ĐĎॹá>ţ˙ []ţ˙˙˙Z˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ěĽÁ'` đżń"bjbjLULU •>.?.?¨H˙˙˙˙˙˙¤22222224ääP0P0P0h¸0,ä0<Č 3M\,1,1(T1T1T1/2/2/2˛L´L´L´L´L´L´L$Oh÷QzŘL2/2/2/2/2/2ŘL22T1T1ŰíLI7I7I7/262T12T1˛LI7/2˛LI7I7ţ&J¸22.LT1 1 `xZXmĚP0e3nŢJnLDM03MöJ8qRÓ5fqR0.LqR2.L@/2/2I7/2/2/2/2/2ŘLŘL97/2/2/23M/2/2/2/2Č Č Č D !DČ Č Č !fDŞ6ŕ222222˙˙˙˙ Revision sheet Respiration Define aerobic respiration What is the role of ‘aerobic respiration’ Give a balanced equation of the overall sequence of reactions for glucose. Aerobic respiration can be referred to as a two-stage process: Stage 1 does not require ………….. and releases a small amount of ……………. Stage 2 does require ……………….. and releases a large amount of …………… Define anaerobic respiration What is fermentation. The products of Fermentation are ………………………. or ……………………. and ………………………………………….. Anaerobic respiration may occur in the ……………………… of oxygen but does not ……………………….. oxygen. It is therefore a …………………………..process. Aerobic respiration ……………………….oxygen and is described as a ……………….. process The first stage process occurs in the ………………………………….. The second stage process occurs in the ……………………………….. The growth of micro-organisms on a large scale in a bioreactor is called ……………………………………………………………………………………… What is meant by bioprocessing? Give 2 examples of bioprocessing. Bioprocessing is carried out in containers called ………………………………… What is meant by an immobilized enzyme? Describe how you immobilized an enzyme – include the chemicals you used and the purpose of each one. Give 2 advantages of immobilized enzymes. Practical: Prepare and show the production of alcohol by yeast HIGHER LEVEL ONLY The first stage process referred to as ………………………. converts a ……………….. to ……………………..with the generation of …………………………... Under anaerobic conditions: the …………………………. is converted to …………………….and ……………………………………………………………………………………… or the ……………………………. is converted to …………………………………. In the second stage process under ……………………… conditions, a series of reactions occurs: the …………………………… is broken down to …………………………… ………………………. and …………………………………………………… This …………………………….. enters a series called ……………………..and leaves it later as ………………… ………………….. and ……………………… During this cycle electrons are removed and these electrons are transferred through an ……………………………………………………………………………………… And are ultimately transferred to ………………………… which combines with ……………………….. to form …………………………………. The ………………………… released by these electrons through the chain is used in the production of ATP molecules. Using diagrams describe the events of the first and second stages of respiration Past Leaving Cert Questions 2004 (a) Yeast cells produce ethanol (alcohol) in a process called fermentation. Is this process affected by temperature? ………………………………………………………… Explain your answer ………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Answer the following in relation to an experiment to prepare and show the presence of ethanol using yeast. Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that you used. Name a substance that yeast can use to make ethanol. …………………………………………. What substance, other than ethanol, is produced during fermentation? ……………………………. Describe the control that you used in this experiment. …..…………….……………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Explain the purpose of a control in a scientific experiment. …………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… How did you know when the fermentation was finished? ………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Why were solutions of potassium iodide and sodium hypochlorite added to the reaction vessels after a certain period of time? ……………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Name a substance produced during aerobic respiration that is not produced during fermentation. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2005 (a) (i) Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. (ii) Write a balanced equation to summarise aerobic respiration. (b) Answer the following questions in relation to the first stage of respiration. (i) Where in the cell does this stage occur? (ii) During this stage a small amount of energy is released. Explain the role of ADP in relation to this released energy. (iii) What is the final product of this stage under aerobic conditions? (iv) If conditions in the cell remain aerobic the product you have named in (iii) is used for the second stage of respiration. Where does this second stage take place? (v) If conditions in a human cell (e.g. muscle) become anaerobic the product named in (iii) is converted to another substance. Name this other substance. (vi) When the substance named in (v) builds up in the blood, a person is said to be in oxygen debt. This debt must eventually be paid. Suggest how the debt is paid. (24) (c) If yeast cells are kept in anaerobic conditions alcohol (ethanol) and another substance are produced. (i) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, how you would keep yeast under anaerobic conditions in the laboratory. (ii) Name a carbohydrate that you would supply to the yeast as an energy source. (iii) Give an account of a chemical test to demonstrate that alcohol (ethanol) has been produced. Include the initial colour and final colour of the test. (iv) What is the other substance produced under anaerobic conditions? (v) Alcohol (ethanol) production is an example of fermentation. How would you know when fermentation has ceased? (vi) Why does fermentation eventually cease? (27) Answers 2004 (a) Yes 3 (Rate of) enzyme reaction (affected by temperature) 3 (b) Diagram 3, 0 [must include evidence of anaerobic conditions and two correct labels for 3 marks] o Sugar or named sugar or starch 3 o Carbon dioxide or any product of glycolysis 3 o Yeast absent (or dead) in same set up 3 o Comparison or purpose described 3 o No more gas given off (no more bubbles) 3 o *NB - To test for alcohol – All candidates who attempt Q 3 o Water (allow other correct product from Kreb’s cycle) 3 2005 (a) (i) Aerobic respiration requires oxygen or anaerobic respiration does not 3 (ii) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H20 + 6CO2 6, 3, 0 (b) (i) Cytoplasm 3 (ii) Uses energy / combines with phosphate / to form ATP/ ATP stores energy / high energy bond / energy transferred (by ATP) any three 3(3) (iii) Pyruvic acid (Pyruvate) 3 (iv) Mitochondrion 3 (v) Lactic acid 3 (vi) Increased breathing (deeper or faster) or reference to oxidation of lactic acid or increased oxygen 3 (c) (i) Diagram - vessel plus anaerobic conditions 3 Label (comment) relating to anaerobic conditions 3 (ii) Sugar or named sugar or starch 3 (iii) First reagent(s) or test named / any procedural point / initial colour / final colour / any three 3(3) (Potassium) dichromate / add acid or warm / orange / to green Iodoform test or potassium iodide / add sodium hypochlorite or warm / colourless / to yellow (iv) Carbon dioxide 3 (v) No more bubbles given off 3 (vi) Alcohol kills yeast or yeast dies or sugar used up     Prepared by U Moroney Page  PAGE 4 of  NUMPAGES 4 bfË ă č ů ú ű š Á É Ę ( 7 ; e # $ Ű Ü Ý ç  ďŕŃÂѲѲѢ“˘“Ń“˘ˆ|ˆmˆbVHVh°=hČ Ú5>*CJaJh°=hČ Ú5CJaJh°=hČ ÚCJaJh°=hš–CJaJmH sH h°=h—i§CJ\aJh°=h—i§CJaJh°=h—i§CJaJmH sH h°=h—i§5CJaJmH sH h°=h,F5CJaJmH sH h°=hČ ÚCJaJmH sH h°=h,FCJaJmH sH h°=hjRCJaJmH sH h°=hjR5CJaJmH sH 8b­í3 w ” Ş ű ~ Ę  7 ˘  ä $ L ą Ű ÷÷ňęęęęęâęęęęÚęŇęęęÍęęę & F & Fgd—i§ & Fgd,F & FgdČ Ú & FgdjRgd,F$a$gdjR¨"đ"ýýŰ Ü Ý   / 0 Š Ĺ KL˘ö÷dŢCŹţ˙úňňđčđŕŕ×ččÎÉŕ××ŕŕŕŕŕÄgd°=gdjR„Đ`„Đgd‰h„Đ^„Đgd‰h & 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