Carrots grown in between maize Foul Plant uses: Al-Othrob for diarrhea and acidity Al-Obub disinfectant of wounds Cactus leaves used for wounds Al-Masarnah and Al-Abki treatment of nose bleeding Al-Foroosh whose seeds are treatment for toothache and sweetening coffee and used for incense. Al-Oshar one drop of Oshar for swelling (golati) Attalooq is used with olive oil and used as a substance for treating tonsils. Allasaf Same District Different varieties are grown in the area many of which are still available to today. In addition, the types of used seeds which are suitable to the climate and geography of the district. These areas grow the following crops: White maize Al-Monazzalah which depends on irrigation and mountainous muddy solid soil. Shami maize (Al-Hind) which is grown in these areas and not in other areas. Qat growing. Maize, arrabit, atholathi alasbahi which are grown in these areas but in lands of intermediate height whose soil .. and not solid and muddy. This type of maize could be planted in between qat trees in addition to peas, its types and foul. Gareb this type of maize is grown in the areas of more .. in which the soil is not solid. This type could resist little dryness. Along with Gareb, different types of peas, beans and napkins of different types could also be grown. Crops which used to be grown and are not grown in this area anymore due to the lack of care or lack of seeds are as follows: Millet which could be grown within the same geographic conditions in which Gareb is grown. Peanuts which could be grown with millet and Gareb of the three types. Sesame which could be grown with Gareb and tholathi maize, rabit and white maize, which means that these crops could be grown in intermediate heights. Mountains also grow: peas, maize, barley, fenugreek, lentil, tartar, alus, coriander, cumin, black cumin, barley and all types of legumes. For example, Sharee Village grows fenugreek, maize, bilsin, peach, and atar. Agricultural processes: experiences and knowledge recorded in the annexed report. Dale Governorate Dale is a city located at a height of 1470 meters and is represented by: Al-Azariq District These areas grow Gareb, and very little saomi millet. They work on grazing, and goats and cows raising. Farming is dependent on rain. Farmers remember that in the past lands are used to be prepared by ox plowing so that the land is planted on sharia. Now plowing spoils the land due to pressing. Agricultural crops: great variance which still exists and needs to be preserved. Farmers know the classification of soils and types of soils. Reddish: in the middle of valleys like Bani Saeed and Hamra where big piles of soil appear. This soil keeps water. Black: it is a black soil which does not keep a lot of water. Light soil (samlah) Reddish: for millet and April maize. Black: for legumes and quadruple maize and other crops asham. Samlah: for Gareb, peas, kisht, bilsin, Al-Beshari Al-Hamra and Dallani. Fall: previously they used to grow a crop in fall and this led to repeated group farming (agricultural cycle) but now only grow animal feed why? Because the need for animal feed so they grow saomi maize. Al-Hasha District Crops variation is very big and many of the varieties whose farming have faded in many areas still exist. For example: Types of maize grown are: April maize (6 months) Sharihi kabeer (Al-Hind) Sharihi Sageer (4 months) Hyti (3 months), barley, wabr ashmahi, fenugreek, atar, mustard, peas, kushari, and ils. The area still has the people who have local knowledge and experiences Mustard for (salibah) fields. Types of soil: Murry black Yellow (naisah) White soil Murry black soil is the best type of soil which fits for growing most of maize, hind, barley and wheat. Remaining soil for small cereals. White soil the weakest type of soil for bilsin and fenugreek. (rest of information is recorded in the appendix). Joban District Located at height of 2088 meter 14 00 575 N and 044 52 744 E. Farming in Joban: In Joban District: It is noticed that there is great variation in the grown types as well as different varieties of each plant type. We find that it has many varieties according to the type of soil and quantity of rain. Yellow sharihi maize is grown in the areas of good rain and gives high production. In case of little rain their ears are small and grow early. Bread is made from this maize. Al-Obali which grows by irrigation. Obali maize is used for porridge and bread. There is also the yellow hordi maize which is big as well as the white hordi maize which needs a lot of water. Hargadi wheat is grown and masoobah, iraqi, and maissani (meals) are made there from. Iraqi wheat (according to farmers statement it was introduced 40 years ago) its cereal is big and square-like whereas maissani wheat has a long cereal and hargadi a big cereal. Iraqi wheat needs irrigation and gives more production than the tradition type. There are also introduced varieties but they have become sensitive to rust. I order to control the damage of trust, irrigation takes place only in the morning or in the evening. In the Giadh season, Arabic wheat is also grown as well as maisani wheat with long saboolah. It is long and grown through spreading the seeds. Barley which is roasted on fire and put in coffee. Areas which grow maize are allocated for barley as well as those spots which do not grow maize grow barley too. There is a special meal made from millet while being half cooked. Peas are eaten as cereals after boiling. Its boiled water is drunk to cure broken bones. Atar is also grown in between thin sorghum. Tirtir is also grown in the same season of barley. Bilsin (lentil) is also grown. Tomatoes, there is also an old variety called lazer. Two types of potatoes; red and white. Peas. Garlic. - Onion, carrots and napkins. In this district there is no trace of excessive use of agricultural lands for growing qat and what accompany its growing in terms of underground water depletion. Rain-based crops farming decreased which largely affected the crops variation as many varieties vanished in many areas. The types that faded out are assamra alalus black habib barley, tartar, red sesame/ atar and many varieties of maize which vanished. In many areas, farmers started to buy seeds from markets. Jahhaf District The area is located in the mountains overlooking Dale City. It has big agricultural and corps variation. There is still some rain-based farming existing. Qat is very little. It is required to work in enhancing the role of farmers (men and women) to preserve agricultural variation and traditional knowledge before they vanish. The access to asphalted roads will make people grow qat and look for cash which damaged farmers nature. Some agricultural variation information could be mentioned here as follows: Maize has 9 varieties in Jahhaf white, red, robaei, musriah kabeer, beshari, allali, snislah, karithiah (yellow and white) musriah sageer, peas 3 varieties and circular local napkin, big, makhadish, khabbar, moderate variety, smaller variety, current rotl variety, long napkins (vanished. It was used for storing oil and seeds). Seasons, topography, and quantity of rain play a role in determining the type and variety of the crops. We find that thin sorghum is grown widely and there are many varieties of this type including: White maize called ziraei which is seeded on the ninth sign (21st of May). In the 10th sign a robaei maize known as black maize is grown. In the 7th sign which is an agricultural sign of time in which robaei red maize + black maize are grown. Saomi maize is grown in the period between first of May and first of June. Himiari maize is grown in the fourth sign. Millet is grown in the Dolm sign. In sohail sign barley and lentil are grown. In the first two (21/7 21/8) and in the third there are heavy rains during which potatoes are grown and part of the harvest is left in the season as seeding for next year. In July sham maize is grown. Sesame is grown in August. In the third potatoes is grown and continues 5 and 3 months. Peas and kisht atar are also grown. In winter onion, barley and wheat are grown. Sanaa Governorate The crops variation has its importance in rain-based farming according to agricultural seasons and agricultural systems. In addition to the rain-based farming seasons, there is another season called qiadh in winter which basically counts on humidity stored in the soil from the main season of rain which is left in the soil without farming so that it is used for farming in winter. It is a pattern which is repeated in plains of mountainous heights. There are also types designated for this farming of this pattern and it has distinctive methods and agricultural applications. We will indicate here what has been witnessed in Bani Matar District which has great importance in Yemeni farming and has great variety. The area of Masiam Mekhlaf Al-Asad Bani Matar We noticed that farmers know well the importance of bio-agricultural diversity and its importance to farming in their area. They keep seeds from year to year according to the number of agricultural seasons which is explained in Table 3. Table 3. Bio-agricultural diversity in the area of Masiam Mekhlaf Al-Asad Bani Matar CropsTypeCharacteristicsGrowing placeRemarksVanished varietiesWheatThamaryThe best which is grown in 6 months in Giadh and during harvest in 4 monthsBrought from HaimaAmong the types to be grown during Giadh season. It grows after seeding by 16 days and it is seeded at the depth of 8-9 cm. it resists dryness and its called Homar Albar and is of a special typeAlus & samraaThailyGrown in 3 monthsSeeds from HaimaOf the types grown during harvestAlboniCannot resist dryness and is grown in 3 monthsSeeds from HaimaGrown under conditions of complementary irrigationIlsExcellent type but extinctBread is made there from and has a special taste. It is not grown a lot due to the difficulty of removing the cereal from its coat. A libna (44 m2) produces 1.5 qadahBarleyAmrani (Sahari)Excellent typeFrom SihamJada was an existing typeSaglahComplete its lifecycle within 3 monthsEarly in the seasonSihamiMaizeWhiteYellowish-WhiteLahmaniYellowish-redMunzalahSpottedRedRed color (called Jidarah)Not eaten by birds therefore preferred to be grownPeasSpottedGrown a littleFoultholathiLentil (bilsin)KhomasiThe size of cereal is big (tough)TholathiThe size of cereal is small (madagga)Resist dryness and grown during datha and harvestFenugreekLocalBest varieties are of green cerealQadah is 9000 Ryals in 2008EgyptianIntroduced varietyQadah is 5500 Ryals in 2008Beans atarGrown in 3.5 monthsFeedRaymaniDoes not blossomBahidhiBlossoms quickIs not watered during winter. For production of seeds plants blossom during summer. It takes 5 libnas to produce 1.5 nafarMustardLocalMustard oil is used to treat stomach and worms (oil for every pain) There are also types of napkins, tomatoes and vegetables which are grown on spring waters which were available in the past and started to vanish. Now, they are grown using water from the special well of the village. Bait Mawjan Bani Matar Sanaa Governorate Crops variation reflects topographic and climate variation of the district. In this area almond trees were introduced intensively in the past 5 year and now almond trees occupy almost 90% of highlands. The remaining warm lands of valleys were left for growing crops: When asking about the agricultural types and varieties, it was found out that farmers still keep seeds for many local types including: Local fenugreek: the best type is of the green cereal. It is expensive and its qadah is 9000 riyals. Foul small cereals in 5.4 months. Kisht sedari mubargash / white. Thaili and Thamari wheat. White and red peas. Barley (jarah black barley saglah) the jarah ear is square-like. Maize white, thulathi, khomasi, red, subaee to be grown in valleys. Pepper has 4 varieties Garlic - mustard - atar Maize (white yellow munazzalah, ansi, red, of meat-like color and yellowish white, adahi munazzalah, white inside the galsah). White and red peas. Alkisht Indian corn jithali, mubargash and white kisht. Mumah grown with bilsin (lentil) Raymani feed which needs irrigation and bahidhi which is dry-resistant as well as almonds. Haraz Sanaa Cereal farming starts in saob then hadhori barley, then maize then maize or soil- maize moves the ground and wheat is grown during June. In ilb, a barley (Jeddah) is grown between fall and summer. Fall: 40 makkarah nights to disperse a loss night Sixth: harvest of maize, half of the harvest remains with seeds after threshing the maize. In the sixth and seventh hadhori and April barley called rabiah. Beginning of the year Giadh barley waalah banak waana walak which gives cereals within 2.5 months. Coffee is grown / al-oddah gad oddaini dawairi sidri, with immigration to the city farming decreased. The varieties of grown maize are gasoori thawbani salma adahi goaidi. Gasoori is grown during thawr season. Thawbani is grown during fari and thuraya as well as gurayah. Gella (foul) is grown with maize gella of peas beans lentils. Lentil is grown with wheat during June for 3 months. Lentil and April barley are grown after the maize season as the soil is plowed after maize and barley is planted. Extinct types: lentil barley barw attalh assanf because the production of land declined which resulted in their negligence. 4. Al Mahweet Governorate 4.1 Al Mahweet District, main crops existing in the Region are: Maize: white Bujaida and red Bujaida. Al Gharb, Dokhn, and Al Ghurabi, is semi-Gharb, but is called Ghurabi and the cone is blown, i.e. large, and Al Hashar which is short. Red Hujainah, large Hashar which is more than two meters and hooked. Upon harvesting, Hashar is cut from middle, half of it is used for fuel and other half is used as feed. There is another type of maize: it has two types: yellow long such as Al Khasha Al Safra, and is harvested after six months; and the second type is red and short which is called Qusra and is harvested after 4 months. There is the Indian maize which has two types white and yellow. Wheat: one type is grown- Al Mesyani in Al Arqoob. There is the Egyptian wheat which is local, but is called Egyptian. It is grown in Al Rujum and Al Taweelah and Al Aidaraoos and Al Dhafeer. Barley is a local type, grown in all Al Mahweet. Al Saqla is grown in Shibam and also in Al Rujum. Local barley is green. Al Athouri wheat is grown in high mountainous regions because it needs high cold. It is a rare type and can stand for cold. No other type can be grown instead. When grown in the farm of the center with the rest of other Yemeni types, it was so distinctive. Al Mesyani and Bouni types are grown in Qaila valley. Beans (Qilah) is small in size and suitable to be grown in mountainous regions; Indian maize in valleys; Dokhn is Thulathi (triple), grown in valleys and is called Athouri. Oudaini coffee is grown in valleys and Shabarqi and Tufahi. Barley is called Hajri. Second: Beans Hab Al Aziz is grown in Al Arqub in great quantity. It is one type which has been brought from Al Habasha and called Al Musawaa. Two types of Dijrah are grown. Al Rashidya Dijra which is big in size and have long horns, and Dijrah Al Duq which has small sees and its horn is middle in length. Cotton which is one local type is grown. Lentil is one type which is grown in winter. Qila has two types, large Jisra and small Dug. Fenugreek is one type and its horn is full and eaten green or made as Lasis. It is harvested green. In case it is used for normal use, it is left to be dried out. Khist is grown as well. It is one type and its grains are large, white and black. Beans in general are grown in November, while in Al Taweelah, Shibam, Aidaroos, Al Rujum, Bani Habsh and Manhabah, the beans are grown at any time (as stated by the farmer Abdullah Al Qatma). 4.2. In Al Hajur Region It has been one of the most important agricultural regions to grow grains and field corps until 1970s. It turned now to grow Qat, and many other types have died out. However, we find that crop diversity is so simple, as barley is grown as well as Siqlah, wheat, lentils, beans, Dijrah, Kisht, and maize , of which (Al Asmi, Allihmani, Al Khasha Al Safra, and Al Lihmani which is not eaten by birds. The extinct types are: Al Khishma, Al Amsi, Al Moma, Fuah, black cumin. Lentils and Al Alas of wheat have gone extinct. Fenugreek and Dijrah and peanuts also are grown. 4.3 In Al Rujm District The following are grown: the large Khisha, white cone, and yellow Kisha and large red, large Hatimi, its grain is red and large, al Gharb is white, three months only, and looks like maize. Al Sham is six months and Rubaee (quartet) four months and Thulathi, three months. Barley and Seqla; Dokhn is two types, Muzgeb and normal; Fenugreek imported and domestic, and has thick horn; Qelah is one type, and small grains and gets matured before maize; Peanuts and coffee is Dwaeri and Odaini and Shabarqi Dijrah Lentils (Khumasi and Thulathi); Wheat, of which Al Athouri and Al Misani and Alas has gone extinct; Mustard and Al Sham; From the previous data, we conclude the following: - The importance of local heredity origins in Yemeni agriculture in rain-fed areas, and that the local items are the maizeerstone to maintain and keep agriculture, for its features that cannot be obtained from another source. A Yemeni farmer has played a basic role in developing and stabilizing rain-fed agriculture in Yemen and in exploiting available natural resources in optimum way in order to achieve the objectives of sustainable production through maintaining and growing multiple types. Local types have developed due to continuous agricultural and human activities. Farmers could select and develop plants which meet their needs and suitable to environmental, social and economic conditions of production, and which are able to give maximum production and best quality. This, in turn, has led to the appearance of different inherited forms, from a region to another and from a village to another, and sometime from farm family to another. Crop diversity in traditional agricultural systems has played an important role in sustaining exploitation and management of these resources. This can be attributed to accumulated knowledge of farmers in maintaining agricultural production through reducing damages and disasters that could hit certain crops and also reducing environmental effects as a result of low temperature, draught and cold. The method of marketing farm products which are dependent on goods exchange with others enable the continuity of productive process and its development. There is an active role played by a rural woman in sustaining rain-fed agriculture and maintaining local seeds for agriculture and her link to traditional food meals and in ensuring its local sources of feed for livestock and ensuring fuel from natural plants and popular uses for medical plants. These factors combined have made a rural woman as honest guard to local types and knowledge. Due to this importance, some attempts to collect local types to be described have been made by the Agricultural Research Authority and the Heredity Origins Center at Sanaa University, for more than six years to identify what heredity origins have and searching and attempts to collect and maintain them in special fridges. This is called the Heredity Bank of Seeds to study its properties and its specifications and to encourage benefiting from which in heredity improvements to local items and to re-grow them in regions where they have gone extinct. This is one of methods to maintain heredity origins but it is limited. The Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development was established in April 2007 to enhance the role of farmers in maintaining and proliferating and circulating local seeds. This can be made by field visits and interviewing with farmers who are the real stakeholders and real owners of these sources, because they inherited this from their fathers and forefathers. Awareness should be made to farmers about the importance of these local types and to maintain them by cultivating them in their regions and to re-grow the types which have gone extinct. Table 4 shows crop diversity in a number of grown crops and number of types according to observation on field and to farmers statements in interviews in the high regions No. of types: Grown types in some high lands in the governoratesGov. District TypeAl Mahweet Al MahweetSaber TaizBani Matar Sanaa Sadah/Erafah IbbRujum MahweetExtinct types1WheatAzouri Misyani BouniWasniDhamari Thaili Woody Bouni BrownArabi Baishi Samra(brown) Khinda (Germany, white and red)MesyaniAthouri Mesiany, Alas gone extinctBrown Alas2BarleyHajariLocal barleyAmrani (Sehari) Saklat Sehami SafahSaqla Barley, Habib and MarkanLocalBarley and SeqlaGaarah Safa Markan3Thin maizeSalmi White Sabra Nashqa Khitami Marsala White Khashaa Yellow KhashaaWhite-yellow) Lahmani Manzala Red, called JetharaYellow and red maizeWhite Meryah Small Yemeni, Late white, Large Yemeni, advanced white, Garfi, rainy, Edahi, red Gaadamh, (Qabeee, Manzal, Garf) Hasha, Garaa, Sahiani Large white Khishaa, , yellow kishaa, red, and Hatimi (large) Mursala, white Gharb4Indian maizeFrom districtRubaeeLarge, 6 month, Rubaee, Thulathi. Large, 6 month, Rubaee, Thulathi. 5Black beansSmall Thulathi (triple)Local, mountainousThulathiSmall and largeThulathi6PotatoLocalFrom marketFrom Market7LentilsThulathiThulathiThulthi KhumasiThulathi and KhumasiThulathi and Khumasi8FenugreekLocal Egyptian Local and EgyptianLocal EgyptianLocal EgyptianEgyptian and Local9Green peasLocal LocalLocalLocalLocal10EspartoLocal LocalLocalLocalLocal11GarlicLocal12SquashLocal LocalLocal13Qadb14AlfaLocalLocalLocal15DijrahMountainous and whiteMountainous and whiteHababi Large Safari MediumClimbing 5.2 The importance of gender in conserving and sustaining agricultural biodiversity and local knowledge Population in rural areas depend on agricultural biodiversity and natural resources which are well managed by fathers and mothers and forefathers. However recently, population growth and negligence of local knowledge and agricultural experience in managing the natural resources led to over-exploitation of natural resources, which reflect negatively on the living standard of people in villages, a situation that could increase with climate changes. Agriculture could be in rural area or the city most affected category due to expected climate changes, since most workers on fields are women as a result of migration of men to urban areas looking for a source of living. The possession of lands have diminished, and is insufficient as source of income to household, since women stay in villages. What has been noticed during this study is that there a difference in dealing and adapting to climate changes between women and men. For instance, the delay of rain this season has led to little feed, and thus many of animal wealth has been sold off. Further, agricultural season has gone without having crops during which raised the sufferings of the rural area, especially women. Women depend so greatly on the cow in feeding her family. A cow is so dear to a woman. Therefore, she looks for sources to ensure fodder for cows, even though she has to climb up mountains. Though many incidents of falling down have been reported in mountainous regions, while woman has been looking for wet fodder or for wood to cook her food. This task should be done by the man, but he is not doing it. The importance of womans role and local knowledge on sustaining the agricultural biodiversity A woman plays a significant role in sustaining agricultural biodiversity and local knowledge according to discussions held with farmers over participation of female farmer in producing food and using it for natural resources provide essential needs to home such as water, fuel, agricultural crops and livestock, in addition to her acquired knowledge according to her practiced activities. This has given her a direct role in maintaining heredity sources in agriculture and food and its sustainable use. Agricultural production also diversified and played a great role in having different local knowledge and agricultural experience with farmers from a region to another, as well as differences in dividing work between male and female farmers. The participation of a female farmer in agricultural activities and maintaining local knowledge in Yemen are different. This depends on crops and regions. From our observation, we find that the knowledge and experiences related to managing natural resources and maintaining heredity sources between man and woman are integral. Analysis of activities by gender in regions covered by the study: We can summarize the activities and tasks of women so that we can set a strategy that assists women in facing climate changes. Therefore, we had to understand the relation between men and women regarding agricultural biodiversity and local knowledge which have contributed in building their abilities to adapt to climate changes and identifying gender differences in distributing tasks and decision-taking and identifying available opportunities and limitations imposed on men and women. The role of rural women at home A woman assumes very important roles such as social upbringing and taking care of the elders in addition to other roles practiced at home. The figure (1) illustrates the roles which are practiced by the Yemeni woman in rural areas at home. Her role is not restricted to giving births but she also can do all activities, either at home or agricultural ones. Practicing activities has enabled her acquire an experience in using natural resources to ensure food to the household, daily or all year around. Female farmers have linked between the needs of the household and between whats available to her such as wild plants, crops, animal wealth. She has depended on her production in rural area. A woman also ensures water for her household, by going to long distance to fetch it on her heads, or on donkeys. This has been noticed during consultations related to the study. Women fetch water in most regions which depend on rain-fed agriculture. Through discussions and daily analysis of women activities during the day, it has been noticed that she manages home and does household chores such as preparing food, cleaning house and taking care of children as well as a number of tasks: Water Fetching: Women spend too much time in fetching water and wood-cutting. It takes her about 2-8 hours per day, and she does this twice a day. In addition, she leaves her home and goes long distance to bring wood or feed for livestock or bring water from long distance before 4:00 a.m. due to the lack of rain. The region of Allouz Mountain, Sanaa, and other regions increase sufferings of women due to climate change. This has been noticed clearly this year. Womens contribution to ensuring wood: A rural woman depends on wood to cook meals. This has pushed her to go to far distances to collect it. It takes her 4-6 hours a day. This happens so densely in winter because there is no agricultural season. Winter is considered as a main season in collecting wood or making fuel from animal wastes which are called (Keba or Sard) and then dry it out under sun-lights. In some regions, men and women practice wood-cutting for sale as an income source that helps them buy their household needs, as it has been noticed in Taiz region. Because of the production of gas ovens, this has helped women to reduce efforts exerted to collect wood and helped reduce over-wood cutting. But due to the high rise of gas recently, wood-cutting back was back. So, if there is no education over wood-cutting and its time and encouraging women to maintain it, this will cause the disappearance of plant vegetation. Further, there is no an active policy which could maintain plant vegetation and using it properly and to make it sustainable. Though, during the study being conducted, there has been a local knowledge which enable the sustainability of vegetation over the previous centuries, such as (experience related to the time of wood cutting). This practice is made by the participation with men and women. For example, trees are cut in February, that is, wintertime. There is also a custom that prevents women from wood-cutting in some regions for many years in order to let plant grow up. Anyone who is not stuck to this rule, some legal action will be taken against him, such as payment of fine. This commitment is made by the approval of the sheikh of the dignitaries of the region. This system has been used by some locals in Khoulan region, Allouz Mountain, Sanaa Governorate, after they have noticed the disappearance of plant vegetation as well as so many trees. So, they made some protection and conservations, so trees have started to grow once again, such as Arar trees.  Womens role and knowledge in preparing and making meals: Figure (1) shows that meals preparation is womans responsibility. Through consultation, it has been so clear that the rural woman could prepare food meal depending mainly on cereals in addition to meals made of milk and its derivatives, as a small percentage of vegetables which are planted near to homes. A woman also had an experience and knowledge in preparing traditional meals from natural plants as well as meals made of farm products, which is considered as a sort of adaptation to difficult circumstances for rain-fed agriculture and seasons of drought through which Yemen has passed. She also used natural plants such as (Halas, Alqa, Othrub, Dhadh), and could make food meal from crops before harvesting. During the study attached (1) over the role of woman and using bio-diversity in making meals, it has been noticed that women collect cones of wheat, barley or maize or other crops while they are on field before harvesting. Therefore, there is a close relation between prepared meals and agricultural season. Yemenis have documented this relation by proverbs such as: Iza Dhakal Al Khamis Walmilha Tamis It means that in the fifth star, the seeds of maize starts to crop up and a female farmer starts to collect green cones which have seeds. She boils and dries them and then crushes and makes Lahoh from crops. Al Saeefa Rukbat Al Zareee: Al Saeefa are called Orooq in some regions. It is a meal made of wheat or barley. This can be made by harvesting wheat or barley while it is green on field. Before it reaches the stage of harvesting, its seeds are taken out and boiled and dried and crushed. A meal of which can be made. The proverb means that Al Saeefa helps a farmer to provide a meal for his family in case there is no store of seeds which can save his hunger and give him strength to continue his agricultural activities. It is considered as nutrient meals and quick to be made. In some seasons in which there are no crops, women could keep them at home all over the year, such as keeping onion, tomato, squashetc  Womens role in agricultural activities and her knowledge related to these practices: Yemen is considered a rural community, of which the rural population make up about 77%. Through historical stages, it is confirmed that woman provides an active support to farmers in work and production, and she is considered a partner. The household in countryside depends in her economic and social activity on work-team made of a husband and a wife and sons. Table (5) shows the agricultural calendar and agricultural practices for some rain-fed agriculture and the way of work division between men and women in some regions (Al Mahweet, Bani Matar). Since different activities related agricultural activities depend on male and female farmers and in so many times on participation as shown in the table ( ). There are activities made by a woman such organic fertilization, and weeding out and removing dense plants, and removing maize leaves. While other heavy field activities are done by the man such as plowing, separating between plants of maize and tomato. Some agricultural activities are made by participation between male and female farmer like harvesting and leveling lands and drying and others, table (5). It is clear from the table that there is in some regions, she practices the process of loading crops such as Kisht and Dijrah and thin maize. In this way, she ensures having crops in case of climate changes such lack of rain. Woman takes care ,through her activities, of collecting crop of Dijra and Kisht once their horns start to crop up and until harvesting time. This takes three to four months. She also has agricultural practices and experience, either in agricultural schedule or through agricultural exercises that help in playing role in facing changes due to the lack of rains or drought or the delay of rain. This has been discussed in the annex, and model of them will be mentioned. Farmers do plowing of land after rainfall in autumn. Then the land is leveled completely and left for three months to be cultivated by the season of Qiadh, which is a way to maintain water on field. Women then sing and bind plants upon blowing of heavy wind, as a way to support plants until harvesting time. In case of heavy rainfall which prevent from accessing to field, male and female farmers grow maize by sticks. Female farmers grow some crops, along with maize, such Dijra, and in case of lack of rain which is not enough to irrigate maize, they can get crops from Dijra (type of cereals). In case of rainfall delay, a male or female farmer may grow crops in time in dry land which allow seeds to stay in sand until rainfall. There are many practices which help adaptation and accommodation with climate changes. Table (5) shows agricultural calendar and practices and how to divide them between men and women. Dec. Jan.Feb.Mar.Apr.MayJun.Jul.Aug.Sep.Oct.Nov.Nisani MaizeM, plowing W /E'D M, plowing,W+M , seeds snowing *2,J/ WW AB- M C-JA W, Weeding,WM, HarvestingW, StoringDijra,Kisht ,W+M , seeds snowingW, collecting horns GharbM, plowing W /E'DM, plowingM, plowing,W+M , seeds snowing W *2,J/ M C-JAW, Weeding,WM, Harvesting W, StoringDohkenM, plowing W /E'DM, plowing,W+M , seeds snowing W *2,J/ W, Weeding,WM, HarvestingW, StoringIndian MaizeM, plowing W /E'DM, plowing,W+M , seeds snowing W *2,J/ W, Weeding,WM, HarvestingW, StoringWheat, barley, lentils, fenugrek M, plowing,W+M , seeds snowing ,W+M , seeds snowing,WM, HarvestingW, Storing,WM, HarvestingW, Storing The consultation has indicated that there is a difference between tasks of woman in agricultural activities in the regions under study. This tells that there is a diversity in local expertise related to woman from a region to another. This difference is a result of many social and economic factors. Agricultural activities in rural areas are not practiced individually, however are made by participation, as well as single practices. There is also privacy in local knowledge between men and women and every region differs from others. Some practices which have been exercised by men, are now conducted by women due to the following: Replacing cultivation of crops by Qat; Migration of men to urban areas looking for living either as workers or employees. Women stay at countryside because they cannot find jobs because they are illiterate. Families also cannot move to another areas due to poverty, so women stay at countryside to grow corps and take care of animal wealth in order to provide food to her family. So, women started to take the activities of men, which are so difficult for her. This has put more burdens on women. There is so much knowledge which man would like to maintain while women ignore them. So, women could do things with much efforts without benefit at the end of the day, and sometimes gets no production. In addition to the high prices of some equipments or the price of livestock or rental of animal used in plowing..etc. figure (2) shows the difference of tasks conducted by women in agriculture from a region to another due to some reasons mentioned earlier. Gender analysis related to agricultural as well as daily activities have shown the following: Taiz governorate: Saber and Al Mesrakh district: Al Meeqab and Madihien and Tabashe represent one district which is Saber district. Whereas Abdan is affiliated to Al Mesrakh district, but it is located within the environmental range of Saber. It has been noticed the following: Each crop has its own practice, for instance: Saber Highlands district: (Al Meeqab, Al Jarn, Amaiqah) grown the following crops, wheat, barley, black beans and others. Man plows lands while other tasks such organic fertilization, and preparing land before cultivation, removing plants from crops (weeding out), plowing between potato using manual tools are left to women. She also collects the horns of beans on periodic basis, and participates with man and other women in harvesting wheat and barley and then dry and clean them. The lower region of Saber (Tabaesha Ozla) grows the crop of thin maize with all its types and Indian maize as well. There are different agricultural activities related to the maize crop. In this region, man plows by bulls for the purpose of cultivation. He also plows after growing of plants so as to increase the areas to get more water once there is rainfall. While women carry out fertilization process and seeds sowing. Women also grow between plants in case of some seeds have not grown up. This is a sort of the best exploitation of agricultural areas. Women remove crowded plants and use them as feed for her livestock. She also shares a man in the rest of agricultural activities, and helps a man and all other family members during harvesting and post-harvesting activities. Madiheen district: In this region, agricultural areas are so small. Therefore, men go to work as laborers, while women assume all agricultural activities. Women harvest natural feed on different periods, and sell or store them. Man also shares with women in doing some agricultural activities. Al Mesrakh Abdan district: This district has streams so agriculture depends on irrigated crops and rain-fed crops, and growing fruit as well. So, participation of man is bigger than Al Meeqab and Tabashea and Al Madyhein due to growing many types of crops which require different and hard agricultural activities. The availability of transportation (vehicles) and roads have helped in bringing fertilizers. Man practices plowing for cultivation and between plants too. He also helps in transporting organic fertilizers in addition to harvesting crops of vegetable. While woman collects feed and taking out seeds, while man and woman participate in harvesting and after harvesting. Qadas district: This district has a wide area of Qat cultivation, and has got dense population. Women practice a lot of activities as they plow small fields manually or plow between Qat trees. In addition, she transports and spray fertilizers and feed (removing weeds in plants), and grow seeds in empty areas and weeding out plants. She also takes care of Qat trees in addition to harvesting activities. Man and woman participate in harvesting and after harvesting. Women do some other activities in order to get some of crops. Sameee district: It is a mountainous district which depends on agriculture. Qat is not cultivated there. We could not visit it because the road was so rough, and it is a district existing amid mountains where a small percentage of Qat is cultivated. Women in regions in which Qat is cultivated grow feed on field that cannot grow Qat. The contribution of man about land has decreased as he is interested in cultivating Qat. Al Dhalie Governorate: Jehaf and Al Hasha district: Has some knowledge different from Taiz and Sanaa. Men and women are interested in cultivating lands due to their dependence on agriculture. So, they maintain a lot of expertise and knowledge. Most agricultural activities are done carried out by both men and women. In Jehaf district, man plows, while a woman feeds bulls and plowing with other contributions. In addition, woman is interested in collecting plants between crops all over the season and use it as feed for livestock. She also exerts great efforts in transporting organic fertilizer without any benefits out of agriculture due to lack of knowledge and not applying expertise for fertilizers used, so they could not get good production from crops. Al Azraq and Juban: It has got an irrigated and rain-fed agriculture. Women participate in harvesting and after harvesting activities, while men do plowing activities and cultivation and irrigating crops. Sanaa Governorate Bani Matar District: The consultancy embodied number of areas including Masyab Makhlaf Al-Asad, Qaa,a Sahman of Makhlaf Shihab, Bait Mawjan Makhlaf ...... Agricultural land of Bani Matar district in Sana'a Governorate is mostly still rely on rain-fed agriculture, and women in this rural area are still involved in most agricultural activities as they may perform certain activities usually carried out by men such as tillage due to availability of large areas where men are not able to till during specific period of time The reason behind womens participation in land tillage may also be the absence of men, and women in Bani Matar still contribute greatly to agricultural activities because of the fact that women are not educated and there is no other non-agriculture activity for them to perform. Ibb Governorate Al-Arrafa / Assaddah, Ibb: Agricultural participation activities are still carried out in this area because it is still dependant on rain-fed agriculture, and the population still rely mainly on rain-fed agriculture in securing food. Al-Ribatt / Ibb This area is characterized by the spread of potato cultivation, which considered a cash crop depending on irrigation systems, thus increasing the contribution of men in farming activities and reduced the proportion of women's contribution because activities become farming related activities on irrigated crops. Women activity are limited in lands used for planting some crops grown on rain with no available underground water wells. Al-Mahweet Governorate Rujam District and Mahweet City Agricultural participation activities are still carried out in this area because it is still dependant on rain-fed agriculture, and the population still rely mainly on rain-fed agriculture in securing food Al-Ahjir District: This area is characterized by the spread of qat cultivation, which depends on irrigation systems, thus increasing the contribution of men in qat-related farming activities. Women contribution is limited in some areas of Al-Ahjir where they work in planting some crops as loading crops in qat fields, or in some fields dependant on rain-fed, and therefore knowledge and expertise is threatened with collapse, which would lead to the extinction of rain-fed crops and this is what was observed during the consultancy. Some crops have disappeared from the region because they were cultivated during the years when qat has come to the area.  3. Woman contribution in animal breeds and securing feed Rural women realized the importance of livestock to provide food for the family throughout the year. Therefor, most of what is being done by women during their participation in agricultural activities has a direct relationship to livestock. When women plant or specify a certain type of cultivation, they always think of crops that give more feed, go long distances for grazing livestock, work a year-round in harvesting feed from both fields and mountains to feed the livestock, and work on drying and storage of surplus for times when there is no feed and thus maintain the source of food for the livestock throughout the year, thus securing food for the family by providing milk or meat and its derivatives throughout the year. Women's contribution in securing feed: Women contribute in providing feed for livestock, whether daily or through out the year either by grazing of livestock or collecting feed plants during work in the field or sometimes collecting from the mountains. As indicated earlier, during the Feed Development Project in Sabir and in national workshops on the importance of genetic resources and local knowledge, women are providing feed for cattle, and they also have knowledge of collected wild plants given to livestock, which help to increase milk, as well as providing green feed in winter. Some of these plants are Sanaf, Qatam, and other plants. (box 3) The following observations found through workshops held during the study: Women have the experience and knowledge in identifying plant species that provide animal feed, and how to store and maintain such plants for winter season, and are harvesting grasses from the mountains in the season called "Allan", which then dried and collected in special packs to be stored for the winter time. They also work in collecting certain types of plants in the winter time, such as Sanaf Burah, which is pounded to remove the thorns and then given for livestock. Women also work to secure feed by pooling the remnants of agricultural crops and stored for the winter season when the green feed crops are not available. Crops used as feed are Sorghum leaves and stocks, the remnants of barley straw, wheat, pulses crops. At times when crops grow in fields, women collect feed crops during cutting grass of crops fields or during cut of surplus parts in maize crops, which is being provided as feed for livestock. Box 3: Name of some local wild plant species that provide feed for livestock in the winter.Sanaf, Na'dh, Sial, Ghazj, Karancha, Animah, Harmat Adhail, Qutbah, Assari'a, Gharmal, Qarah, Fijle AlHamam, Wa'lan Alma'a, Eilb, Talha leaves, Salum, Baydha'a, Mashia'a, Ma'las and other wild plants mentioned by women. Table (6) shows that women are often responsible for livestock grazing work to secure feed for anials throughout the year. The calendar outlines securing livestock feet throughout the year. During visits to different areas, we found that animal grazing relies on learned and traditional experiences. The animal feed calendar shows that there are several systems followed for animal feed of which the most important is the traditional movement of livestock from place to place in search for feed and water. This system is characterized by little production, which led to the acquisition of livestock bearing hard environmental conditions characterized by severe drought. Grazing system in rain-fed areas have certain customs and experiences, for example grazing is regulated in the rain-fed areas through prohibition of grazing in some areas for a specified period of time in summer or autumn, while these areas are targeted for grazing in the winter, besides grazing in in fields during harvest time. Livestock are given feed from maize leaves as well as grazing pastures near houses and fields in the harvesting times of crops, or leaving certain pastures for 1-3 years without grazing so that plants grow and reproduced and thus maintain the pasture and their benefits for livestock, avoid over-grazing, which negatively affects biodiversity and vegetation, which in turn led to reduce animal production. During the study, deterioration of pastures in many areas was noted due to the lack of quarries system use for a number of reasons: The disappearance of traditional regulations in the protection and management of pastures. There are many pressures because of the large numbers of livestock. Firewood over-collection of vegetation. Table (6): Distribution of tasks in Livestock activities by gender Species or categoriesGrazingAnimal wateringAnimal feedingM*F*MFMFCowsFFFcalfFFbullsMFFSheep MFMFFGoats MFMFFBees MMDonkeys FFF* F=Female * M=Male Calendar showing animal feed resources in rain-fed areas SpeciesSeptOct.NovDec.Jan.Feb.Mar.AprilMayJuneJulyAug.Cows & bullsStored FeedCollection & dehydration of green feedCrops remnant grazingCollection of green plants in the winterCollection of feed during crops fields cutting grassGreen feed from maizes or barely cropsMaking meals throughout the year from the residues of bread or grain or crop remnants Sheep & goatsGrazing in fieldsGrazing in mountainsCollection of feed during crops fields cutting grassBees Bees grazing in vegetation area, or preparation of special meals for beesBees grazing from crops blossoms Donkey Stored feed from wheat, barely or pulses crops straw  women's contribution to the use of medicinal and aromatic plants: Women possess unique knowledge regarding the use of medicinal and aromatic plants for medication purposes, for family members, livestock or in other uses (such as keeping the seeds of decay, sterilization, the elimination of insects, etc.) Use and knowledge of these plants differs from one area to another as a result of differences in terrain, climate and therefore difference in vegetation. Women also contribute to planting of aromatic plants near the house and, which are used for medication or beautification for women. It is noteworthy example of the diversity of medicinal plants and the diversity of knowledge in areas that have been studied Table (7) names of local plants and usage. Local name Usage Human Medication purposes F('*'* 7(J) DD'F3'F Othrob Boiling of leaves and stems as a drink used for cure for diarrhea and Malaria or eating the leaves for treatment of periodontal infections Hilqah Boiling then crushing leaves for oral usage to cure Malaria infection Anchat Used to stop the bleeding wound Aloe Putting Aloe on burning coal and ash until it is wet and then placed on the fracture Rasf Cure for knee where the mother is boiling on the fire and put on the pain Qarth crushed leaves with water for oral usage reducing Stomach pain Alduma Bend a stem and then put drops of liquid on the wound Athab Use the liquid and then take it as eyeliner for wounded eyes Dharo Boiling of leaves and drinking the liquid to get rid of the salt or kidney stones. Afar, Alqutba, Wabal, Moma Boil together and drink useful for kidney stones and infections Naad Eat the leaves to treat malaria Qsama Eating Alqasma plant with Alothrob plant for the treatment of diabetes and worms Hidal that exists in coffee plantsFor nosebleed (cut, crush and mix with milk and drink) Shadhab Mix the leaves with sesame oil and then take drops to reduce ear pain HennaAnoints the injured person's body heat strokeAnimal Medication purposes Fatah Used as orthopedic of livestock fractures Hilqah boiled with little salt and drink it with water for watered livestock to improve appetite Lawyah with gharb seeds Given to livestock with bulging stomachs Sabi'a covering cow's body infected by heat stroke Fenugreek with barley Given to livestock with which have constipation Alfaqboiled and given to livestock to reduce pain Maintain F('*'* D*9BJE Haka Absorbs moisture Sabrab Plant used as insect repellent Other purposes '.1J E.*DA) Sabrab Pesticide for flies Woman contribution to decision-making on natural resources: Women have become decision-maker regarding the management of resources, and their participation differs from one area to another, especially when men are absent from the area, which gives women the power to manage land and the proportion of their participation in decision-making, which varies from region to region. Women generally participate in most areas in the decision to specify the type of livestock to be kept in the house as wel as all activities related to livestock, both in locating pastures or identifying plants to be given to animal as feed in addition to selection of types of seeds would be planted for next season, while the decision on sale and slaughter of livestock is primarily the task of men in most areas with some differences in some regions as follows: In Taiz region, women have the right to decide regarding the sale of crops or livestock, and they even go to the market in these areas for the sale of either agricultural or animal products such as the sale of some crops, feed grains, fruits, etc., while some women go to sell firewood for other regions. In other areas, women may have the right to decide on the sale, but can not go to the market due to the far distance to the market from their villages as the case in Manakha, Ojammah, Bani Awwadh Alrujum where women own nurseries, but men market their products, while in some areas it would be shame for women to go to the market. Regarding certain cash crops such as qat and botato, dicision on sale is the task of man as in Alahjir and Ribatt.  Preferetial outcomes of crops and livestock: he results of preference for crops show that there is a difference between what women prefer of planting and what men always prefer. Women prefer crops producing more feed preferred by livestock, while men prefer increasing productivity crops. Women focus more during discussions on livestock and the use of plants and are very interested in pastures and areas of firewood collection, while men interested in dates and access productive agriculture, and thus proposing development projects linked to livestock breeding and fodder crops and the development of forest areas. The preference for livestock has varied from one region to another as agricultural practices and ability to provide forage for livestock. Results of the use of certain methods used during discussions in meetings and workshops with women: Results of the use of some means for information documentation such as audio or video recording and cameras.The following observations found during workshops and visits: Most women refuse to use audio recorders during debate as well as the use of video cameras, and may allow the recording process only if there is someone they trust and only if the content will not disclosed to a third person. Some photos were taken indirectly, and permission differs from region to region. Some discussions took place separately from men in some regions because women do not like to sit with men in the same place as a result of customs and traditions and got embarrassed to talk in the presence of men. Women become more free to talk in the absence of men. Documenting of local knowledge should be made through direct practices, and women do not remember all the knowledge and experience they have during discussions, which come during practices. The participation of women from different regions and diverse knowledge enriches the debate and stimulates and encourages women to highlight the experience and knowledge they have, and helps increasing benefit among women through acquisition of new knowledge from other regions. Women do not give information only if they receive someting in return to face the difficulty of living, and as a result of losing time in meetings. Women do not give information only if they receive something in return to face the difficulty of living, and also as a result of losing time in meetings. In all regions, it was noted that women are always busy and have no time only during their rest in the afternoon for couple of hours. In times other than season, there are more possibilities to dedicate some visits in the afternoon. 6. Characteristics of communities or regions covered by the study: The following table shows list of targeted areas or communities (the list of areas where workshops where held) and some of their geographical, economic and social characteristics with information collected, outlines most important information that can be relied upon in the analysis of the areas that were visited, selects number of districts that could be proposed as targeted districts for the implemented of Woman's Project as well as strategies to deal with the mismatch of climate changes to benefit from sources of agricultural biodiversity in the highland rain areas in Yemen. Twenty sub-districts were visited during the study representing five governorates in Ibb, Taiz, Al-Dhali'e, Sana'a, Al-Mahweet. These governorates are dependent on rain-fed agriculture and differ from each other to give the idea on agriculture in highland areas of Yemen in general. The following table shows that there is a very large variation in number of plant species that grow or being exploited in the process of economic utilization from one area to another. There are also areas in which lands are used for qat cultivation significantly. Yet people still engaged in agriculture of crop other than qat within qat fields in the rainy season, and therefore there is still biodiversity can restored and maintained easily as in Qadas, or the continuation of agriculture in sub-valleys as Bait Mugan of Bani Matar district after that prevailed in the cultivation of almond trees, and this enabled the survival of species and varieties of agricultural in low rates, but on their way to extinction. Different areas varies in species they used to cultivate in earlier periods (30-40 years ago) which no longer exist, but the areas most affected are the qat-growing areas and areas where rain-fed agriculture shifted to irrigated agriculture. During field visits, it was obvious that one may count on some characteristics of the population and how to work with women easily in the project, and the extent of roads to facilitate access to these regions, and the presence or absence of local associations and groups which have the capacity and experience in understanding and work in the social gender roles in the selection of areas for the implementation of the pilot project for documentation of knowledge and experience of women to face the effects of climate change. The Governorate Taiz Governorate (The city) The altitude 4176ft (1272.8 meters). , Location: N 13 35 245, E 044 02 474 Name of area Characteristics Miqab / Jarn / Abadan / MadihainAlmasader / Tabashya Alsouayra Shari / Alamana / Alkharayib village / Sarat BaitMount ZeidDistrictAlmoaim SabirLower Sabir Qadas N 1321 124 E 044 05 410 Sami N 13 24 34 E 44 05 590Almaafir Location and Latidude above sea level2000-2800 m1200 -14001800-2200 m1777 1515 mGeographical characteristicsMadihain: mountainous area with small farming terraces depends solely on women for the sale of feed Abadan: it is part of Almsrak administratively but environmentally, socially and economically linked to Mouadim Sabir. It is located in the top of the mountain in an easterly direction where many springs exist with many multiple crops and we can say that it as a plant genetic warehouse for Sabir with small and traditional agricultural terraces Almiqab and Amiqah: high mountainous area of agricultural land, and is large and rich as a food basketA Valley with large fields surrounded by agriculture terraces and small plateaus holding the agricultural terraces. It is a gathering area for floods from the surrounding mountains, where the terrain varies enormously and dominated by large fields irrigated by floods, and part of land surface irrigated from underground water wells. Rainwater collection lands exist on small terraces representing the larger part of agricultural area in this sub-district, attention is paid to agricultural land through periodic maintenance of the agricultural terraces and readiness to harvest in season. This area has density of vegetation and rich BiodiversityA mountainous, plateaus and valleys area with agricultural terraces published everywhere and differ due to differences in geographical variations with great richness of valleys and plateaus and mountain slopes and a small light and low soil fertility. The highlands and plateaus linked downstream by the floods channels caused by rain and there seems to be interest in agricultural land through periodic maintenance of the agricultural terraces and readiness to harvest in season. This area has density of vegetation and rich Biodiversity A mountainous region with a sharp decline, agricultural land has been established in agriculture terraces on these mountains. These agriculture terraces varied among each other in the trends in the various mountain peaks of agricultural areas, and are wider in size. Agriculture depends mainly on rain. This area has large Agro-biodiversity with a large interest in agriculture lands through excellent maintenance activities. Dhi shiraa and Kharayib villages are located between Mount Samie and Mount Hamil, an area of mountainous characteristics full of agricultural terraces.It is located west of Taiz city, and is an agricultural valley surrounded by mountains with agricultural terraces. Mount Zeid is characterized by floods channels on three directions, as well as the wide spread rain-fed agriculture of grain and other crops in the valleys while cultivating vegetables, fruit and feed. This area has large Agro-Biodiversity and people know how to use and treat medicinal plants and housing for the livestock and feed in dry seasonsEconomic condition, wide spread poverty in generalMadihn village residents are the poorest in the area with limited agricultural resources and women work largely and are responsible for creating income source. They collect fodder, firewood, fruit and bread and head to the market in Taiz city. Women in Abadan sell fruit and plants, while women in Almiqab and Amiqah work in agriculture with their own resources, the contribute to field activities side by side with men, or sometimes they do most of the field and men have their jobs as employees in the city. Due to limited agriculture land available, agriculture products are being used for households purposes, and only small portion of the products are to be sold in the city. Some families depend solely on agriculture or working in agricultural lands.Female farmers depend on agriculture and livestock in this area There is no other source of livelihood due to lack of close markets or association works to learn handicrafts making. Most of women in this area are engaged in agriculture to ensure food for family members. There are big differences in the economic situation, women work only in agriculture and have no other income sources for livelihood. There opportunities to learn and go schools in some villages of this area up to secondary level, but many of the girls in these villages can not find jobs.Girls in this area continue schooling up to higher levels and thus, there are girls from the village work in teaching, while some of them work in the cultivation of qat. Women are working in agriculture, which is mainly in qat cultivation (environmental agriculture), during the rainy season crop cultivation is the main activity of the people and qat is used as cash cropSome of the men have jobs in cities and or are immigrants. Some of the girls work in teaching. These areas are dependent on agriculture and on qat cultivation. Some of the women work and receive daily wages. There is a widespread poverty in this area because of the limited agricultural lands, and many farmers are in courts (busy with conflicts).Women work in agriculture. Population depends mainly on agriculture, especially the sale of agricultural crops that depend on irrigation such as vegetable or fruits. Some girls work in teaching.Agriculture systemIn Madihain, agriculture depends on rain-fed, and agricultural crops include feed, fruit and grain. In Abadan: mainly on rainy season with irrigation from springs water with multi-season in this area. In AAlmiqab: 100% rain-fed agriculture in two agricultural seasonsDepends mainly on rainy season, and there is an irrigation system in the valley with surface water wells farming in two seasons by 40% on rainfall, 20% and 40% from flooding Agriculture in general depends on rainfall, however, that in some villages there are sources of surface water wells, which are used to irrigate qat.Irrigation, Rain Irrigation, and previously, rain Current agriculture cropsIn Madihain: Gharb, millet, maize, Duger. In Abadan: maize, Gharb, millet, Duger, kusht, beans, Daba, potato, pepper, beans, carrot, bakle, onion, Kabzara, fig, pomegranate, carrot, plum, papaya, Cham, mango, balas, black balas, apricot, banana, olive (guava), shadhab, roses, basil, Habak, Azab, Mutabiq roses, carnation. Almiqab: barley, wheat, potato, fenugreek, beans, garlic, lentils, mustard, hilf, Mouma, dubaa, feed maize, apricot, shadhab, Shamar, basil, Azab, radish, Mutabiq, zirr, April roses, seasonal Aranjs, almonds, Turkish roses.Nisani maize, rubai aize, charb maize, millet, fed corn, white corn, Kosheri (black Duger), local Duger Aolagy duger, local Dobba, Marr, hamaq, sesame, beans, tomatoes, pepper.Maize, millet, corn, sesame, potato, barley, groundnut, Indian beans, beans, lentils,, bitter pumpkin (Djaanin, Kiaab), sweet pumpkin, lemon, a large percentage of qat cultivation Qat , White and red corn, barley, fenugreek, Duger loaded in qat fields, millet, lentils, beans and mustard, Indian carrot and pumpkinMaize, millet, corns, Soomi, gharib, papaya, Kart, pepper, radish, zucchini, garlic, sesame, potato, onions. Extinct crpsGarlic and lentilsWheat and sanimustard and sweet potatoCoffee, millet, guava, maize, corns, banana, maize (rarely cultivated),sesameAgricultura activitiesAbadan: cultivation activities of agricultural crops such as (Damal, qahiv, faqah and cutting grass) - Agricultural activities on the cultivation of fruits and qat - cultivation of vegetables (with the cultivation of maize, onion, radish kabzara and pepper) Almiqab: There are two seasons Algayad, and alkhairi - Agricultural activities for cultivation of potato and beans - Agricultural activities for cultivation of wheat and barley Madihain: agricultural activities related to maize crop.Agricultural activities in irrigated agricultural areas Agricultural activities in rain-fed agricultural areas Agricultural activities on the cultivation of Alnisani maize (before seedling, seeds are washed to remove smut (Aekab) because in case rain was not enough, the infection rate would increase in crops. Tillage is mostly done in fields by women manually, while Altazgid process continues for 3-4 times Good selection of seeds (Alhajir) from crops ears and keeping them to the next season)Agricultural activities on the cultivation of maize crop The maintenance of soil and building agricultural terracesAgricultural activities on irrigated crops (vegetables and crops) Cultivation of tomatoes loaded with maize crops followed agricultural practices for the cultivation of gharib and cornsVegitation Abadan: makras, aqub, Wharif, khisal, tanab, bayadh, Moghaiza, maas, satih, Gharmal, Safif, jasmine, saqam, qaranbit, Senb, Sanaf, bayadh, ghulf, shoroor. Madihain: Frosch, Thalib, Nacham, banyan, athab, balas, qarth, Talh, Eilb, Aram, Khmam, Chakhat, haraz, qasas, duhn, Ishq, Chahath, Haomar, Nim. Almiqab: cow grass, red grass, white sini, marar, fathah, shahah, jasmine, alforuch, athab, sabir, sanaf.Asag, qarth, dhubb, laZab, rhdh, namnam, shohat, saliah, nahif, shahd, haomar, shakab, athab, anshat, othrob, tamij, dhairim, jardam, wharf, saqm tunub, mdhadh, eilb, jadab, Ghathath, madhidh , KassaaForosch, rasf, alhntam, Chahs, khusala, eilb, azab, atlah and other plants Qarth, qaranit, eilb, forosch, othrob, azab, lawiyah, fatihQarth, eilb, othrob, SanafLivestockMadihain: cows, goats, sheep with low livestock. Abadan: cows, bulls, goats, sheep, chickens 100% livestock acquired by inhabitants Almiqab: cows, bulls, goats, sheep, chickens Bulls, goats, cattle, sheep, rabbits, pigeons, chickens, donkeys, cows, sheep, goats, bulls, chickens, donkeys Cows, sheep, only fewCows, sheep, goats, chickens, donkeys  Key indicators for local knowledgeMadihain: experience in the management of quarries, experience in the types of feed and feed use, such as shriveling fakih feed to be mixed with grass and alajooz to be given to cows) Abadan: experience in times and seasons for different types of agricultural crops grow these times experience in the use of medicinal plants experience related to the preservation of fruit against birds Almiqab: experience in times and seasons for different types of agricultural crops grow these times experience in the use of medicinal plants experience in caring for livestock experience in the agricultural cycleExperience in times and seasons for different types of agricultural crops and agricultural activities necessary in these times, for example (no agricultural activities to be done during fields shobat because land might die (no cultivation of any crops will be possible in this land) for a period of 6 years and because of that rain down very lightly and therefore the heart of the soil could happen to pound) Experience of agricultural practices such as ( Damal with soil tillage, seeding of empty space, plowing between the plant and increase the amount of dust around the plant as well as increase the area to get water during the rain. On storage such as storage using palm leaves or branches which is stitched in linear manner from the bottom to be closed with soil and animal dung, and after it is dried, putting seeds covered by soil and animal dung and placed in a leather bag, which in turn is placed in a big crockery, also seed are kept with ashes to be maintained for number of years Experience in the use of plants, whether medical or work for some handicrafts making.Experience in agricultural types to cultivated in the proper time of the year in agricultural seasons with light rain-fed (such as the cultivation of sweet potatoes, which is called the carrot) Experience in reducing infection in seeds by washing the seeds to remove smut (Aekab) because in case rain was not enough, the infection rate would increase in cropsAged women have great experience to know the dates of agricultural activities (proverbs showing that if the rain falls in March, the year would be fertile) Eexperience in loading cultivation in qat and aize fields Experience in identifying plants to be given to livestock as feed (such as picking Alsanaf and Albarscham to be given to cows, eilb plant leaves to be given to sheep and goats) There is prohibition system for the use of pasture lands Experience in agricultural activities for maize crop cultivation Experience and knowledge of the agricultural cycle . Experience in vegetables and tomato cultivation through loading in maize fields.Ease of communication with farmers, and the willingness of society to allow the work There was active participation of women and was easier to collect informationThere was good communication with female farmers due to our relationship with their families through working in the previous project, who participated in the Feed Development Project in Almoadim Sabir As well as the cooperation of the area leader (shaykh) who is member in local administration council in addition to their understandingThere was some kind of reservation in local coordinators part in telling women about the womens meeting and therefore, the number attendees was not representing the area in generalCoordination was not good and has led to more women than men, as well as political partisanship in the areaThere was active participation of women and was easier to gather women and collect information as a result of the presence of a Woman Association in the areaSocial structureOf many families and households from different areasA group of farm families with no differentiationA group of farm families judges, and community leaders (Sheiks)A number of farm families and community leaders (Sheiks)ServicesPaved road, electricity, schoolsPaved road, electricity, schoolsSchool for boys and girls, clinic, there is paved road to near the village, as well as bypass roadsPaved road, a school for boys and girls up to secondary level Alrahioah area is a remote area with bumpy roadClinic, school, electricityThe existence of organizations and local groups and agricultural cooperativesThere are no agricultural associations Local councils, with individuals from the Preparatory Committee of the founding of the branch of the Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development, which will be generally formed this year in Taiz There are no agricultural associations Local councils, with individuals from the Preparatory Committee of the founding of the branch of the Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development, which will be generally formed this year in TaizThere are no cooperative or woman associations, but through discussions, there is acceptance for establishing an agricultural cooperative association, the proportion of educated girls is high as a result of many schools from primary to secondaryThere are no groups or organizations, but there are local councils.Woman Association Governorate PAdhali e Governorate N 13 42 613 E 44 43 839Sana a GovernorateName of District, Characteristics Adarb Alazraq - AlnajdJihaf - MidadAlbait - Alhashaa JubanKhawlan  Mount LawzBani Matar  Bait MawjanBani Matar  Qaa SaanLocation and Latidude above sea level4800 ft7150 ft N 13 44 24 44 41 077 E7644 N 13 44 118 E 44 31 0086852 N 14 00 575 E 044 52 7449710 ft N 15 23 651 E 44 30 2269400 ft N 151222 E 4358489200 ft N 151598 5 E 04403922 Geographical characteristicsA Valley with large fields surrounded by agriculture terraces and small plateaus holding the agricultural terraces. It is a gathering area for floods from the surrounding mountains,A high mountainous area with wide-agricultural terraces and valleys A high mountainous area including 12 valleys with agricultural terracesFlat area of agricultural valley This area starts with wide flat land and two agricultural valleys, and agricultural and mountainous area with many large agricultural terraces in several villages (Sad Shahiq, Mahalain Almarbaq village and Alsharawi vilage)High mountainous area with a number of agricultural terraces, characterized by low valleys with grain cultivation.Flat bed area surrounded by mountains and agricultural land and richness of a wide area of 70 square kilometersEconomic conditionFemale farmers depend on agriculture and livestock in this area, such as goats. Most of the people work as workers or solders. Half of the people of the village are farmers owning large agricultural lands and the rest have less surface area and they work in other peoples lands in partnership. It was noted in this area that people who have money use tilling tractors, while others are not able to buy tractors or even rent tilling livestock like pulls for cultivation60% of people from this area are employed, and the rest receive public social security payments Most men in this area work in the winter as workers in cities, and two thirds of the population have their own land, while about one third of the population, especially women work daily and paid in kind from crops in season, most women in the village work in the field, but young female farmers lacking work experience such as the transfer of Damal and make it exposed throughout the winter to sun heat without maintaining in an earth hole, such as former farmers used to doNumber of people from this area are immigrants and their lands are being used in partnership by other people. Trends moving back towards raising livestock started to appear as well as collecting firewood due to high prices. The proportion of people with good livelihood is 50%, while 50% are living in very hard conditions working in lands of other people as partners or for daily payments. Women in this area are grazing livestock for a certain percentage of animal production (Rabaan)This area has a population of 17,000 people in 20 village. Women rely on agriculture and grazing since there is no interest in education for girls who go to school only up to grade 3 or 6 because schools in this area are mixed (boys and girls study together in the same school), and girls engage in early marriage. They mainly work in grazing of sheep. Most of men in this area work as employees pr solders and return home to their villages weakly on Thursdays and Fridays, while some of the men are working in qat cultivation, which is their main source of income. There is no education for girls in this area and therefore, most of the women work only in agriculture, which is their source of income. The population depends on agriculture, in particular the cultivation of almonds, in addition to the cultivation of certain crops including barley, wheat, etc. Women remember that many crops used to be cultivated in agricultural terraces in the past and no longer exist because of the cultivation of almonds, which can not be cultivated with other crops.Many villages in this area are located on the outskirts of the area, which is not qualified for agriculture. Women participate in agricultural activities except in tillage. There is heavy reliance on agriculture in this area due to wide spaces of agriculture lands characterized by fertility. Girls go to school only for basic education, and there are no private schools for girls.Agriculture systemRain-fed irrigation, Rain-fed irrigation Irrigated, Rain-fed Irrigated, Rain-fed Rain-fed irrigation, IrrigatedRain-fed, Irrigated, small percent irrigatedRain-fed irrigation, (water springs)Mainly rain-fed and few lands irrigated and dependant on groundwater wells and some water springs. In this area, there are multiple seasons such as algayad, Assirab and Addatha Current agriculture cropsSomi, millet, gharib, Hind thulathi, hind rubai, dijrah, sesame, qat, potato, pepper, tomato Corn (sorghum, musaraa), millet and wheat (alas), barley, pumpkin (bitter and present), potatoes, sesame, garli, radish, onions, fenugreek, alhind (seen), gharib, hilf, digrah, leek, qathb (animal feed)Maize, digrahh, wheat, barley pumpkin, hind, beans, gren beans, onions, tomato, local pumpkin, qash duba Maize, millet, hind, barley, green peas, beans, lentils, pumpkin, jaanin, Kaaab firsik, balas, lemon, a large percentage of qat, local wheat, tartar lentils, balas, grapes, sorghum, maize, red corn, barley, wheat, las, green peas, qilaa, almonds, digrah, qushtMaize, barley, wheat, qilaa, lentils, almond and siqlah Adhuri wheat, which is cultivated during light rain seasons, and serbiwheat grown in the rainy season, white barley, black barley and barley Saglah, barley J'areh near water springs, qilaa, lentils, rumi corn, sorghum, Kashhi corn which is long red and yellow maize in the valleys, green peas and many vegetables and fruitExtinct crpslentils, tartarWheat is very rarely, qilaa, pumpkinAlas, tartar, fenugreek, lentils barelyWheat is rarely cultivated due to lack of waterBrown wheat, alas and the markan black barleyAgricultura activitiesActivities related to rain-fed agriculture Crops are Cultivated in this area in three seasons winter, autumn; summer. Followed agricultural practices exist in this area during the important season, cultivation of somi maize and gharib in the first season, after harvesting of somi maize, millet cultivation in the next season, in the winter season, cultivation of sesame, potatoes, tomatos, Indian corn and somi.Special activities for cultivation of vegetables. Special activities for cultivation of maize crop. Special activities for cultivation of grain. Three seasons winter, autumn and summer Crops are cultivated in this area in three seasons winter, autumn; summer Agricultural activities related to cultivation of wheat.Agricultural activities mainly depend on rain-fed agriculture, as well as activities depending on soil moisture stored in the summer, which is called algayad. It is one of the most important ways treated and developed by the Yemeni farmers deal with severe shortage in the quantity of water to cultivate grain crops, particularly wheat and beans. This area is characterized by its fertile land, and farmers still engage in traditional farming and cultivation of traditional crops.Special agricultural activities related to cultivation of almond. Special agricultural activities related to algayad. Agricultural activities related to on loaded crops in almonds fields. Agricultural activities related to cultivation of grape. Agricultural seasons are sarab, gayad and dathaa. Experiences o good practices for damal leavening are lost in this area.Agricultural activities related to the sarab, gayad and dathaa seasons. activities related to cultivation of almond.Special agricultural activities related to the sarab, gayad and dathaa seasons. During past times, pulls were used for tillage in this area, specially for preparations for algayad season in which mechanical tractors cannot do the job, 400 pulls used to till in this area during algayad, and now only 10 bulls remain. This has negatively affected production at the qaa area as well as the benefit to farmers. Artesian wells are still few and did not become an intensive in cultivation as is the case in many similar highlands flat areas.Vegitation Asag, qarath, talah, showhat, mraimirah, aloe, alduma, alandalSalah, fatah, sanaf, athab, qarath, forosch, talah, eilb, hashish, zatar, qotob, ibab and othrobcactus, toulaq, talah, othrob, halaqah, shakht, athab, aloe, fath, room, ilal, ryaa, Antarah, eilb, qatah, dhatah, quniqal, sanaf, hidal, Shuqba, lasafForosch, taalah, eilb, shahse, khusala, Alhuntum, rasf, Azab Malas, salum, msheea, baydhaa, sabiea, haraml, fath, hanas, jading, dharo, othrb, qasma, alberha, arar, hilal, qutb, qiwn, shathab, basil, onion, latency, kabzarah and GhaberaSanaf, kabzah, nadh, qadha, ghazaj, nadh, sial Aloe, cactus, shathab, basil, momah, wabal, alqatba, akafar, camphor mihracha, eidhat baydhaa, alazoran, alburah, fenugreek stick, zaatar alsanaf, alothrob, altalh, unsif and aljathjat.LivestockMany camels, cows, sheep and pulls Cows, bulls, donkeys, sheep, goats, bees, chickens Chickens, few sheep and goats, donkeys, bulls, cows Cows, goats, pulls, chickens, donkeysSheep, cows, goats, chickens, donkeys Goats, sheep, bees, few chickensCows, sheep, chickens, donkeys key indicators for local knowledgeKnowledge on use of medicinal plants Experience in agricultural cycle (somi, maize and gharib I the first season), the following season after harvesting cultivation of millet Sesame, potato, tomato and Indian corn cultivation in winter season and growing Lenten after that Somi and corns cultivation as feed for livestock Young girls do not have experience as their mothers because they go to schoolsExperience in Agricultural features such as agricultural seasons and dates (Oh night, when sun sinks, the moon is back accompanied by Pleiades) (other proverbs) Women tie corns in wind season when plants fluctuate and gather soil on plants roots. Experience in the protection of crops near the home of sahily by cultivation of hilf to be surrounding other plants.Knowledge and experience in how store and use feed. knowledge on use of medicinal plants.Experience in local fertilizer leavening. Experience in dates of the cultivation of maize (100 days gives fodder, on 60 giving fodder and corn. Experience of storage Cultivation of maize, kosht with Indian corn land with good soil used for cultivation of millet, and with Indian corn in places that have no maize cultivated on.Experience in the cultivation of vegetables in the house with low use of water for irrigation. Experience in the use of plants. Expertise in how to take care of livestockRawboned cows which are characterized by prominent veins in their udders give better milk and butter than fat cows. Knowledge of drought-resistant types of fodder. Knowledge of good fodder for livestock (Alsafla feed and barley feed are better than pulses feed)Experience related to health care and raising of livestock (such as hasrat assamn: remnants after making ghee out of butter) to be given to cows in the case of bulging stomach, these remnants are to be mixed with boiled water. Alsanaf and alburah are good types of fodder for cows by spraying water on it and hit with a stick, it also works to increase the butter in milk. Expertise in the use of plants as food or for medicinal purposes (e.g. attalh is used as firewood and fodder, and people eat the pods, and Anseef is crushed with milk and is also used to treat itching) Ease of communication with farmers, and the willingness of society to allow the work Women are more active and willing to cooperate and work Women are more active and interesting, and were gathered with help of a farmer and an agriculture counselorWe were not able to meet with a large number of women due to far distance attending women were actively participating and were ready to work in agriculture and take advantage of local knowledgeWomen are more active and would like to receive seeds to cultivate or to be supported with livestock due to high prices of seeds and livestockWomen are interested in agriculture and need support (from individual interviews, etc.) Female farmers were interested as well.women are more cooperative in giving information, but are desperate from agriculture and livestock as a result of the death of a number of animals due to use of pesticides and lack of rain and water shortagesDifficulties in meeting and gathering women because coordinators must be women from the same area. Men ignore or feel embarrassed of women's participation, however, gender adviser could meet with women in one of the houses and move to talk with them directly in their houses.Social structureFarmers and Sheikscoherence in the social structure coherence in the social structure Heterogeneous social structure with any social groups live in this areaPopulation Consists of several families of Beit Omar, Beit Assalami, Beit Massoud, Beit Alkhachini, Beit salami house is located in farmers area with Sheiks for al areas.coherence in the social structure, with Sheik for each sub-district, and a neiboughood leader for each area and farmers coherence in the social structure, with neiboughood leader for each area and farmers. There are Sheiks for some villages such as Beit Radam, with a senior Sheik for the whole area The existence of organizations and local groups and agricultural cooperativesAgriculture OficeAssociation of Women Development Agriculture OficeThrough member in the local administration counsil & Mr. Mohd AlSalami Through member in the local administration counsil, Mr. AsswariThrough area Sheik and members in the local administration counsilServicesRoad, electricity and school School, electricity, health units in the neighboring village, paved road in JihafBoys school, damaged dams and only two drinkin water dams Road, electricity, clinics and schools Electricity, Mahalain secondary school, Beit AlHindi basic school, Asphalted road in the valley and paved road close to the mountain.Asphelted road, paved road to the village and a large school Asphelted road, paved road to the village and a large school  Governorate Ibb GovernorateAl-Mahweet GovernorateName of District, Characteristics Yareem Rubat alqalaah Assaddah - Alarrafah Mahweet (Alabal district)Arujam Al-Ahjer 90% for qat cultivationLocation and Latidude above sea level meter 2730 N 14.13.04. E44.25.26.  meter 2530 N14.15.14.11 E44.23.44.19.Atached to Mahweet city Altitude 6550 ft N 15 27 59 E 43 38 17 Rujam is also a big district Altitude 2400 meter Surrounded by mountains which makes warm Geographical characteristicsFlat area surrounded by mountains and target of several floods channelsAgricultural fields surrounded by mountains from all directionsAverage to intensive downward slopes of agricultural terracesAgricultural terraces and valleys with typographic variationlight downward slopes of agricultural terraces cut through by a water spring channelEconomic conditionBetter economically than other areas due to the adoption of intensive farming season in addition to rain-fed agricultureConsiderable variation in agricultural holdings and monthly income of 30 to 6000 Libnah (land measuring unit; 1 Libnah = 44.44 square meters) and the proportion of people who do not own land varies from 10 to 20%.Average result of its proximity to the capital of the Governorate, with considerable variation in agricultural holdings of 30 to 6000 Libnah. Most of the land owned by a number of families and used in partnership by farmers sharing agricultural productionConsiderable variation due to the different types of agricultural land from rain-fed to irrigated from water springs and damsExcellent economic situation compared to other areas due to the cultivation and sale of qat and availability of water to irrigate land a water spring, in addition to the close distance from Sanaa city, about 100 kilometersAgriculture systemIrrigated in Algayad season (winter) and rain-fed, with supplementary irrigation Alsarab season (summer)95% rain-fed in addition to irrigation from water springs100% rain-fedRain-fed and irrigatedRain-fed and irreigated from water springs and floadsCurrent agriculture cropsPotatoes and wheat prevail in winter on irrigation. In summer, and in addition to these crops, species of rain-fed crops such as grains, pulses and fodder crops are cultivated, as well as vegetables from the supplementary irrigation systemMillet, maize, corn, red corn, Arab wheat, Alkindah, external wheat (seeds provided by the General Corporation for Seed Augmentation), the German red wheat, barley, mixture of wheat and barley (ghalil), beans, green peas, mustard, fenugreek.Varieties of Maize types: - Khachaa, red, five-year corn, barley. Fenugreek, green peas, lentils and Egyptian wheat.Types of rain-wheat in Alrujum and aladhuri, maisani, in addition to black barley cultivation with various types of maize; red, yellow and white, by areaCorn: one type cultivated in 3 months classified as yellow, and the other is white in 7 months Corn (red - Asmi - shilah, lahmani, red maridi and yellow maize hajri Abu Arba Digan) The yellow cultivated in the first nine months in valleys Extinct crpstypes of wheat, barley, fenugreek and sorghumMarkan barley, black and alas wheatLocal wheatMaisani wheatExtinct crops in the area: - Sagla (type of barley), barley (Alahjir barley), alas, Hamdni local wheat - qilla (ternary and fourfold), fenugreek, moma, green peas, lentils (ternary and fivefold) and beans ...... etc.Agricultura activitiesAgricultural activities depending on mechanical tilling tractors are prevailing in this area, in addition to the use of animals to help farmers in different activities.This sub-district has two seasons, Sirab and Qayadh, which makes an area of great diversity in agricultural practices.Maize crop in summer season and barley and wheat in Algayadh Agricultural activities for maize crop Dhabal and Mudawalah and the seven-month 1- tillage twice with a bull 2- digging, plowing and pounding 3 with makhrash only in case here is a rainfall 4 makhrash is an istrument with three heads (40 cm) installed by hili and moasit There are two seasons: khairi season for maize cultivation and winter season for lentils, fengreek and barley. In Allaan, cultivation of millet and Indian corns, harvested to underground for cultivation of maize which gives high productivity. Agricultural activities for cultivation of sorghum, the process is tilling between cultivated plants increasing water saving in the soilOnly 10% of the area is for crops cultivation, and agricultural activities are mainly in areas rich with surface water or with waves of frostVegitation Very little vegetation and animal waste used as fuelAverage diversity in plants, which are natural herbs and a small bushes with scarcity of large shrubsDense natural vegetation that is rich with genetic variation including eilb, othrob, hadaq, foroch, atam, Shohat .... etc.Dense natural vegetation that is rich with genetic variation, and good experiences in their use for therapeutic purposes (Dharo, Sidr, Talh, hadaq, Forosch, Shohat, Henna, Wharf ..... etc.Average plant diversity (such as Lasf, Djadn, Ahab, Qarth, Taellouk ....... etc.)LivestockGood livestock in this area such as cows, sheep, goats, camels and poultryGood livestock in this area, mainly cows, sheep, goats, donkeys, camels and poultryGood livestock in this area including cows, sheep, donkeys and chickensLivestock in this area includes cows, sheep, donkeys and chickensFew livestock, sheep and cowsKey indicators for local knowledgeThere has been considerable lack of knowledge of genetic origins as a result of the shift from traditional agriculture to intensive agriculture based on irrigation and excessive use of external inputs of fertilizers and pesticides. With only few farmers recall local experience and knowledge This area has developed significantly in line with changes in the region in agricultural intensification, as well as introducing the cash crop of potatoes and vegetablesAn oracle located in a nearby site close to this village narrates information telling that this village was the home of the historical wise man known as Ali Wild Zayed (Menkath) Farmers in this area retain the expertise and knowledge and apply them in agricultural production (the writer here uses proverbs and parts of philosophic poetry said in ancient times by Ali Wild Zayed)This area has a good experience and knowledge of agricultural practices and the and their advantages Population in this area depend mainly on agriculture (other examples from traditional poetry on agriculture reflecting inherited knowledge from the past) Selection of fivefold grain as seed Jazb or sirab with Athqan, 2 thirds plus 1 third Previously, it was left with reeds, but currently, directly to majran Experiences in livestock raising and usage of medicinal plantsExperience and knowledge in agricultural practices, especially on sorghum crop: (other examples from traditional philosophic poetry on agriculture reflecting inherited knowledge from the past)Local knowledge is under extinction due to lack of practical exercises of this knowledge by the youth and farmers who abandon traditional practices as a result of expanded cultivation of qat. Times for maize cultivation: Alasmi cultivated in Sammak the 2nd after two weeks, small and yellow Shullah is cultivated in Dhafir the 1st, as well as Allahmani Red maize is cultivated late in Mdhira Alkhms almeredi With the yellow and Alasmi Ease of communication with farmers, and the willingness of society to allow the work Communication with female farmers in this area was easier, acceptance of advantages in women capabilitiesThere is no difficulty in working with women if a woman is a member in the research teamDue to the availability of the Rural Development Unit in the Agriculture Office in this area, there was no difficulty in gathering in meeting womenNo difficulties found in the communication with the Woman Association in this area, which was done with the help of the Woman Association in AlmahweetGiven the presence of a representative from the Association in this area, it was easy to hold a meeting with farmers (men & women)Social structureIntroducing potatoes as a cash crop has resulted in the concentration and density of population, people moved from nearby villages to this areaThis sub-district consists of several families related to each other from families or siblingsBeit Alqtmp Beit Abubakar Beit Ajamah Beit Rayash Beit Jameel Sormi, Shahti - Hubaish, SanhaniBig variation, mostly farmers variation in households composing this sub-districtThe existence of organizations and local groups and agricultural cooperativesWoman Association, Agricultural Cooperative Association, and Agricultural extension unitGood cooperation from the local council, community leaders and school teachersRural Development Unit in the Agriculture Office, as well as coordinators of the Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development (YASAD)Woman Association founded in 2003 and has a nursery selling seedlingsDifficulty in communication, should be coordinated by women from the same areaServicesSecondary schools, electricity, water supply and a semi-urban areaMixed school up to grade ninth, no health facilitySecondary schools, electricity, water supply and a semi-urban areaAsphalt roads, electricity, waterAsphalt roads, electricity, water Development of a work methodology for knowledge collection and preservation: Collection of experiences and knowledge is not a simple process.Based on our experience for eight years in this area, and through consultations and discussions that took place and our analysis of the data, it is not possible to collect experience and knowledge of a society within several days or months of meetings, especially for what is related to expertise and knowledge of women farmers. We can emphasize on the importance of linking the concepts of traditional farming expertise to the agricultural knowledge experience, and that vegetable varieties which exist in a particular area are only a product of experience and knowledge. The cultivation of any kind or type of plant requires knowing when to be planted to give better production with lower cost and with optimal exploitation of the resources available, how seeds can be used for each type of soil with different fertility rates, what are the next agricultural practices following the seeding process, what are the best agricultural tools used, whether better to make tillage using pulls or camels, what kind of plough for best performance, and so on. The type of vegetable cultivation in a certain area needs huge amount of written researches and references to be managed by several research and extension institutions. When one type of plant species disappears all knowledge and expertise related to this species also disappear and can not be retained due to their great value and to the fact that they are based on experiences and knowledge learned from the past. While modern sciences are already documented, experience and knowledge are less documented, and if so, it is only based on experience and knowledge of men, but no documentation activities done related to women's experiences and knowledge. The death of a farmer leads to disappearance of volumes of knowledge, and the death of a generation of parents and grandparents leads to disappearance of huge amount of knowledge. Accordingly, we will mention here one of the approaches we have tested previously during the three-year Fodder and Crops Development Project in Almawadim Sabir area in Taiz (2005-2007). This approach could be improved and applied to work out a methodology for preserving experience and knowledge as well as preserving agricultural biodiversity, taking into account gender-sensitive issues. Nevertheless, identifying incentives which encourage women to participate and spend more time and effort for more information and experiences. Key points in the methodology for preservation of experience, knowledge and agricultural biodiversity as for this project with an estimated cost of $1 million USD: Selection of four different districts with agricultural, environmental and socioeconomic variations representing mountainous highlands in Yemen with all its variety and demographic compositions. In these four districts, four villages are to be selected, one village from each district to be engaged in the participatory rural appraisal approach. Collaboration with local groups in the area such as local councils which are represented in every village of districts. Recently, the role of the local council in the local administration system was strengthened by first elections of governors, and will soon elect district leaders for the first time. Members of the local council were elected in communities directly by people of their areas and villages, with some education. We do aspire to have elected women as representatives in each administrative unit in the area or with all forms of cooperative, agricultural, charity and civil society organizations, and even with legal personalities in the region, without any exclusion for social groups. After introduction of the project to the public, publicity campaigns should be undertaken in villages raising the awareness of the importance of participation for women with experience and knowledge, who are able to speak and communicate in workshops to be held for analysis of agriculture and the environment conditions in the village, followed by selection of 3-4 women in each village as community work leaders. Jobless secondary education graduates may contribute to the collection of knowledge and experience of mothers and leaders through the community work leaders, these girls are to be selected in the same way. Agricultural extension officers and science teachers in schools may contribute to the project work with the help of powerful farmers, who own experiences and knowledge in the region. Establish working groups including researchers, community work leaders, students and male farmers in each village (4 districts x 4 villages x 4 male and female farmers) with total of 64 research teams. A research team composed of (one male or female farmer + one agricultural extension officer + one female student and a skilled specialized male or female researcher holding Master degree) 4 persons. Teams should receive training and raising awareness activities on of the importance of team work and advantages from documentation of experiences of parents who have agricultural expertise to develop sustainable agriculture as a key objective to achieve the overall goal for maintaining the region's resources with the priorities of agricultural biodiversity, local plant varieties, vegetation and eventually to examine the relationship between human beings and plants. Knowledge and expertise exchange and collection would be through holding workshops and practical exercises in each site, as well as collection of samples of varieties of crops and plants seeds as the first step towards establishing local banks for seeds to be kept by traditional methods with the development of conservation environmental means using local tools, in addition to the establishment of database at the administrative unit level in sub-districts. The village research team will start cultivation of plant species, after collection of their reproductive units (only part of seeds of each species will be used for the process, and the remainder will be stored in the seed bank of the village.) Cultivation will be done in male and female farmers lands based on the expertise and capabilities of each farmer, and in the same traditional way used in the past in this area. Follow up on classification and characterization processes will the responsibility of the whole team in a participatory approach for one full season, usually, in mountain areas, there are more than one agricultural season (three seasons in general). At the same time, MoAI would undertake monitoring on these agricultural activities from the beginning of the cultivating process to preparation of meals and storage of crops production In addition, all weather information will be under surveillance using weather surveillance equipment controlled by each farmer on daily basis to be recorded with the variations in rainfall and temperature. Follow up on all activities related to both agricultural plants or natural plants used as firewood, fodder, construction of houses and other uses. In the second year, female farmers will exchange seeds with women from other villages with similar climates and environments. This process will be repeated with records for evaluation and classification. There will be 128 research site during 2 years in four locations in each of the 4 villages of each district, 32 research site in one district. Experience and knowledge will be collected through these research sites to come out with a number of preventive measures to face potential climate changes. An annual festival for seeds, meals and agricultural expertise and equipment will be held locally at the village, district and governorate levels. This will be a great opportunity for knowledge exchange, dissemination and awareness-raising and publicity for female farmers on the expertise and experiences of farmers from other areas in their regions, followed by a festival at the national level. Establishment of a local network for production and sale of seeds from each region to be available for exchange with other regions at the national level, and creating legal framework to guarantee its sustainability in the future to keep running as an association, network or forum. Key points for successful implementation of this program The scientific team must be at higher level of understanding and able to give information enriching farmers expertise with experiences of farmers from other regions. Proceeding after a methodology that magnifies the importance of experience in men and women working in farming with listening approaches to build confidant and mutual respect. Allocation of monthly incentive for male and female farmers (for time and effort of their participation and ease the allocation of piece of land in their farms for work and experiments), for each girl (to feel the importance and formal status of her participation), and for each agricultural extension officer or teacher equal to their contribution (for working after work hours out of their offices or as transportation allowance or meal taken outside their homes) based on contract that respects intellectual property rights of male and female farmers stating that any discovery during the program will be of benefit for everyone and for their area. Find a permanent space in each area for meetings and office work. Possible use of all documentation means and equipments such as written, photo, audio and video documentation records after getting permissions from participating women taking into account gender sensitive effects. Dissemination of good practices in the extension programs in local media: radio, TV and newspapers. Believing in complementary role of each member and the importance of teamwork working to achieve one goal Establishment of small development projects for women help them exploiting crop diversity in agricultural production their homes backyards and nurseries cultivating vegetable, fruit, aromatic and medicinal plants to improve the nutritional value of family and selling surplus, and for rainwater harvesting and better use of home water waste in addition to projects investing in the soil, poultry, sheep and many small enterprises after piloting. 8. Existing NGOs and local civil society organization: During field visits to identify rural cooperative societies and farmers associations with the expertise to work on gender issues in the area of agriculture, we found there are no associations and/or societies with activities in this area. Accordingly, some associations and government bodies are listed here to receive qualification and/or guidance to carry out these activities. Table (8) lists a number of associations and non-governmental organizations and government departments related to woman and rural development issues. Based on these entities it was found that the Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development and the French Organization IDDEALES, which are carrying out activities related to the subject of the study, as well as public center of genetic origins of Sanaa University and the Public Agricultural Research . notesActivityManagementEntityThe association is the only one of its kind linking its objectives to agricultural biodiversity and local knowledge to the development of rain-fed agriculture.First preparatory Committee was formed in 2004 during Phase I of Fodder and Rain-fed Crops Development Project in AlMoadim Sabir, which was implemented by the Center for Genetic Origins in Sanaa Universityin cooperation with the French Organization IDDEALES, financed from French aid. Managed by Board of Directors consists of 13 members and 5 members from the supervision Committee. Membaers of the general assembly of about 150 members in 2008 Dr. Ameen AlHakimi  Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agriculture Development (YASAD) Location: Al-Adle St. Sanaa city The organization has contributed in documentation and dissemination of knowledge among farmers and raising local awareness of the importance of conservation of genetic resources, and facilitation of exchange with farmers.French organization started operations in Yemen in 2004Organzation representative Fredreck Pulla IDDEALES Is one of the women's cooperative societies that are active and willing to develop its activities and with both qualified and farmer members, and also has an integrated headquarter building and a site in an important agricultural area.Woman Agricultural Cooperative Society established in 2002 working in raising the awareness, education and training of its members in addition to health education and encouraging gardening as well as activities in dressmaking and tailoring, handicrafts, and literacy. Also, encouraging establishment of income-generating enterprises in the pottery industry. Participated with contribution to the implementation of some activities in the Food Systems Project, funded by CRDI in its area, which was carried out by the Center for Genetic Origins YGRC with French IDDEALES Organization. This association have capacities with variable composition of members, and its members are from different levels, farmers and graduates.Muna Ali Based in AlRibat Alqalaa/ Yarim, Dhamar Gorvernorate Rural cooperative Woman AssociationIt is one of the associations representing farmers from one social group that needs strengthening in its efforts to preserve the green spaces in the middle of the old city of Sanaa as well as maintaining the biodiversity and local knowledgeThis association was established in 2007 with funding from Status Quo Study on The old City of Sanaa Bustans and Miqshamas Water Project financed by the International Development Research Center IDRC and carried out by the French IDDEALES. Activities on awareness of the importance of preserving local knowledge of agricultural and biodiversity targeting members of this association were carried out through this project during 2006 2008, in addition to importance of preserving traditional activities and sustainable agricultural production. This association aims at continuing to work in the Bustans and Miqshamas in the historical city of Sanaa through the agricultural activities that were previously exercised and to preserve local knowledge and biodiversity, an association of farmers in Old city of SanaaMr. Zayed ZubaidiSanaa Bustans & Miqshama Association Members are farmers An agricultural productivity association in rural areas with membership not limited only to women. Its presence in the area is an evidence of the peoples acceptance women participation in this areaEstablished earlier than 6 years ago, working in the fields of education and training, agricultural activities, provision of agricultural inputs and income-generating enterprises.Lamiaa Abdu Ghalib Based in Mount Zied, Almaafir, TaizWoman association Members are female farmers and educated girls from the areaIs one of the reliable associations for implementation of activities related to the subject of this study after providing rehabilitation and guidance to its members.Young association founded a year ago, working with Local Community Resources Project and Aldhalei. It is a model of associations the Community Resources Management Project seeks to establish in districts of Aldhalei Governorate. It is expected to establish dozens of associations this Governorate as is the case in Dhamar Governorate, were the Participatory Rural Development Project is carries out.Fawzia Ali Saad Based in Midad Village, Jihaf Woman Development Association, AlDhalei Members are female farmers and educated girls from the areaIt is the first association that gathers efforts female workers and technicians in the agriculture sector for rural woman developmentThis is the first rural woman association in Taiz, including in its membership women who are members in other associations, in addition to female agricultural extension officers and representatives of various development projects. It was Founded in 2008 and the number of contributing members is 64.Chairman: Eng. Mukhtara Supervised by the branch of The Agricultural Cooperative UnionRural Woman Development AssociationThis association is active and needs training for its members on preservation of agricultural biodiversityA Woman Association founded by the Rural Development Project carried out by CARE International in order to improve the income of members in 2004. The association is active in the propagation of seedlings for sale. They cultivate these seedlings with exploitation of rain water harvesting and storage in the reservoir which was constructed for this purpose. through discussions with members and the chairman of this association, we found that there was sustainable activities from the project even after the organization ended its activity in the region. The association has multiple livestock, poultry and education activities.Based in AlRujum village in AlMahweet GovernorateFriendship Association Members are female farmersCan take advantage of the capabilities and experiences of the Union in gathering different efforts to maintain agricultural biodiversity and local knowledge through general agricultural and woman associationsSupervising management on a number of associations working in woman activities through the implementation of activities related Addarah, development and update of knowledge and skills, as well as increasing efficiency in development cooperative work, and networking with other organizations, entities and finance sources. Nine woman cooperative societies work under Agricultural Cooperative Union. No activities directly related to this Study in this union, but can be of great benefit with its experience of management and spaces available in this union for training and capacity building on agricultural biodiversity and local knowledge and adaptation to climate change.Includes a number of associations managed by an administrative board mainly supported by the GovernmentAgricultural Cooperative Union: NGO Government DepartmentsFrom examining this dept. activities, it did not work on in activities related to documentation of experiences and knowledge of female farmers in the exploitation of agricultural biodiversity in the implementation of projects. It focused mainly on breeding and fattening sheep and cattle activities in addition to the working on developing training for women in the rural areas nationwide.Established in 1979 as a dept. under agricultural affairs, then was raised General Directorate under supervision of Deputy Minister for Agricultural Affairs in 2000. Carried out many activities including: 1997-2006 Home Education Encouragement sheep, cows in most governorates 2000-2003 agricultural extension for women in Suqatra island. support of rural women raising livestock using modern methods YSP . Training courses on (type of social and food security, how to work small-enterprise, rapid participatory rural appraisal, development of traditional rural agriculture and other activities .....)The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation Eng. Nuriah AlbadihRural Woman Dept., MoAIThere are woman development units in most MoAI offices with qualified staff, graduates and specialists in the field of agriculture, but through meetings with them, it was found that they didnt work in implementation or activities related to the field of this study, but they may contribute to the program after rehabilitation in the areas of agricultural biodiversity and the importance of the role of rural women in the conservation and optimum utilization of these resources and the application mechanism for the Adaptation to climate change.MoAI Offices in governorates SFD is funding organization and an implementer of part of the current rain-fed project. This unit made contribution to the financing and supervision on implementation of the capacity-building project in sustainable agriculture and continue to support this activity through financing the second phase, which will be implemented with the Yemeni Association for Sustainable Agricultural development .Recently established in 2005, with numerous activities including the implementation of one of the components of the rain-fed agriculture which focuses on capacity development of rural communities lunched in 2007 and is active in selected areas within the project of rain-fed agriculture, which is five locations: - Sana'a (Bani Matar - Bilad Arroos Hodeidah (Jabal Ras, Ahajilah; Buraa, Almansooria, Alluhaiah) Lahjj (Alqabita Almaqatrah, Almadhariba, and raas Alarah, Alqabbitah) Mahweet (Mahweet city, Alrujum, Alkhabat, Khamis Bani Saad) Hajah (Bakeel AlMeer, Mastaba, Khairan Muharraq, Aslam, Almaghrabah) A pilot area was established to implement the activities of the Social Fund Project on rain-fed agriculture to be tested before lunching rain-fed agriculture project as follows: the pilot project was implemented in Bilad Arroos, Sanaa Governorate The composition of groups of 5-7 persons for each group so only 2 persons would participate from one family Activities icluding a number of areas such as bee-keeping, marketing, livestock care, improvement of plant production, water conservation and terracing, and the introduction of a technical study of wheat. The education of women in veterinary care.Eng. Mahmoud AlmoktriAgriculture Development Unit The Social Fund for Development Development of the national strategy for woman 2006-2012 which focuses on education, health, political role of women, but did not mention rural women or agricultural activitiesWoman National CommitteeThis center was established on October 5, 1998 as a scientific section under Faculty of Agriculture. Then was established as an independent scientific research center under management of sanaa university decree No. (601) for the year 2006. Goals of the Center 1 - collection of genetic origins samples of different plants (pastoral and agricultural crops, vegetables, fruit, Ornamental Plants and natural vegetation) from various agro-climatic regions in the Republic of Yemen 2 - Monitoring and documentation of environmental information, natural and human activity for samples collected required for the preparation of identity cards. 3 - description and evaluation of the division of plant samples collected in the faculty farm and laboratories in order to complete the map information and identity card of each sample combined . 4 - conservation of these genetic samples in the bank whether only seeds or other parts of plants 5 .- Propagation of species and varieties that will intervene in the genetic improvement programs of the items and various agricultural plant species . 6 .- do all scientific activities and environmental impact studies and genetic drift of these species. 7 .- establishment of nature reserves and botanical gardens in coordination with various concerned authorities 8 .- benefit from the items collected in the genetic improvement programs and plant breeding to produce varieties suitable for cultivation in Yemen: Activities 2007 Rain-fed Fodder and Crops Development Projectin Almauadim Sabir of Taiz with the French IDDEALES . Objective of the project is to document the local knowledge and experience in addition to agricultural application with farmers and the introduction of local varieties to some plants in the region. 2005-2006 Participation with French IDDEALES and the Social Fund for Development Project in the implementation of sustainable agriculture in organizing 6 workshops on the importance of genetic resources and local knowledge For the development of rain-fed agriculture. 2006-2008 Center for Assets implemented the Traditional Food Systems and their Role in Environmental Health Project, supervised by and funded by International Development Research Center IDRC in cooperation with the French IDDEALES.Formerly, Dr. Ameen AlHakimi Currently, Dr.Mohamed AlasudiYemeni Genetic Resources Center (YGRC), Sanaa UniversityThrough the current trends to enable local councils to perform their role in the management and governance issues and the responsibility of the local council is to follow-up implementation of development projects, any activity must be in full coordination with local councils in the district and various administrative unitsLocal Councils  Dr. Mohammed Al=Garmay, Animal Breeds in Yemen and the Importance of their Preservation in rain-based farming. The National Workshop in the importance of genetic resources, local knowledge to develop sustainable rain-based farming. Implemented by Center of Genetic Resources at the Faculty of Agriculture, Sanaa University and IDDEALES (a French organization) and funded by Social Fund for Development.  ** Eng./ Anhar AbdulKareem, 2008. The Role of Yemeni Woman in Utilizing Agricultural Diversity in the Preparation of Traditional Meals, the Project of Food Systems and its Relation to Health, Genetic Resources Center and IDDEALES, funded by IDRC.  Mohammed Natheer Samkari, 1982. First Inventory of Natural Pastoral Resources in the GGC Countries and Arabian Peninsula, (4) Yemen People Democratic Republic, Aksad/Th. N/T 27/1982. Arabic Center (Aksad), Damascus.  Borcorda, Y, W Sanadiqi, 1985, a scientific report on some pastoral plants and genetic resources in the People Democratic Republic of Yemen which were gathered during the period 7-25 January 1985. Arabic Center (Aksad), Damascus.  Hasan Mohammed Amer and Ahmed Ali Al-Dahmashi, 1997. Genetic Resources Activities, Present and Future. In the First National Work Garden on Agricultural Genetic Resources in Yemen. International Institute of Agricultural Genetic Resources, Office of West Asia and North Africa, Halab, Syria. Edited by Dr. Abdullah Garadat (the seminar was held in Taiz 12-14/12/1993). ( Gender policy in agriculture and food security, June, 1999, the Republic of Yemen, Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation, General Department of Rural Woman Development. Supported by the Netherlands Embassy.  Saidi, D., S., 1997. Strategy of Integration Woman in the Activities of Forest Component of the Project. 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CJaJhGw4CJaJo(hGw4hGw4CJZ_H$aJhGw4CJ_H$aJhGw4CJaJ,\T]T^TUUUe____$Ifkd$$IfTl\$,"p V064 laTUUUKWDXYZy[J\S]*]ecc^ccc^^c$a$kd$$IfTl\$,"p V064 laT Iman Al-Hakeem, Kamelah Abdul Rashed, Noreah Al-Badh, Mariam Sallam, 2003. Study for Minimizing Time and Efforts for the Rural Woman and Post-harvest Techniques. Republic of Yemen, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Dutch Project to Assist the General Department for Rural Woman Development.  Anhar Abdul Kareem, 2008. The Role of the Yemeni Rural Woman in the Utilization of Agricultural Diversity in the Preparation of the Traditional Meals, Project of Nutrition Systems and Their Relation to Health, Center of Genetic Resources and IDDEALS, funded by International Development Research Center (IDRC). ** Engineer Amirah Abdul Bari, 2006. The Importance of the Development Role of Rural Yemeni Woman in the Animal Production Sector. The National Workshop on the Importance of Genetic Resources and Local Knowledge for the Development of Sustainable Rain-based Agriculture. Implemented by the Genetic Resources Center at the Faculty of Agriculture, Sanaa University and IDDEALS. Funded by Social Fund for Development.  *** Engineer Amirah Abdul Bari, 2006. The Importance of the Development Role of Rural Yemeni Woman in the Animal Production Sector. The National Workshop on the Importance of Genetic Resources and Local Knowledge for the Development of Sustainable Rain-based Agriculture. Implemented by the Genetic Resources Center at the Faculty of Agriculture, Sanaa University and IDEALLE. Funded by Social Fund for Development.  Engineer Amirah Abdul Bari, 2006. The Importance of the Development Role of Rural Yemeni Woman in the Animal Production Sector. The National Workshop on the Importance of Genetic Resources and Local Knowledge for the Development of Sustainable Rain-based Agriculture. Implemented by the Genetic Resources Center at the Faculty of Agriculture, Sanaa University and IDEALLE. Funded by Social Fund for Development.     PAGE  PAGE 1 PAGE  PAGE 90 PAGE  PAGE 98 56410 Box (1): names of plants which used in wood-cutting are different from a region to another due to vegetation diversity. 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