ࡱ> _ nPbjbj D9>\>\HH% JJJJJ^^^8^2n("r2t2t2t2t2t2t2$472J$#@$#$#2JJ2>(>(>($#|JJr2>($#r2>(>(V^/j0~#/ ^2202/x/8N%l/8j0j0/8J~0r[>(c 7!22&2$#$#$#$#/8 > :  AP Biology Summer Assignment North Salem University MISSION: Engage students to continuously learn, question, define and solve problems through critical and creative thinking. Summer 2016  This summer assignment has been designed for the following purposes: to keep your mind sharp during those summer months, because I will expect a lot out of it come September! to reinforce that reading, especially reading about science can be FUN!!! to introduce you to a new method of learning that we will be using next year in AP Biology. to have you earn some strong grades to help you begin your first semester at college with confidence. If you have any problems or questions please feel free to email me at:  HYPERLINK "mailto:dcollea@northsalemschools.org" dcollea@northsalemschools.org.  AP BIOLOGY SUMMER ASSIGNMENT - 2016 Welcome to North Salem University!!! This summer assignment has been designed for the following purposes: to keep your mind sharp during those summer months, because I will expect a lot out of it come September! to reinforce that reading, especially reading about science can be FUN!!! to introduce you to a new method of learning that we will be using next year in AP Biology. to have you earn some strong grades to help you begin your first semester at college with confidence. ASSIGNMENT #1 CONTACT INFORMATION (Due Date 7/1/2016) Email your contact information (Name - Grade - E-mail address) to Mr. Collea at: dcollea@northsalemschools.org ASSIGNMENT #2 - LETTER OF INTRODUCTION (Due Date 7/15/2016) We are going to spend a lot of time together next year, so its best if I get a head start on learning a bit more about you. Also, we will use the Internet a lot next year for this course, so lets get you used to communicating with me via e-mail. Now that I have your contact information, your second digital assignment is to successfully send me via e-mail a letter about yourself. Your Letter of Introduction must abide by the following rules: 1. Use clearly written, full sentences. Do not abbreviate words like you are texting with a friend. Use spell check! This is a professional communication like you would have with a college professor, so lets practice for your rapidly nearing future! 2. Address it to me, Mr. Collea at: dcollea@northsalemschools.org 3. Make the Subject: AP Bio: Letter of Introduction 4. Begin the e-mail with a formal salutation, like Mr. Collea, or Dear Mr. Collea, 5. Now introduce yourself (your name) and tell me a little bit about yourself, like: * Why have you chosen to take a challenging class like AP Biology? * What are you looking forward to the most in AP Biology? * What are you most anxious about in AP Biology? * Was there anything that you liked about your earlier biology class? * What do your future college plans entail? * What do you like to do in what little free you will have next year (hobbies, sports, music, interests, etc.)? * Do you have a job? * Tell me a little bit about your family (Grand Parents? Mom? Dad? Guardian? Siblings? Pets?) * What do your parents do for a living? * What was the last book you read for fun? * End the e-mail with a formal closing: Cordially, Sincerely, Warm regards, etc. and add your name as if you signed a letter. ASSIGNMENT #3 TEXT BOOK CHAPTERS 1 6 (Due 1st Day of School) 1. Read Chapters 1- 5 in your Textbook. 2. Complete the attached Interactive Learning Guides for each chapter. 3. Check out the AP Biology Home Page at my website for assistance and extra copies of this assignment.  HYPERLINK "http://colleascorner.weebly.com/" \t "_blank" http://colleascorner.weebly.com ASSIGNMENT #4 CLASS MATERIALS (Due 1st Day of School) 1. 3-ring class notebook (1.5 2 inch) for Interactive Learning Guides and other handouts. 2. A small amount of lined loose leaf paper. 3. AP Biology Review of your choice (many former students really like the Cliffs AP Biology Review book) to be bought as early in the year as possible. 4. Textbook: Biology (6th Edition) by Neil A Campbell and Jane B. Reece ISBN # 0-8053-6624-5  (I HIGHLY recommend anyone who plans on majoring in Medicine or Biology in college to buy their own textbook for this class. There are many used version for sale on the internet for less than $5.00) ASSIGNMENT #5 Bill Bryson: A Short History of Nearly Everything (Due 1st Day of School) DIRECTIONS: Read Part V - Life Itself from the book by Bill Bryson: A Short History of Nearly Everything and answer the following questions for each chapter in COMPLETE SENTENCE FORMAT which means you MUST incorporate the MAIN part of the question in your response. Therefore, you do not have to rewrite the question. Please TYPE your responses as all answers will even be submitted to the source evaluation site turnit.com. AP Biology 2016: Class ID - _______________ Password - ____________________ (Class ID and Password will be given out the first week of class so be sure this assignment is TYPED) Be prepared to present and discuss your answers in class during the first days of school. Ch. 16 - Lonely Planet Statement to Consider: If you wish to end up as a moderately advanced, thinking society, you need to be at the right end of a very long chain of outcomes involving reasonable periods of stability interspersed with the right amount of stress and challenges and marked by a total absence of real cataclysm. We are very lucky to find ourselves in this position. 1. Why is there life on Earth (but apparently no where else in the solar system)? 2. What are the dangers of being under water in a deep water dive? Why? 3. What is the bends? What is dangerous about it? How can it be prevented? 4. Why did John Scott Haldane expose himself to carbon monoxide? 5. How and why did his son, J. S. B. Haldane, experience collapsed lungs, perforated eardrums and seizures? How did he get others to do the same? 6. Where did Aldous Huxley get the ideas for the genetic manipulation in Brave New World? 7. What is nitrogen narcosis (intoxication)? 8. Consider the statement, In terms of adaptability, humans are pretty amazingly useless. Why does Bryson say this? 9. What about the environments on other planets makes them inhospitable to life? 10. Discuss the necessities of life: location, tectonics, twin planet, and timing. Which do you think is most important? Why? 11. What elements are needed for life? What is the abundance of the elements on Earth? 12. What is the difference between the element and the compounds it makes? 13. Did we evolve because the Earth is hospitable to life, or is Earth hospitable to us because we evolved here? What do you think? 14. Are we here because the universe is hospitable to us, or is the universe hospitable to us because we are here? Ch. 17 - Into the Troposphere Analogy 1: If you shrink the Earth to the size of a desktop globe, the atmosphere would be about the thickness of a couple of coats of varnish. Analogy 2: To move a couple of thousand feet closer to the sun (like up a mountain) is like taking a step closer to a bushfire in Australia when you are standing in Ohio, and expecting to smell smoke. Analogy 3: A fluffy cloud may contain about enough water to fill a bathtub. Analogy 4: A six-inch cube of Dover chalk contains a thousand liters of compressed CO2. 1. Why is it a good thing that we have an atmosphere? 2. What is the danger of living at high altitudes? 3. What are the layers of the atmosphere? 4. Why does it get colder as you climb a mountain? 5. What influences air movement in the atmosphere? 6. How are clouds classified? 7. How do the oceans influence climate and weather? 9. How does the Gulf Stream influence weather? 10. What is thermohaline circulation? 11. Does life help keep the world hospitable? Are we humans disrupting this balance? Ch. 18 - The Bounding Main Analogy 1: If all the ice in Antarctica melted, sea level would rise 200 feet. If all the water in the atmosphere fell as rain, the oceans would deepen by an inch. Analogy 2: Its as if our firsthand experience of the surface world were based on the work of five guys exploring on garden tractors after dark. Analogy 3: For every pound of shrimp harvested, about four pounds of fish are destroyed. Statement to Consider: We have better maps of Mars than we have of our own oceans. 1. What are the unique properties of water? Why are we looking for water on other planets? 2. Why shouldnt you drink seawater? 3. Where is most of the water of the world located? 4. Why should our world be called Water instead of Earth? 5. Why do we know so little about the oceans? 6. What were some of the earliest deep ocean exploration vessels? The most recent? 7. Why is it so much harder to build a deep ocean exploration vessel than a space exploration vessel? What are some difficulties involved in each? 8. Are the depths and floor of the ocean lifeless, flat and uninteresting? 9. Why do you think we seem to be more interested in space exploration than ocean exploration? 10. Why is ocean exploration so difficult? 11. Where is there a world independent of the sun? 12. What do we know about life beneath the seas? 13. How do scientists study life beneath the surface? 14. Where does most life in the sea occur? Why? 15. Why is knowledge of the ocean life important to fishermen? Ch. 19 - The Rise of Life Analogy 1: Protein synthesis: By all the laws of probability, proteins shouldnt exist. Imagine 1,055 slot machines, with 22 symbols on each wheel. How long would you have to pull the handle before all 1,055 symbols came up in the right order? Effectively forever. Analogy 2: It is rather as if all the ingredients in your kitchen somehow got together and baked themselves into a cake, but a cake that could divide when necessary and produce more cakes! Statement to Consider 1: Life is amazing and gratifying, perhaps even miraculous, but hardly impossible as we repeatedly attest with our own modest existences. Statement to Consider 2: Whatever prompted life to begin, it happened just once. Statement to Consider 3: One of biologys great unanswered questions addresses this idea: if you make monomers wet they dont turn into polymers - except when creating life on Earth. How and why did it happen then and not otherwise? 1. Describes Millers experiment. What does it have to do with the origin of life? 2. What is a protein? Why is it hard to make them? What is so strange about protein synthesis? 3. Discuss the statement: It is little wonder we call it the miracle of life. 4. What makes something life? 5. Discuss the statement: Living things are collections of molecules, like everything else. 6. What makes life miraculous? 7. When did life begin on Earth? 8. What is the theory of panspermia? What are some issues with it? 9. Why does Ridley state: All life is one.? 10. What is a stromatolite? 11. What was early life like? Is there any evidence of it still existing today? 12. How do scientists study early life? 13. What was the world like 3.5 billion years ago? 14. How long ago did life begin? How long ago did complex life begin? 15. What are mitochondria? Where do they come from? What is strange about them? Ch. 20 Small World Analogy: A single bacterium (dividing in nine minutes) could theoretically produce more offspring in two days than there are protons in the universe. 1. What is the most abundant form of life on the world? 2. What type of organism is Bryson talking about when he states: This is their planet. We are on it only because they allow us to be.? Why does he say this? Do you agree? 3. What do bacteria do for us and where can bacteria live? 4. How are very small organisms classified? 5. Why do microbes want to hurt us? Do they want to hurt us? 6. Discuss the statement: Too much efficiency is not a good thing for any infectious organism. 7. How do our bodies fight bacteria? 8. What is antibiotic resistance? 9. What is a virus? 10. Comment on some of the epidemics Bryson describes. A concern today is the bird flu. Does reading about these earlier epidemics add to your concern, or make you feel better? Why? Ch. 21 Life Goes On 1. Why are fossils so rare? 2. How do we know about life long ago? 3. What were trilobites? 4. What is the Burgess shale? What does it tell us about early life? How has it been interpreted (or maybe misinterpreted)? 5. Is evolutionary success a lottery? 6. What happened to life in the Cambrian (500 million years ago)? What was the Cambrian Explosion? Was it really an explosion? 7. How did Gould interpret the Burgess shale? Why did other scientists disagree with his conclusions? Ch. 22 Good-bye to All That Analogy 1: Stretch your arms to their fullest extent and imagine that width as the entire history of Earth. All of complex life is in one hand, and in a single stroke with a nail file you could eradicate human history. Analogy 2: If the 4.5 billion year history of the Earth were compressed to a 24 hour day 99.99 % of all species that have ever lived are extinct. Statement to Consider: Life is an odd thing. It couldnt wait to get going, but then, having gotten going, it seemed in very little hurry to move on. Why does Bryson say this? Bryson summarizes this section saying, Life wants to be; life doesnt always want to be much; life from time to time goes extinct. Life goes on. Discuss this statement. Comment on the Statement: It is hard to grasp that we are here only because of timely extraterrestrial bangs and other random flukes. Is this a difficult concept for you to accept? What do you think about human inevitability? Has this book changed your thinking about it? 1. Why does Bryson say that life is risky? 2. When did land life begin? Why does Bryson say the move to land was risky? 3. How do scientists know what the atmosphere was like in the past? 4. What did the extra oxygen in the atmosphere do to plants and animals? 5. What were the first terrestrial vertebrates? Why do we know so little about them? 6. Why does Bryson call extinction a paradoxically important motor of progress? 7. How many mass extinctions have there been? What are the effects and characteristics of mass extinctions? 8. What are the possible causes of mass extinctions? 9. Why do some species survive the conditions responsible for mass extinctions? 10. How was mammalian evolution assisted by the Cretaceous extinction? Ch. 23 The Richness of Being Statement to Consider: We dont have the faintest ideanot even to the nearest order of magnitude of the number of things that live on our planet. Estimates range from three million to 200 million. 1. How are living things classified? What difference does it make? 2. How do you spend 42 years studying one species of plant? 3. Why is it so difficult to classify organisms? 4. Who was Sir Joseph Banks and what did he do? 5. What is the Linnaean system of classification? 6. Comment on the statement: Taxonomy is described sometimes as a science and sometimes as an art, but really its a battleground. 7. How diverse is life? 8. How many species of life are there? Why is it so difficult to determine this? 9. Why do we know as little as we know about the number of species of life? 10. Why do some plants produce medically useful compounds? 11. Bryson states, The Linnaean system of nomenclature is so well established that we can hardly imagine an alternative. Can you devise another method of classification? Ch. 24 Cells Analogy 1: A cell has been compared to a complex chemical refinery or to a vast teeming metropolis. Comment on these statements. Analogy 2: If an atom were the size of a pea, the cell would be a sphere a mile across. Within it, basketballs and cars would whiz around you. Analogy 3: Read Brysons description of a cell in terms of a large scale. Does this help you picture what happens in a cell? Statement to Consider: We understand a little of how cells do the things they do. 1. What is a cell? 2. What do your cells do for you? 3. How does the poisonous compound Nitric oxide (NO) help your cells? 4. Who were Hooke and Leeuwenhook and how did they help us learn about cells? Ch. 26 The Stuff of Life Analogy 1: DNA is an instruction manual for the body. Analogy 2: The human genome is a parts list of what we are made of which says nothing about how we work. Statement to Consider 1: There are two yards of DNA coiled inside each nucleus of your cells. Statement to Consider 2: We are all uncannily alike. You share 99.9 % of the same genes with any other human being. 1. Why does Bryson say DNA is a molecule that is not itself alive and for the most part doesnt do anything at all? 2. What is the human genome? 3. What are the odds against you being here? 4. DNA is one of the most non-reactive, chemically inert molecules in the living world. Why does Bryson say this? 5. Why did scientists think DNA was too simple to be important to life? 6. How is DNA like Morse code? 7. What is a gene? 8. How was the structure of DNA discovered? 9. How similar are your genes with other organisms? 10. How do genes work? 11. What is the human proteome? 12. Why does Bryson include the most profound true statement there is: All life is one. Why do you think he feels this is so important? Do you agree? Welcome to College!     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