ࡱ>  ;=./0123456789:O  bjbjң ; ee2    8C, R3435353535666IKKKKKK$p& oi66666o3535~~~6Hd3535I~6I~~Zu35~*V0z50#R 8 u u66~66666oo&X6666666 666666666 : FRENCH GRAMMAR BOOKLET This booklet aims to help you improve your French across the board not just your grammar and written work, but also your spoken French and comprehension. Some of the material will be revision, whilst other areas may be less familiar. How to get the most out of this material: frequent, short sessions generally work better than cramming before a test concentrate on areas of difficulty, obviously, but also work through more familiar areas of grammar to consolidate / revise try and incorporate different structures and tenses when you write or when you prepare topics for discussion - this will raise your game as always: proofread your written French, and revisit the relevant grammar units if in doubt re-read corrected work, write out corrections to fix them in your memory, have a mental hit-list of frequent mistakes that you try to eliminate when learning tenses or pronoun patterns (for example), work with another student, test each other it helps to maintain momentum use whatever works best for you REFERENCE WORKS Reference grammars (without exercises) J-C Arragon, Teach yourself French grammar (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1986) A Judge and F G Healey, A reference grammar of modern French (London: Arnold, 1983) R Hawkins & R Towell, French Grammar and Usage (Routledge Reference Grammars, 2015) Grammars which contain exercises with model answers T Marriott and M Ribire, Help yourself to Advanced French grammar (Harlow: Longman, 1998) . Aims at post GCSE / A level good revision. M Jubb & A Rouxeville, French Grammar in Context, 4th edition, (London, Routledge, 2014). Aims at higher level secondary school and university. M Jubb, Upgrade your French, 2nd edition, (London: Hodder Educational, 2007). A 30 day practical revision guide, containing exercises with a key to answers. Collins Advanced French Grammar - with practice exercises (Collins, 2013). P Rogers and J Long, La grammaire en clair (Walton-on-Thames: Nelson, 1983). Grammar explanations and exercises, illustrated with cartoons. (No model answers) Reference Grammars with accompanying workbooks: L S R Byrne and E L Churchill, A comprehensive French Grammar, 4th edition, revised by Glanville Price (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993) D Engel, G Evans & V Howells, A French Grammar Workbook (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998). Accompanies Byrne & Churchill, above. M Lang and I Perez, Modern French grammar : a practical guide (London: Routledge, 2004) M Lang and I Perez, Modern French Grammar Workbook, 2nd edition, (London: Routledge, 2004). Organised according to language function (e.g. agreeing / disagreeing) Roger Hawkins, Marie-Nolle Lamy, Practising French Grammar: A Workbook (Routledge, 2015). Companion volume to the French Grammar and Usage by R Hawkins and R Towell. Online grammar explanations & exercises  HYPERLINK "https://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/gr/index.html" https://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/gr/index.html  HYPERLINK "https://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/" Tex's French Grammar  HYPERLINK "http://www.french-linguistics.co.uk/grammar/" http://www.french-linguistics.co.uk/grammar/ French Grammar tips and articles  HYPERLINK "http://www.lepointdufle.net/p/grammaire.htm" http://www.lepointdufle.net/p/grammaire.htm Le Point du FLE with links to severaldifferent sites e.g.  HYPERLINK "https://fr.tsedryk.ca/grammaire/presentations/index.html" https://fr.tsedryk.ca/grammaire/presentations/index.html  HYPERLINK "http://francaisfacil-salmi.e-monsite.com/pages/grammaire.html" http://francaisfacil-salmi.e-monsite.com/pages/grammaire.html Apprendre le franais Grammaire (links to different sites)  HYPERLINK "http://bertrandboutin.ca/Folder_151_Grammaire/zzToC.htm" http://bertrandboutin.ca/Folder_151_Grammaire/zzToC.htm Grammaire franaise Table des matires  HYPERLINK "http://www.bertrandboutin.ca/Exercices_grammaire/ToC_web.htm" http://www.bertrandboutin.ca/Exercices_grammaire/ToC_web.htm Exercices de grammaire  HYPERLINK "http://www.connectigramme.com/index.htm" http://www.connectigramme.com/index.htm Connectigramme  HYPERLINK "http://french.chass.utoronto.ca/fre180/" http://french.chass.utoronto.ca/fre180/ Le grimoire Leons de grammaire Verb Conjugation There are numerous free on-line verb conjugators. For example  HYPERLINK "http://www.wordreference.com/conj/Frverbs.aspx" http://www.wordreference.com/conj/Frverbs.aspx which highlights all irregularities in colour. Bescherelle, La conjugaison pour tous (Paris: Hatier 2006) is a classic source for checking tense endings. Grammatical Terminology J Morton, English grammar for students of French, 4th edition (London: Arnold, 1999) explains grammatical terminology. This is very helpful if you have not studied much formal grammar. Dictionaries Bilingual dictionaries Collins Robert French-English:English-French Dictionary (Collins, 10th Edition 2016) Oxford Hachette (4th Edition. 2007) See also the OUP Dictionary Skills Resource Pack, available at << HYPERLINK "http://global.oup.com/booksites/content/9780198614227/" http://global.oup.com/booksites/content/9780198614227/>> N.B. You can access the Collins dictionary (Reverso) through Lexilogos. (See below) Monolingual French dictionaries Larousse: Nouveau Dictionnaire de franais (2011) Le Petit Robert, Larousse On-line French dictionaries The best free online multi-dictionary website is Lexilogos  HYPERLINK "http://www.lexilogos.com/english/french_dictionary.htm" http://www.lexilogos.com/english/french_dictionary.htm This gives access to a number of well-known bilingual and monolingual dictionaries. The best free on-line English multi-dictionary search engine is Onelook  HYPERLINK "http://www.onelook.com/" http://www.onelook.com/ Bon courage! CONTENTS 1 Pass compos / perfect tense 5 2: Subject, direct object and indirect object 9 3. Personal pronouns: direct and indirect object pronoun 13 4. Past participle: agreements 19 5. Passe compos or imperfect? 22 5.1 Plus-que-parfait pluperfect 24 6. Present or future, perfect or future perfect? 26 7. Uses of conditional and conditional perfect 29 8. Sentences with si 31 9. The passive 33 10. Depuis etc: points to note concerning tenses: 37 Depuis Venir de Il y a Devoir 11. Use of the infinitive 41 12. Relative pronouns (1) 45 1.1 qui 1.2 que 1.3 ce qui / ce que 1.4 word order 13 Relative pronouns (2): dont 51 14. Relative pronouns (3): relative pronouns after a preposition 55 15. The subjunctive (1): formation, some uses 58 16 The subjunctive (2): uses (cont.) 64 17 Asking questions (1): inversion 70 18. Asking questions (2): 73 What? Who? General exercises Indirect questions 19. Pronouns: en 77 20. Pronouns: y 80 21. The Imperative 83 22. Demonstrative pronouns 88 23. Emphatic pronouns 91 24. Possessive pronouns 92 Key to exercises 93 1 PASSE COMPOSE / PERFECT TENSE This unit concentrates on the revision of the pass compos, also known as the perfect tense. Exercise 1. To start with, write out the past participles of the verbs below. Many are irregular. 1. prendre11. rejoindre2. offrir12. dire3. rendre13. acqurir4. lire14. conclure5. mettre15. couvrir6. devenir16. souffrir7. devoir17. apercevoir8. mourir18. valoir9. russir19. conduire10. crire20. plaire Exercise 2 Auxiliary verbs - avoir or tre? Check that you know which verbs take avoir and which take tre in the pass compos (or indeed in any compound tense - pluperfect, conditional perfect etc). The following exercise includes some of the verbs which often cause problems. (NB The key contains a table of verbs requiring tre.) Exercise 3 Circle the auxiliary verb required. 1. Iltomb.aest 2. Je/J'devenu.aisuis3. Il s'dpch.aest4. Je/J' arriv.aisuis5. Il suivi.aorest?6. Il rest.aest7. Je me/m'lev.aisuis8. Je/J' d rentrer.ai suis9. Il venu.aest10. Il mort.aest NB ( Reflexive verbs (se lever, s'vanouir etc) - always require tre. 3. Agreements Agreements generally need to be added when the verbs are conjugated using tre: Elle est alle. Nous sommes rentrs. Ils se sont dpchs. Je suis reste.... (Je refers to a woman in this example.) However, there are exceptions to this rule, for verbs taking avoir in particular - see 4 "Past participles: agreements" Exercise 4: Practice with reflexive verbs. Write out the verbs below in the pass compos, adding any necessary agreements. There is one gap per word (m' etc.= one word). 1. s'opposer le comit __ ________ ______________ au projet2. s'tablirQuand nous ________ ____________ _________________, nous avons embauch du personnel supplmentaire. 3. s'amliorer les rsultats ____ ________ _________________ cette anne.4. s'en aller elle __ en _______ ____________5. se souvenir deil ne __ _____ pas _________________ du nom. 6. s'implanterces socits ____ ________ _______________ ici il y a 5 ans. 7. s'arrter Janine __ _________ ________________ devant la vitrine.8. s'entendreLes enfants __ ____________ trs bien _______________ jusqu'au dbut de la fte. 9. se mettre Est-ce que vous _________ _____________ __________ d'accord sur l'essentiel? 10. se plaindreLes clients ___ _________ _____________  Exercise 5. The following exercise contains a mixture of verbs requiring avoir or tre. Write them out in full in the pass compos. Check in a dictionary if you are not sure which auxiliary verb to use. 1. Elle ___________________________ il y a une heure. (partir)2. La situation ______ beaucoup ________________. (empirer)3. Non, je ne/n' _______ pas _____________ cet homme. (rencontrer)4. Je crois que nous _____________________________ de route. (se tromper)5. Je ne/n' _______ pas _____________ contacter mon associ. (pouvoir)6. Jean-Philippe ______________ dmnager cause de l'inondation. (devoir)7. Ils ______________________________ plus longtemps que prvu. (rester)8. Nous _____________________________ sa discrtion. (se fier - to trust)  4. Verbs which can take either avoir or tre There are a very few common verbs, usually conjugated with tre, which can be also be used with avoir. However, when they are used with avoir, the meaning is different. The verbs concerned are (a) descendre, (b) monter, (c) sortir, (d) rentrer and (e) passer. Note that, if used with tre, the usual agreements are required. (a) Je suis descendu(e). I went down. Jai descendu les valises. I took the cases down. Jai descendu la rue. I went down the streett. Descendre is used with avoir (a) if you say what you are going down/descending - the street, the stairs etc, or (b) if you are taking something down. The same distinction applies to monter, sortir and rentrer: (b) Je suis mont(e). I went up. Jai mont lescalier. I went up the stairs / ascended the stairs. Jai mont la malle. I took the trunk up. (Also: J'ai remont ma montre. I've wound up my watch.) Note the following use of monter + avoir, used when the level of something has gone up: Les prix ont mont. The prices went up. Le fleuve a mont de deux mtres. The river has gone up 2 metres. (c) Je suis sorti(e). I went out Jai sorti la voiture du garage. I took the car out of the garage. (d) Je suis rentr(e). I came home, returned home. Jai rentr la voiture au garage. I put the car back in the garage. (e) passer has a broader range of meanings: Je suis pass chez le mdecin. I called in at the doctors. Lmission est passe la tlvision.The programme was on TV. Le facteur n'est pas encore pass. The postman hasn't been yet. Elle a pass les 2 examens. She took the 2 exams. Jai pass une semaine en Bourgogne. I spent a week in Burgundy. La socit a pass une commande. The company placed an order. Exercise 6 Avoir or tre? Choose the correct form of the verb which corresponds to the English sentence. 1. The unemployment rate has gone up. Le taux de chmage (a mont / est mont) 2. Pierre went down the stairs. Pierre (a descendu / est descendu) l'escalier. 3. We went out. Nous (avons sorti / sommes sortis) 4. They spent several hours there. Ils y (ont pass / sont passs) plusieurs heures. 5. The tramp went under the bridge. Le clochard (a pass / est pass) sous le pont 5. Use of the past participle Note that the past participle can be used on its own to describe something. In these cases, it is treated like an adjective and requires an agreement. Les produits vendus dans ce supermarch sont d'habitude moins chers. The products sold in this supermarket are usually cheaper. 2 SUBJECT, DIRECT OBJECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT You need to be able to identify correctly the subject, direct object and indirect object in a sentence in order to cope adequately with several important aspects of the French language. Contrary to what is often said, this is not a difficult point of grammar. However, it does have to be known. The subject 1. We visited my in-laws at the weekend. 2. My parents sold their ancient piano and bought a modern Japanese one. 3. I haven't seen him for ages. 4. The fax says that the model has been discontinued. The underlined words in these examples are the subject of the sentence or clause. The subject of the sentence can be identified if you ask the question who or what before the verb: Who visited my in-laws? - we Who sold their piano? - my parents Who bought a Japanese piano? - my parents (the subject is not repeated before the second verb) Who hasn't seen him - I Who/What says that the model has been discontinued? - the fax What has been discontinued? - the model The subject can be a person or a thing (or an abstract concept). It can be a noun (my parents) or a pronoun (I, we). NB In commands, the subject of the verb is usually implied rather than stated: Give me the car key. Don't eat that! In both examples, the implied subject is "you". The direct object Take the sentences from 1: 1. We visited my in-laws at the weekend. 2. My parents sold their ancient piano and bought a modern Japanese one. 3. I haven't seen him for ages. 4. The fax says that the model has been discontinued. In these examples, the words in italics are the direct object. They answer the question who(m) or what after the verb: We visited who(m) ? - my in-laws They sold what ? - their ancient piano They bought what ? - a modern Japanese one I haven't seen who(m)? - him The fax says what? - that the model has been discontinued. The direct object can be a person or a thing, and it can be a noun (in-laws, piano) or a pronoun (him). It can also be a whole clause, as in example 4. However, not all sentences have a direct object: 5. We left on Tuesday. 6. He stumbled out of the pub. 7. She spoke so quickly that I couldn't understand. If you ask the questions "who" or "what" directly after the verb in these examples, they do not make sense. We left who(m) / what? He stumbled who(m)/what? She spoke who(m)/what? When this happens, it shows that there is no direct object. The complement of the verb Take the following sentences: Patience is a virtue. Charles became a saxophone player. The new postman is Dutch. In the sentences which use the verbs to be and to become there is no direct object. The underlined words do indeed answer the question what after the verb, but they are identical with the subject: Charles is a saxophone player, the postman is Dutch. In these instances, after verbs such as to be, to become, to seem, to remain, the underlined words are known as the complement of the verb. Compare this type of example with those given in the direct object section, for example: My parents sold their ancient piano. My parents are certainly not identical with the direct object, their ancient piano. Exercise 1 Identify the subject and the direct object, if there is one: 1. He ate a large packet of cashews, a portion of chicken biryani and three slices of chocolate cake, after which he didn't feel at all well. 2. Where have you hidden them? 3. They have agreed to meet us at 2.00pm. 4. When is the new assistant starting? 5. Have you seen the dentist yet? 6. I'm going to Florida tomorrow. 7. Try and explain exactly what happened. 8. The delivery man who brought the pizza couldn't find the house. The indirect object 1. Send the bill to Mr Cole. 2. I offered the seat to him. 3. She gave her boyfriend a pair of socks for Christmas. In the sentences above, the underlined words constitute the indirect object. They indicate the person to whom something was given/sent/told. The indirect object can thus be identified by asking the question to who(m) after the verb. As example 3 shows, the word to does not necessarily have to be expressed, although it is implicit in the sentence, which could have been written as follows: She gave a pair of socks to her boyfriend. The indirect object is usually a person or a group of people (company, institution etc). It can be a pronoun as well as a noun. The indirect and direct objects may look identical in form, but they can be distinguished by asking the appropriate question after the verb. Take the following two examples: 4. I gave her the car key. 5. I saw her yesterday. In example 4, her is the indirect object, answering the question to whom after the verb. (You could also say "I gave the car key to her.") In example 5, her is the direct object, answering the question who(m) after the verb. A sentence can contain both a direct object and an indirect object, as is the case in examples 1-4 (the indirect objects are underlined): 1. Send the bill to Mr Cole. Send what? - the bill - the bill is the direct object. 2. I offered the seat to him. I offered what? - the seat - the seat is the direct object. 3. She gave her boyfriend a pair of socks for Christmas. She gave what? - a pair of socks - a pair of socks is the direct object. 4. I gave her the car key. I gave what? - the car key - the car key is the direct object. Exercise 2 Identify the indirect object, where there is one, in the sentences below. 1. He introduced himself to the neighbours. 2. Please send the deputy manager your completed questionnaire. 3. Can you give me the phone number for Mr. Clinton? 4. I'll fax you the price list straightaway. 5. If you eat those mushrooms they'll kill you. Exercise 3 Identify the direct and indirect objects, where they occur, in the sentences below. 1. Please answer one question from section A and two from section B. 2. Who smashed my coffee mug? 3. I sent my expenses claim to personnel. 4. The burglar ran down the road pursued by a large St Bernard. 5. I'll give you 250 for your car. 6. He bought his sister a bar of chocolate. 7. Tell them it won't work. 8. They met us yesterday afternoon as agreed and we finalised arrangements. 9. They promised us a room with a sea view but the room looked out on to the dustbins. 10. He will be wearing a red carnation in his button hole. Exercise 4 Indicate whether the highlighted words are direct or indirect objects. 1. Il m'a donn les documents. 2. Il m'a amen l'aroport. 3. On nous a envoy un exemplaire gratuit du journal. 4. Il nous a entendus, parat-il. 5. Je rappellerai Jean-Charles demain. 6. Elle a dit son visiteur d'attendre. 7. Nous avons conseill au jeune homme de ne plus fumer. 8. Tu tlphoneras aux invits? 9. Nous lui avons achet un chat. 10. Tu l'as rencontre, ta copine? 11. La voiture que j'ai achete commence avoir quelques problmes. 12. Je vais t'envoyer les photos. 3 PRONOUNS Pronouns are the various words which can be used to replace a noun or name. They come in several varieties, for example: personal pronouns: he, him, to him, it, us, you, to them etc.- See below in 3. relative pronouns: who, which, whose (See GAL 12-14) demonstrative pronouns: the one who, this one, those etc. (See GAL 22) PERSONAL PRONOUNS. The exercises below are designed to let you check how much you already know. If you have difficulties, work through this chapter, then try exercises 1 and 2 again. Exercise 1 Le, la, les vs lui, leur. Choose the correct pronoun. 1. Nous avons tlphon aux clients. Nous ________ avons tlphon. (les, leur) 2. As-tu crit la lettre? ____ as-tu crite? (la, l', lui) 3. J'ai rencontr la grante hier. (la, l', lui) Je _____ ai rencontre hier. 4. Le PDG a confi la tche la plus dure son chef des ventes et son associ. Le PDG ______ a confi la tche la plus importante. (les, leur) 5. Il n'avait pas bien compris ce problme. (le, l', lui) Il ne ______ avait pas bien compris. 6. Nous avons pu aider Pascale rparer son ordinateur. (la, l', lui) Nous avons pu _____ aider rparer son ordinateur. 7. Avez-vous parl notre fournisseur? (le, lui) _____ avez-vous parl? 8. Le patron n'a pas permis son adjoint de s'en occuper. (le, l', lui) Le patron ne ____ a pas permis de s'en occuper. 9. Cela a valu nos concurrents des bnfices importants. (les, leur) Cela _____ a valu des bnfices importants. 10. Nous avons abandonn l'ide de racheter ces filiales. (les, leur) Nous avons abandonn l'ide de _____ racheter. Exercise 2 Put the pronoun in the correct position in the sentence. 1. Il avait attendu longtemps (He had waited for him for a long time. - le / l') 2. On a conseill de poser sa candidature au poste. (They advised him to apply for the job . - lui) 3. Sa question? Personne ne/n' a comprise. (His question? No-one understood it. la / l') 4. Mon dossier - avez-vous vu? (My file - have you seem it? le / l') 5. Je avais tlphon plusieurs fois. (I had phoned them several times. leur) 6. Qui a racont a? (Who told him that? lui) 7. Il ne a rien promis. (He promised her nothing . lui) 8. Ma voiture? Je/j' ai dcid de vendre. (My car? I've decided to sell it. la / l') 9. La socit va envoyer les marchandises dans un proche avenir. (The company is going to send them the goods in the near future. leur) 10. Je/j' aurais prfr montrer les nouveaux modles aujourd'hui. (I would have preferred to show you the new models today. vous) 11. Ton dictionnaire - tu as russi trouver? (Your dictionary - did you manage to find it? le / l') 12. Le patron a dcid de ne pas commander. (The boss decided not to order it. le / l') 3.1 Direct or indirect object pronouns - le / la / les or lui / leur etc? For further explanation and exercises on the direct and indirect object, see 2. To recapitulate, the direct object answers the question who(m) or what after the verb: I saw him. (I saw who(m)?) Je l'ai vu We sold them. (We sold what?) Nous les avons vendus. Agreements need to be added to past participles if the preceding direct object is feminine or plural - see 4. 3.1.1 The indirect object, in contrast, answers the question to whom after the verb. You will need to bear in mind the fact that the "to" is not necessarily expressed in English. I wrote a postcard to my aunt. J'ai crit une carte postale ma tante. I wrote my aunt a postcard I wrote a postcard to her. Je lui ai crit une carte postale. I wrote her a postcard. The preceding indirect object does not require any agreement to be added to the past participle. Direct object pronounsIndirect object (forms which are in bold) pronouns differ from direct object mememeto meteyouteto youse (reflexive)himself, herself, itselfse (reflexive)to himself / herself / itselflehim, itluito him, to herlaher, itnoususnousto usvousyouvousto youse (reflexive)themselvesse (reflexive)"to themselves"lesthemleur to them Points to note: 1. When leur means to them it never has an -s on the end. It only ends in - s when it means their and refers to something in the plural: leurs chats - their cats, or when it means theirs : les leurs. 2. The direct and indirect object pronouns are the same in form for the first and second person (me, te, vous, nous) and for the reflexive pronoun (se). It is in the third person (le / la / les or lui / leur) that you need to make the distinction. However, even with me, te, se, nous & vous, you still need to be able to distinguish whether they are direct or indirect objects, as the preceding direct object may require an agreement: This will be covered in more detail in the next chapter (4). 3.1.2 Verbs requiring an indirect object in French for the person - noun or pronoun - are often predictable. For example: to give, to show, to send something to someone donner, montrer, envoyer quelque chose quelqu'un, etc. Examples: J'ai envoy mon frre une paire de chaussettes or, using the indirect object pronoun (Je lui ai envoy une paire de chaussettes.Elle a rendu le devoir aux tudiants. Elle leur a rendu le devoir. However, there are a few verbs which occasionally cause difficulties to English speakers: J'ai tlphon l'agent de voyages. I telephoned the travel agent. Je lui ai tlphon. I telephoned him.tlphoner qqnIl n'a pas rpondu aux journalistes. He didn't answer the journalists. Il ne leur a pas rpondu. He didn't answer them. (He didnt reply to them.)rpondre qqnIl ne permet pas aux enfants de fumer. He doesn't allow the children to smoke. Il ne leur permet pas de fumer. He doesn't allow them to smoke.permetter qqn de faire qch. Penses-tu que a plaira tante Julie? Do you think aunt Julie will like it / it will please aunt Julie? Penses-tu que a lui plaira? Do you think she will like it? / it will please her?plaire qqnElle ressemble son pre. She looks like her father. / She resembles her father.Elle lui ressemble. She looks like him. / She resembles himressembler qqn Exercise 3. Le, la, les, lui or leur? In the sentences which follow, (a) say whether the underlined words/phrases are the direct or indirect object, and (b) rewrite the sentences, replacing the underlined words with the correct pronoun. Example: J'ai envoy le dernier volume de la srie aux abonns. Sent to whom? To the subscribers - indirect object. Je leur ai envoy le dernier volume de la srie. For the first few sentences, additional prompts are given: 1. J'ai dit Michel de rester. > Je ___ ai dit de rester. (le or lui?) 2. Nous avons attendu Jean une demi-heure. > Nous ____ attendu une demi-heure. (le or lui?) 3. Vous avez tlphon vos collgues? > Vous ____ avez tlphon? (les/leur?) 4. Personnellement, j'aurais prfr ce modle. > .. je/j_____ aurais prfr. (le/lui?) 5. Elle n'a pas encore vu ce film. > Elle ne ______ a pas encore vu. (le/lui?) 6. On a permis au client de modifier sa commande. > On _____ a permis de modifier sa commande. (le/lui?) 7. On a permis au client de modifier sa commande. > On a permis au client de ____ modifier. (la/lui?) 8. J'ai offert du cognac aux visiteurs. 9. Tu as montr le message Pauline? 10. L'mission n'a pas plu aux enfants. 11. On doit remettre les documents aux voyageurs. 12. On a aid le visiteur rsoudre ses difficults. 3.2 Two pronouns When there are two pronouns in a sentence, the order is as follows (me before les, la before leur etc.): 12345metele luiyenselaleurnouslesvous Exercise 4 Rewrite the sentences, replacing the underlined words with the correct pronoun(s). J'ai offert les fleurs mon amie. Je les lui ai offertes. (them - the flowers) (to her) Il m'a donn le plan. Il me l' a donn. (to me) (it) 1. J'ai montr l'appartement l'acheteur. 2. Nous avons offert le meilleur produit ces clients. 3. Nous vous avons expdi l'ordinateur hier. 4. Tu as expliqu Madeleine ce qui s'est pass? 5. On ne nous a pas racont le dnouement. 3.3 Word order Here follows a quick recapitulation of the main rules governing the position of the pronoun in a sentence: With all simple tenses, where the verb consists of one word only, the pronoun is placed before the verb: Je vous contacterai demain. With all compound tenses, where the verb consists of two or more parts, as in the perfect tense or the pluperfect etc, the pronoun is placed before the auxiliary verb (avoir or tre): Il m'a offert un morceau de gateau. Nous lui aurions rendu visite si le prix du vol avait t moins cher. When a verb is used with an infinitive, the pronoun almost always goes directly before the infinitive (and not before the first verb): J'essayerai de vous tlphoner. Pourriez-vous me passer le sel? When the verb is negative, the pronoun goes after the ne : Nous ne les utilisons plus. Elle ne leur a pas tlphon. Je ne vous avais pas entendu. If Exercise 2 caused you any difficulties, go over it once more in the light of the above explanations. 4. PAST PARTICIPLE: AGREEMENTS The main point to be discussed in this section is when to add an agreement to the past participle. Some of this section will already be familiar to you from previous study. 4.1 According to the general rule, verbs with avoir do not usually have any agreement added to the past participle. However, if there is a preceding direct object, a suitable agreement is required. For example: (a) After que when it means which, who(m) or that: Je vous remercie de votre lettre que jai reue ce matin. But there is no agreement in the following sentence: J'ai reu votre lettre ce matin. Quels tudiants? Ceux que jai vus hier. Contrast - no agreement: J'ai vu les tudiants hier. (b) After la, les and also after me, te, nous, vous when they are direct objects: La lettre? Oui, je lai lue. Ces questions, tu les as comprises? Tu crois quil nous a vus ce matin? Contrast - no agreement: Il nous a parl (he spoke to us.) Pardon, Madame, je ne vous avais pas vue. Contrast - no agreement: Madame, je vous ai envoy un fax. (I sent a fax to you / I sent you a fax.) Il ne ma pas comprise. ( m here refers to a woman) Contrast - no agreement: Il ma offert le poste. (He offered the job to me. / he offered me the job.) (c) when quelle / quels / quelles are used with verbs taking avoir: Quelles rgions avez-vous visites? Quels diplmes a-t-il obtenus? 4.2 Agreements generally need to be added when the verbs are conjugated using tre (see also 1): Elle est alle. Nous sommes rentrs. Ils se sont dpchs. Elle sest coupe. Je suis reste.... (Je refers to a woman in this example.) However, there are some exceptions involving reflexive verbs where you might expect an agreement, but in fact there is none: Elle sest coup le pied. Nous nous sommes rendu compte de la difficult. Ils se sont parl. (They spoke to each other) Nous nous sommes serr la main. Elles se sont dit bonjour. (They said hallo to each other) In these examples, there is no agreement because the reflexive pronoun (se or nous in the above examples) functions as an indirect object. Agreement is only added when the pronoun is a preceding direct object. In the examples above, the direct object, where there is one, follows the verb and has been underlined. Exercise 1 Add agreements to the past participles when required. 1. Elle est tomb___ dans l'escalier et elle s'est foul___ le poignet. 2. Les fleurs qu'il a offert___ sont dj mort___. 3. Ils se sont crit___ 4. Ils se sont rencontr___ 5. Quelle marque a-t-il achet___ ? 6. Nous avons dj dn___. 7. Mes chaussettes, c'est toi que les as cach___? 8. Tu les a mis___ o, mes verres de contact? 9. "Il ne m'a pas vu___," dit-elle. Exercise 2 Translate into French. 1. She has hurt herself. 2. She has hurt her arm. 3. They have disappeared. 4. Mme Serenne died last month. 5. The *figures you gave me are *inaccurate. *figures les chiffres (m) *inaccurate inexact Exercise 3 Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets in the perfect tense, adding agreements as required. Les dficits normes que certains pays ________________ (cumuler) suscitent de graves soucis. La baisse du chiffre daffaires que certaines entreprises ____________________ (programmer) cette anne est dj de 15%. Un ministre des Transports franais _______________ (annoncer) publiquement que le projet allait tre annul. Des dizaines de milliers demplois _______________ (tre) supprims. Le sommet du G8 ________________ (souvrir) cette anne dans une atmosphre des plus moroses. Le trafic arien _____________ (rgresser) de 4,6%. Les pertes que la banque _____________ (aligner) sont denviron 20 milliards deuros . Lvidence simpose: on ________________ (partir) pour une vritable rcession. La bulle ______________ (clater): les bnfices, que le patron __________________ (attribuer) moins des performances solides qu' une sorte de gymnastique financire, ______________________ (s'effondrer). 5. PASS COMPOS OR IMPERFECT? When you are writing about events in the past, it is not always obvious which past tense to use. A brief recapitulation of the main uses of the pass compos (perfect) and imperfect tenses follows. Uses of the imperfect 1. description - as someone / something appeared in the past.- long-term / continuous states of mind / emotions, opinions (as long as they are not suddenly adopted or changed) Il avait peur des araignes (He was afraid of spiders) Il faisait nuit. (It was dark) Elle avait les cheveux roux (She had red hair)2. continuing actions / events in progress in the past.-corresponds to was ... -ing / were ....ing in English. Que faisiez-vous quand on a vacu le btiment? (What were you doing when ...) Il dormait pendant que je lisais. (He was sleeping while I was reading) Elle s'est vanouie pendant qu'il parlait. (She fainted while he was talking)3. repeated habitual actions.- corresponds to "used to do" "would (often) do" in English- generally used in sentences referring to the past which contain words likesouvent, toujours, d'habitude, le dimanche , chaque matin, tous les jours ... Uses of the pass compos / perfect: 1. completed event or action, even if the action took place over a period of time, and even if the action occurred gradually. J'ai habit Lincoln pendant 10 ans... (I lived in Lincoln for 10 years - then I moved..) Peu peu, il a amass une fortune. (He gradually amassed a fortune) Il a plu toute la journe, mais maintenant il ne pleut plus. (It rained / has rained all day , but now it is no longer raining.2. changes in state of mind / opinion / emotion Il a eu peur quand ce type louche s'est approch de lui. (He was afraid / became afraid / grew afraid when...)- (sudden) changes in state Soudain, il a fait nuit. (It suddenly became dark)3. The pass compos, in contrast to the imperfect, tends to be required in sentences which contain words indicating a specific time or moment:soudain, tout d'un coup, une fois, le 24 mai, dimanche, hier, ce matin, en 1066- It can be used for events or actions which occur several times, without beinga habitual action: Je t'ai tlphon quatre fois lundi dernier. (I telephoned you 4 times last Monday) In the following pairs of sentences, note how the meaning is modified by the change of tense: A1. Il tait bien dprim quand il a reu mon fax. (He was feeling very depressed at the time when he received my fax) A2. Il a t bien dprim quand il a reu mon fax. (The contents of my fax made him depressed.) B1. Le chien a attaqu le facteur, qui partait. (The dog attacked the postman who was leaving.) B2. Le chien a attaqu le facteur, qui est parti. (The dog attacked the postman, who then left.) C1. Je savais midi ce qui tait arriv. (At midday, I already knew what had happened.) C2. J'ai su midi ce qui tait arriv. (I learnt at midday what had happened.) Exercise 1 Write out the following verbs in the imperfect. NB: To form the imperfect of aller, for example: ~ take the nous form of the present tense: allons ~ omit the -ons ending to give the verb stem: all- ~ add the imperfect tense endings to the stem: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient 1. chercherje6. faireils2. grandirelle7. partagerje3. descendrenous8. sortiron4. prendreil9. pouvoirvous5. voirvous10. conduiretu Exercise 2 Translate the sentences below into French, paying particular attention to the tense of the verb. 1. I did the washing up while you were sleeping on the sofa. 2. We worked there for several months and then left for Spain. 3. He always watched Blue Peter after school. 4. I wrote three times *before getting a reply. (*avant de + infinitive) 5. I didn't recognise the man. It was dark and he was wearing a mask. 5.1. PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT ( PLUPERFECT) The pluperfect is a relatively straightforward tense as long as you have a clear grasp of the perfect and imperfect tenses. Javais achet un nouveau portable I had bought a new mobile Elle tait partie en vacances she had gone on holiday. It is another compound tense, i.e. it has two parts: (i) the imperfect tense of tre or avoir (the auxiliary verb) plus (ii) the past participle. Its meaning is always had done, said, eaten, sold, collapsed, wanted Usage can of course differ in French and English in certain contexts, some of which you have probably already met. These will be discussed in class. However, there is considerable overlap. Exercise 1: Identify the tense (perfect or pluperfect) and meaning of the examples below. Tense?Meaning in English?j'ai oublij'avais oublinous tions partisnous sommes partisil s'est levil s'tait lev Exercise 2: Give the form of the verb, as indicated. Pass composPlus-que-parfait1. il y a2. tu reois3. elle finit4. vous vous installez5. elle reste6. nous offrons7. je peux8. je me trompe9. il faut10. ils doivent11. je vais12. nous revenons 6. PRESENT OR FUTURE, PERFECT OR FUTURE PERFECT? Revision: the formation of the future tense ~ take the future stem. NB This is the same as the infinitive for most regular verbs and some irregular verbs, although the final -e of infinitives ending in -RE is likely to disappear. Irregular future stems need to be learnt; check in the dictionary if in doubt. Infinitive:Future stem of regular verbsInfinitiveFuture stem of irregular verbs-ER: chercherchercher_____diredir____ (final -e of infinitive has been dropped)-IR: choisirchoisir_____allerir_____-RE: rendrerendr_____ (final -e of infinitive has been dropped)venirviendr___ ~ add the future endings to the stem: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. Exercise 1 Give the future tense of the following verbs, as indicated. Those marked with an asterisk have an irregular stem. 1. entendrenous11. accepterils2. crirej'12. *faireje3. *allerils13. rejoindretu4. avertirvous14. *pouvoirnous5. *revenirelle15. rpterje6. exigeril16. *se souvenirelles7. mettrevous17. *avoirvous8. partirelles18. *envoyeril9. *tretu19. *recevoirje10. *il fautil20. ouvrirnous Note the use of tenses in the following example: 1. Je lui parlerai quand il viendra. (I'll speak to him when he comes. Literally: when he will come) Although the use of the future tense is basically straightforward in French, you need to bear in mind that the future is used after expressions of time - quand, lorsque, ds que, aussitt que, aprs que - referring to a future event, when English would use a present tense: This only applies when quand etc.refers to a future event. Contrast the following sentence with example 1: 2. Je rends visite mes grands-parents quand j'ai le temps. (I visit my grandparents when (whenever) I have time.) You will also find that French uses a future perfect tense after quand, lorsque, aussitt que etc.when English uses a perfect tense: 3. Je lui parlerai quand il aura lu les documents. (I'll speak to him when he has read the documents. Literally: when he will have read the documents) Formation of the future perfect: future tense of avoir or tre + past participle Ds qu' il aura vu la lettre, il comprendra. Literally as soon as he will have seen the letter ... Standard English: as soon as he has seen the letter, he will understand. Elle sera partie, je te prviendrai. Literally:when she will have left ... Standard English: when she has left, I will let you know. Aprs que les enfants se seront endormis, nous mettrons les cadeaux autour de l'arbre de Nol. Literally: after the children will have gone to sleep ... Standard English: after the children have gone to sleep , we will put the presents round the Christmas tree. The future perfect tense is rarely used in English, but is not uncommon in French in sentences referring to future events and after the expressions of time listed above. Exercise 2 Give the future perfect of the following verbs, adding any necessary agreements: 1. finir:J'___________ ______________2. sortirElle _________ _______________3. crireIls ____________ _____________4. se rencontrerIls ____ ___________ _______________5. offrirVous _____________ ________________ Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate tense: 1. Donnez-moi un coup de fil ds que vous ______________ le fax. (Give me a ring as soon as you have received the fax.) 2. Je vous crirai aprs qu'il__________________. (I'll write to you after he has left.) 3. Aussitt qu'il _______________, dites-lui ce qui s'est pass. (As soon as he arrives, tell him what has happened.) 4. Faites ce que vous ____________. (Do what you like.) 5. Nous pourrons ramnager la salle de sjour quand nous ________________ __________ (We can rearrange the living room when we have settled in. ) - use the correct form of s'installer here. 6. Dites-lui bonjour de ma part lorsque vous le ___________. (Give him my regards when you see him.) 7. Quand je le _____________, il a toujours l'air puis. (When I see him, he always looks exhausted.) 8. Quand je _________ Paris, je vais au thtre. (Whenever I'm in Paris I go to the theatre.) 7. USE OF CONDITIONAL / CONDITIONAL PERFECT. The standard use of the conditional or conditional perfect is relatively straightforward: Conditional: J'achterais une voiture neuve si.... I would buy a new car if ... Formation of conditional: ~ take the future stem: rendr__, finir__ etc. (See 6) ~ add the imperfect tense endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. Elle rendrait Nous finirions Conditional perfect: J'aurais achet une voiture neuve si ... I would have bought a new car if... Formation of conditional perfect: ~ conditional of avoir or tre + past participle J'aurais prfr ... I would have preferred Je serais tomb I would have fallen Revision exercise 1: complete the table below, giving the French verb forms or the English meaning as required. 1. I would explain the result ...Je _____________________ le rsultat2. J'aurais besoin de deux voitures.3. We would go to St EtienneNous___________________ St Etienne4. They would wait.5. They would have waited.6. I would have gone out.7. He would have hurried (se dpcher) 8. Nous nous serions rveills.9. They would have met (se rencontrer)10. Qui l'aurait cru? However, there are other idiomatic uses which it is important to be able to recognise: Quelqu'un qui ferait cela serait compltement fou. Anyone who did that would be completely mad. Elle a dit qu'ils partiraient quand son mari serait prt. She said that they would leave when her husband was ready. Le mcanicien a expliqu qu'on nous rparerait la voiture ds que les pices de rechange seraient arrives. The mechanic explained that they would repair the car as soon as the spare parts had arrived. In other words, a conditional is often used after relative pronouns (qui etc) or after expressions of time in reported speech. In English, a past tense may well be used, as in the examples above. The following use of the conditional occurs frequently in news reports: A en croire le Monde, une dvaluation serait invitable. If le Monde is to be believed, a devaluation is inevitable. Le ministre aurait offert sa dmission hier. The minister apparently offered his resignation yesterday. / It seems that the minister offered ... In these examples, the speaker/writer wishes to distance himself from what he is reporting or cannot vouch for the truth of the report. This use of the conditional is frequently used in news reports, both spoken and written. Beware when translating this kind of sentence into English - it would not be accurate to translate the first example as (*)According to Le Monde, a devaluation would be inevitable. Exercise 2. Translate the underlined phrases below into idiomatic English. Des insurgents auraient tu sept civils afghans lors dun attentat devant le quartier gnral de lOTAN Kaboul hier. Cette information n'avait pas encore t confirme, lundi midi, par lOTAN. Selon des et des tmoins, ces insurgents auraient galement essay dabattre un hlicoptre. A Washington, le Pentagone a confirm quun soldat amricain avait t bless lors de cet attentat. 8. SENTENCES WITH SI This section concentrates on the pattern of tenses which is required after si. The examples which follow relate to si meaning if (as opposed to si meaning whether). The sequence of tenses given below does have to be followed fairly strictly. If you have difficulty with this aspect of French grammar, it can be helpful either to learn the pattern (e.g. si + imperfect tense - main verb in conditional) or learn sample sentences which serve as a model. Mistakes tend to be made in sentences which follow patterns 2 and 3 below. 1. si + present tensemain verb: present future imperativeSi vous ratez ce train,  vous risquez dattendre longtemps.Sil a des ennuis,  il nous tlphonera.Si ta voiture tombe en panne, tlphone-moi.Note also: si + perfectmain verb: future perfect (pass compos)Si vous avez fini nous pourrons partir.Sil a reu le colis il ne nous en a rien dit.2. si + imperfect main verb: conditionalSi je savais son adresse, je vous la passerais.3. si + pluperfectmain verb: conditional perfectSi j' avais su son adresse, je lui aurais crit. The si clause can of course come after the main clause in the sentence: Il nous tlphonera sil a des ennuis. Je vous passerais son adresse si je la savais. Je lui aurais crit si javais su son adresse. Exercise 1: Add the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1. Je vous en serais reconnaissant si vous __________ (pouvoir) menvoyer les renseignements ncessaires. 2. Si lconomie ________ (tre) en meilleur tat, l'entreprise aurait moins de problmes. 3. Sil vient me voir, je lui _________ (dire) ce qui sest pass. 4. Si j_______________ (pouvoir) obtenir ce poste, jaurais t trs content. 5. Le gouvernement naurait pas perdu tant de soutien sil ____________ (russir) rduire le chmage. 6. Le ptrolier ne _______________ pas __________ (schouer) sur les rochers si le capitaine avait suivi une route plus sre. 7. Si on impose une rglementation plus stricte que celle de nos voisins, nos industries ______________ (tre) pnalises. 8. Si tu le voyais, tu _______________ (sinquiter) aussi. Exercise 2: Translate the verbs into French. 1. I would understand if he refused the contract. Je _______________________ sil ___________________ le contrat. 2. It would be better if she came earlier. (use valoir mieux) a ________________ mieux si elle ________________ plus tt. 3. We would be glad if you could reserve us a room. Nous __________ contents si vous __________ nous rserver une chambre. 4. If you saw her again (revoir), would you recognise her? Si vous la ________________, la ____________________ -vous? 5. If you invested more (investir), your income would increase. Si vous _________________davantage, vos revenus ______________ 6. If the meeting began at 3.30, we could catch the 9 oclock train. Si la runion ___________ 15h30, nous ________ prendre le train de 21h. 7. If the West had sent more aid, fewer people would have died. Si lOccident ______________ plus daide, moins de gens _____________ 8. If we had known, we would have telephoned him. Si ____________________, nous lui ______________________ 9. He would have stopped if he had seen what had happened. Il ___________________ sil ______________ ce qui _____________ 10. I would have heard if someone had tried to break the window. Je ________________ si quelquun _______________ de casser la fentre. 9. THE PASSIVE VOICE The passive (or passive voice, to use its full name) is sometimes a source of avoidable mistakes, not because of any intrinsic difficulty in the verb forms, but because the passive as such is often not recognised. It is the active voice with which you are most likely to be familiar - the verb forms in the various tenses which indicate who is doing what. This section will focus initially on the contrast between the active and passive in English, before moving on to the passive in French. 1. The dog bit the postman. 2. The postman was bitten by the dog. In the first of these two sentences, the dog carries out the action (bites the postman). The verb is therefore described as active. In the second, the postman has something done to him - he is bitten. In this instance, the verb is described as passive. Passive sentences in English often contain a reference to the so-called agent - the person or thing by whom or by which the action is carried out. (In the example above, the agent is the dog.) The presence of a phrase of this kind is one indication that the verb is passive. Exercise 1 Indicate whether the verbs in the sentences below are active or passive. 1. He shook the medicine bottle. 2. He was shaken by the news. 3. They had been seen in Paris. 4. The noise of traffic tends to disturb the class. 5. The class tends to be disturbed by the noise of traffic. 6. This picture cannot have been painted by Rubens. 7. I've been robbed. 8. Who's been sleeping in my bed? An active sentence can be made passive in English by making the direct object of the active sentence (see 2) into the subject of the passive sentence: active: Goldilocks ate the porridge. (direct object - the porridge) passive: The porridge was eaten by Goldilocks. Exercise 2 Make the sentences below passive (in English). 1. Our neighbours have invited us to dinner. 2. The police arrested him at the border. 3. Cigarette smoke set off the fire alarm. 4. The chancellor will give a speech next week. Form To form the passive in French, you need (a) the correct part of the verb tre, and (b) the past participle of the verb (which must agree with the subject) Ces voitures (f.pl.) sont fabriques au Japon. (present passive)These cars are made in Japan. Tous les billets (m.pl.) ont t vendus. (perfect passive - completed event)All the tickets have been sold / were sold .La voiture (f.pl.) tait un peu abme . (imperfect passive - description)The car was a little damaged . Le concert (m.sing.) sera annul. (future passive)The concert will be cancelled. Des contrles (m.pl.) peuvent tre effectus. (passive infinitive after peuvent)Checks may be carried out.  Exercise 3 Say whether the following verbs are active or passive. 1. Le systme a t tabli en 1979. 2. La nouvelle sera divulgue 8 heures. 3. Le porte-parole du prsident divulguera la nouvelle 8 heures. 4. J'ai prvu la runion pour jeudi. 5. La runion a t prvue pour jeudi. 6. Le maire avait confront les grvistes. 7. On ne m'a pas offert le poste. 8. La banlieue a t dveloppe. On y a construit des centres commerciaux. Exercise 4 Give the meaning of the sentences below and explain the underlined sections (Why is there an agreement? What tense has been used? Why have these tenses been used in examples 1, 3 and 6?) 1. Il a t nomm directeur. 2. Des milliers d'emplois seront supprims. 3. Le Rhin tait pollu par des produits chimiques. 4. Les formulaires doivent tre remplis avant l'arrive au port. 5. La moiti de la maison avait t dtruite. 6. Deux articles ont t publis dans un journal belge. Exercise 5 Put the verb in the correct form of the passive. The number of words required is indicated by the number of blanks: 1. Patrick __ _____ _________ par la police. (Patrick was arrested..) 2. Les chques ______ ____________ demain. (will be sent...) 3. Les touristes _____ ___________ par le soleil. (are attracted by..) 4. Des feux de circulation ____ _______ __________ . (were installed) 5. Le bistro ______ ____________ de clients. (was filled ..) 6. L'Italie et le Royaume Uni _____ _____ __________ d'abandonner le systme. (were forced..) 7. La bibliothque va ______ _____________ l'anne prochaine. (to be enlarged...) 8. Je / J' ___ _____ __________ participer un congrs. (I have been invited...) 9. Des espaces verts doivent ______ _____________ . (be created.) 10. L'environnement ne/n' ______ pas _____ __________________ . (has not been protected) Where the passive cannot be used in French Note the following examples of a passive in English which cannot be rendered in the same way in French: I was told to wait. On m'a dit d'attendre. (dire quelqu'un de faire.....) [It is incorrect to say (*) "j'tais dit" - this is an impossible construction in French] They were offered a thousand francs. On leur a offert mille euros. (offrir quelque chose quelqu'un) [It is incorrect to say (*) "Ils taient offerts" - this is also an impossible construction in French.] Verbs followed by + person (i.e. where the person is the indirect object) cannot be made passive in French with the person as the subject. It is best to use on plus an active verb, as in the examples above. If in doubt, learn a few typical examples which can serve as a model: e.g. I was given On m'a donn ... He was offered On lui a offert See also the following frequently used verbs: The inhabitants were allowed to go home. On a permis aux habitants de rentrer chez eux. The company was advised to improve its productivity. On a conseill la socit d'amliorer sa productivit. He (or she) was asked to fill in a form. On lui a demand de remplir un formulaire. Some of the commonest verbs thus affected are listed below: dire montrerdemanderenvoyerpermettre quelqu'unoffrirquelque choseconseillerde faire quelqueprsenter quelqu'undfendre chosedonnerinterdirecommandertlphoner quelqu'un Exercise 6 Translate the sentences below into French, starting with on in each case: 1. I was given the letter. 2. They were allowed to come. 3. The visitor was allowed to enter. 4. We were offered a job. 5. Hlne was advised to wait. 6. The employees were forbidden to leave. 7. Pierre was told not to go to Nice. 8. We were telephoned last night. 10. DEPUIS etc.- POINTS TO NOTE CONCERNING TENSES Depuis The choice of the correct tense after depuis is generally known but not always applied. Briefly, the pattern is as follows: Depuis + present tense: for an action which has started in the past but which is still continuing into the present. NB English uses a past tense here. Il est au bar depuis trois heures. (He has been in the bar for 3 hours - and is still there.) Il nettoie sa voiture depuis ce matin. (He has been cleaning his car since this morning - and still is.) Depuis + imperfect tense: for an action which had started in the past and was still continuing at the time. NB English uses a pluperfect tense here (see 5.1). Il tait au bar depuis trois heures quand sa femme est arrive. (He had been in the bar for 3 hours when his wife arrived.) Il nettoyait sa voiture depuis le dbut de la matine. (He had been cleaning his car since the beginning of the morning - and was still cleaning it.) As an alternative to depuis, you sometimes hear the following: voil... que + presentvoil... que + imperfectil y ail y avaita faita faisait a fait 2 heures que j'attends (I've been waiting for 2 hours.) Il y a 2 semaines qu'il travaille ici. (He's been working here for 2 weeks.) a faisait 2 heures que j'attendais. (I had been waiting for 2 hours.) Voil 2 ans que je le connaissais. (I had known him for 2 years.) Exercise 1 Add the verb in brackets in the correct tense. 1. Nous _____________ (exporter) ce modle en Asie depuis 1985. (We have been exporting ... since 1985.) 2. Ils __________________ (apprendre) le franais depuis 7 ans, mais ils matrisent le franais parl beaucoup mieux que le franais crit. (They have been learning ... for 7 years..) 3. a fait un quart d'heure que j'______________ (essayer) d'imprimer ce document, et l'imprimante ne marche toujours pas. (I've been trying for a quarter of an hour ...) 4. Nous _____________ (rouler) depuis plusieurs heures quand nous avons rencontr un embouteillage monstre. (We had been driving for several hours...) 5. a faisait une bonne demi-heure qu'elle ____________ (chercher) une place pour se garer. (She had been looking..... for a good half-hour.) 6. Depuis combien de temps _____________ (regarder) - vous par la fentre avant de voir cette personne un peu louche? (How long had you been looking...) Venir de + infinitive: to have just done . present tense (NB English uses a past tense here.) Il vient de rentrer dans un camion (He has just run into a lorry.) imperfect tense (NB English uses a pluperfect tense here.) Il venait de rentrer dans un camion. (He had just run into a lorry.) Exercise 2 Translate the sentences below into French. 1. We've just been to the dentist. 2. He's just won the lottery. 3. I had just made myself a cup of coffee. 4. They'd just sat down. Il y a - there is / there are The use of il y a can lead to avoidable mistakes. Do the exercise below, and then check your versions against the table which follows. Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of il y a / il doit y avoir etc 1. Il ___________ un cambriolage hier. There was a break-in yesterday. 2. Il _________________ une solution. There must be a solution. 3. Il __________________ un raccourci. There might be a short-cut. 4. Il __________ une grve mercredi prochain. There will be a strike next Wednesday. 5. Il ________________ un orage. There's going to be a storm. 6. Il __________ trois vieux arbres devant la maison. There were three old trees in front of the house. il y aThere is / there areil y auraThere will beil y auraitThere would beil y avaitThere was / there were (description)il y a eu There has been / there have been, there was / were (of a completed event)il y avait euThere had beenil y aurait euThere would have beenil y aura euThere will have beenil doit y avoirThere must beil devrait y avoirThere ought to be, should beil va y avoirThere is going to beil peut y avoirThere can be, there may beil pourrait y avoirThere might be Note that il y a does not have a plural form, in contrast to the English there is / there are. The subject is the singular il. This applies to all tenses. Il y avait un problme. There was a problem. Il y avait des problmes. There were problems. Devoir With devoir, you also need to take care with the choice of tense. Exercise 4 Translate the sentences below into French using the correct tense of devoir, checking against the table which follows if you are in doubt. 1. They should have received the fax. 2. You must have seen him. 3. We were to visit Paris next week. 4. I ought to take the dog for a walk. (promener le chien) 5. It must be possible. 6. We ought to have known. 7. He should have arrived. Il doit tre fou.He must be mad.Il a d partir.(1) He has had to leave.(2) He must have left.Il devait le faire.He was to do it.Il devait s'y attendre. (probability)He must have been expecting it.Je devrai le finir.I will have to finish it .Je devrais le finir.I ought to / I should finish it.*J'aurais d le finir.I ought to have finished it / I should have finished it. *Note the contrast in the structures here: J'aurais d tlphoner (infinitive) I ought to have telephoned I should have telephoned (perfect infinitive in English) Il aurait d nous le dire He ought to have told us He should have told us 11. USE OF THE INFINITIVE Exercise 1 Identify all the infinitives in the passage below and translate into English the underlined phrases. (1) Le ministre a fait construire une belle villa sur la cte mditerranenne, prs de St-Eustache, entoure d'une muraille paisse pour dcourager les journalistes indiscrets. Le projet immobilier a suscit des commentaires quelque peu malveillants. L'entrepreneur qui monsieur le ministre a confi la construction de sa villa, comme on le sait, s'est fait arrter il y a peu. Il a t inculp de corruption dans un autre projet immobilier o il aurait dcroch l'autorisation de faire construire tout un ensemble d'immeubles de grand standing sur un terrain en principe protg aux alentours de St-Eustache. Qui a dcid de lui accorder cette autorisation? Le conseil municipal de St-Eustache, dont le maire - vous l'avez devin - est le ministre lui-mme. (2) Pourquoi ne pas accorder cette autorisation? Le conseil municipal aurait t motiv par le dsir parfaitement honorable de crer des emplois St-Eustache et d'attirer de nouveaux habitants, et il aurait promis de mettre en rserve du terrain au nord de St-Eustache (3) afin de crer un petit parc. Nanmoins, les doutes n'ont pas tard se faire entendre, car la villa semble avoir cot la moiti du prix attendu pour un btiment de cette qualit. Notre ministre a hsit remettre ses factures au juge charg d'instruire l' affaire, mais (4) il a fini par cder. (5) Ne pas montrer les factures aurait fait trs mauvaise impression. Et l'entrepreneur inculp est un ami de longue date du maire / ministre. (6) Les voisins l'ont vu sortir de chez le maire de nombreuses fois, et on les a vus dner ensemble en ville. Tout cela, cependant, n'est que des rumeurs. La police a interrog le ministre mais l'a laiss partir. (7) On dit que le ministre est assez puissant pour chapper une enqute judiciaire, mais quoi, nous vivons dans un tat de droit, et personne n'est au-dessus des lois. POINTS TO REMEMBER: When two different verbs are used together,he second verb is usually in the infinitive: Je peux expliquer The infinitive must be used after , de, pour (in order to): J'ai dcid de rester pour aider mon ami. The infinitive may be separated from the first berb by a pronoun or by pas (or both): Je ne peux pas le comprendre. Further examples: First verbSecond verb - infinitiveIl voulaitpartirJe ne pouvais pasl' obtenir.Elle a renonc boire le caf.J'aurais esprm'y rendre,mais c'tait trop cher.Il fauts' occuperde tout celaIl a oubli encore une foisde donner manger au chat. There are also a number of less common uses of the infinitive which you need to be aware of, some of which occur in the passage at the start of this section. Note in particular the following: Il est trop malade pour aller au travail trop } + adjective + pour + infinitive assez} Il n'est pas assez ambitieux pour russir. He's too ill to go to work to be too ill / difficult etc.to do sth. to be ill / difficult enough to do ... He isn't ambitious enough to succeed.After verbs of perception: On voyait jouer les enfants. Je l'ai entendu chanter sous la douche.To see or hear someone doing sth (note use of present participle in English). You could see the children playing. I heard him singing in the shower. After verbs expressing starting or finishing: Il a commenc par exiger une augmentation. Il a fini par se mettre d'accord. NB by doing sth is normally rendered by en + present participle in French - en faisant quelque chose ... To start by doing / to finish by doing sth (note use of present participle in English). He began by demanding an increase. He finished by agreeing.Sans + infinitive: without doing .... Sans faire de bruit without making a noise faire faire quelque chose J'ai fait tondre le gazon. se faire faire quelque chose 1. Elle s'est fait couper les cheveux. 2. Il s'est fait tuer. to have sth done / get sth done. I had the grass cut. to get sth done 1. with parts of the body: She had her hair cut. 2. with the sense of to have something happen to oneself: He got himself killed / he was killed. Exercise 2: Translate the sentences below into English 1. Jai fait repeindre ma cuisine. 2. Jean-Philippe est parti sans rencontrer son nouveau voisin. 3. Elle a fini par accepter le poste Bordeaux. 4. Il a dit quil tait trop fatigu pour continuer. 5. Jai dcid de travailler la maison pour viter les embouteillages. Exercise 3 Translate into French, referring back to the passage in Exercise 1 as well as to the table above. 1. We saw them cross the road. 2. I ended up staying at home. 3. He's far too important to answer the phone himself. 4. He left France in order to escape a police investigation. 5. Giving up chocolate would be impossible. Exercise 4 Infinitive? Present tense? Past participle? Add the correct ending to the verbs below: er, ez or : 1. Vous all___ voir. 2. On a rencontr___ des tas de gens trs sympa. 3. Nous esprons vous contact___ dans un proche avenir. 4. C'est bien le droit que vous tudi___ ? 5. Je crois qu'il ne t'a pas cout____. Il est incapable de se concentr_____ 6. Qui attend____ - vous? Le directeur? Je suis vraiment navr____, mais son avion a t retard___ . 7. Avez-vous pu persuad____ le comit d'accept____ votre projet? 8. Le vol a t annul____ cause de la grve. 9. Aprs avoir djeun____, nous nous sommes rendus en ville. 10. Il espre tre nomm______ adjoint au maire. 12. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (1) - qui, que, ce qui, ce que The exercises below are intended to serve as revision of qui, que, ce qui and ce que. If you are in doubt as to the correct choice of pronoun, work through the explanatory notes and exercises first, then return to the exercises on this page. Exercise 1a Qui or que? 1. Comment s'appelle le collgue ______ nous a invits? 2. Comment s'appelle le collgue ______ nous avons invit? 3. Je crois que c'est Jean-Luc ______ te cherche. 4. Je crois que c'est Jean-Luc ______ tu cherches. 5. C'est bien le chef des exportations ______ vous rencontrerez? 6. C'est bien le chef des Exportations ______ vous rencontrera? Exercise 1b Qui or que? 1. Jean va apporter les livres ________ j'ai oublis. 2. C'est une question ________ est difficile rsoudre. 3. Voici un des plans ________ M Le Bret nous a fait parvenir. 4. On vous donnera l'argent ________ vous sera ncessaire pour le voyage. 5. C'est une rclame ________ m'amuse. 6. La rclame ________ les tlspectateurs prfrent est celle pour la bire. 7. Il y a deux invitations ________ Luc a d refuser cause de son travail. 8. La personne ________ vous a aid sera l dans un instant. 9. Mon ami, _______vous ne connaissez pas encore, est programmateur chez IBM. 10. L'avocat _______ nous a conseill de porter plainte s'appelle Matre Lot. Exercise 2 Qui or ce qui? 1. Le chanteur _____ est mort ce matin tait malade depuis longtemps. 2. C'est une ville ______ mrite le dtour. 3. Je n'ai aucune ide quand elle arrivera, ______ m'agace un peu. 4. _______ m'intresse le plus, c'est la varit du travail. 5. Savez-vous ______ s'est pass? 6. La livre est assez forte en ce moment, ______ est mauvais pour les exportations. 7. La grve a beaucoup nui au tourisme, _____ a ajout aux difficults de la rgion. 8. C'est la tlcopie _____ nous est parvenue hier. Exercise 3 Que or ce que? 1. Je ne comprends pas _____ tu veux. 2. Tous les projets ______ il avait faits se sont avrs irralisables. 3. _______ il exige, c'est de la tranquillit 4. Voil le dpliant ______ vous cherchiez. 5. C'est tout ______ j'ai vu. 6. Je n'ai aucune ide de ________ je peux faire ici. 7. Les produits _________ commandaient nos prdcesseurs plaisaient surtout la clientle franaise. Explanatory notes QUI - who, which La dame qui parlait tout lheure est chef du Service des Ventes. (The lady who was speaking just now is the head of the Sales dept.) La dame qui nous parlait tout lheure est chef du Service des Ventes. (The lady who was speaking to us just now is the head of the Sales dept.) In these examples, the part of the sentence introduced by qui and highlighted is known as the relative clause. Qui is the subject of this clause; i.e. who refers to the person doing the talking. (See GAL 2) Further examples: 1. Cest un poste qui exige normment de travail (It's a job which demands...) 2. Le concessionnaire qui vous a tlphon a d annuler le rendez-vous. (The agent who telephoned you ...) 3. Ctait Jeanne qui les cherchait tout lheure. (It was Jeanne who was looking for them ...) 4. C'est un modle qui nous sera trs utile. (It's a model which will be very useful to us) As the examples indicate, qui can be followed a) directly by the verb (example 1) b) by an object pronoun and then a verb (examples 2-4): vous (example 2 - qui vous a tlphon - who phoned you.) les (example 3 - qui les cherchait.) nous (example 4 - qui nous sera.) QUE - who(m), which, that Le curry qu'il a command est trop pic. (The curry (which) he ordered is too hot.) La jeune femme que le ministre a rencontre tait journaliste. (The young woman (who/whom) the minister met was a journalist.) The highlighted section in each of the two examples above constitutes the relative clause. Que is the direct object of the relative clause; i.e. it tells you what he ordered, or who(m) the minister met. (For further explanation concerning the direct object, see GAL 2.) Further examples: 1. La voiture que mon collgue a loue est tombe en panne. (The car which my colleague hired ...) 2. La disquette que Fred a perdue contient tout son travail. (The disk that Fred lost...) 3. Le concessionnaire que vous vouliez voir a d annuler le rendez-vous. (The agent that / who you wanted to see...) 4. C'tait Jeanne qu'ils cherchaient tout l'heure. (It was Jeanne they were looking for ...) As the examples indicate, que can be followed a) directly by a noun or name - mon collgue (example 1), Fred (example 2) b) by a pronoun which is the subject of the relative clause - vous, ils (examples 3-4) An important point to remember: although that, which and who(m) can be omitted in English, que cannot be omitted in French. 1a. The friend that I invited has drunk all my whisky.1b. The friend I invited has drunk all my whisky.2a. The room which he is renting has a leaking roof.2b. The room he is renting has a leaking roof.3a. Can you describe the man who(m) you saw leaving the shop?3b. Can you describe the man you saw leaving the shop? In the English examples above, the a) and b) versions of the sentences are equally acceptable. In French, however, there is no alternative to que: 1. L'ami que j'ai invit a bu tout mon whisky. 2. La chambre qu'il loue a un toit qui fuit. 3. Pouvez-vous dcrire l'homme que vous avez vu sortir du magasin? Exercise 4 ~ Rewrite the following sentences in English so that they incorporate a correct relative pronoun. ~ Then translate them into French. e.g. The bus I catch every morning takes a good hour to get into town. The bus which I catch....... 1. The *printer my neighbour uses is slow and noisy. 2. The film I wanted to see isn't on any more. 3. The person you should contact is on holiday for the next two weeks. 4. Did you find the students you mentioned? ** 5. The bus we're *waiting for is late. * printer = une imprimante * to wait for = attendre (do not include pour ) ** if que introduces a clause with a verb in the pass compos (or pluperfect, etc), an agreement may be needed on the past participle: la voiture que j'ai loue ... les amis que nous avons rencontrs... (See GAL 4.) Exercise 5 Qui or que? 1. C'est un collgue ______ Pierre n'a pas encore rencontr. 2. C'est toujours toi ______ me fait attendre! 3. Le jeune homme ______ on a arrt hier est belge. 4. Les marques _____se vendent le mieux sur le march intrieur sont celles-ci. 5. Le client ______ nous attendons a t retard l'aroport. 6. Le client ______nous attend s'intresse surtout aux modles haut de gamme. 7. Je crois que ce style, _______ a eu un grand succs ici, plaira vos clients. 8. Le reprsentant ________ te parlait vient des tablissements Dufour. 9. La facture ________ nous vous avons envoye contient une erreur. 10. Nous enverrons tout de suite la documentation ________ vous avez demande 11. L'htel ______ la rceptionniste nous a recommand se trouve au centre. 12. Voici l'argent ________ il vous faut pour le train. 13. Passez-moi un coup de fil dans les jours ________ viennent. 14. Le reprsentant ________ vous rendra visite apportera des chantillons. CE QUI / CE QUE This is the equivalent of the English what / which / that which: One of the most important uses of ce qui / ce que: 1 Ce qui m'irrite, c'est que les magasins ferment 17 heures. What annoys me is the fact that the shops shut at 5.00. 2. Ce que vous voulez est impossible. What you want is impossible. 3. Savez-vous ce qui s'est pass? Do you know what has happened. 4. Viens voir ce que j'ai achet. Come and see what I've bought. In these examples, ce qui and ce que refer to something which has not yet been mentioned in the sentence. They are often found at the start of a sentence, as in examples 1 and 2. Note that in direct questions ce qui and ce que cannot be used. The appropriate question word has to be used instead: Qu'est-ce que tu veux? What do you want? Quelle est la difficult? What is the difficulty? See also GAL 17 - 18 on question forms. Note the use of ce qui etc.in the phrases tout ce qui and tout ce que (everything which or everything that): J'ai lu tout ce qu'il a crit. I've read everything (that) hes written Je ne peux pas expliquer tout ce qui est arriv. I cant explain everything that has happened (NB You cannot say "tout qui" or "tout que" in French.) Ce qui and ce que are also used to sum up a preceding phrase or clause: On a annonc plusieurs centaines de licenciements et la fermeture d'une des mines, ce qui a provoqu un joli toll. They announced several hundred redundancies and the closure of one of the mines, which caused a real outcry. ce qui / which refers to the preceding clause - to the fact that hundreds of redundancies and the closure of a mine were announced. However, if the which refers back to a specific antecedent (i.e. to a specific word occurring earlier in the sentence) you will need to use qui or que by themselves, without the preceding ce: Les licenciements qu'on a annoncs ont provoqu un joli toll. The redundancies (which) they announced caused a real outcry. (que / which refers directly to les licenciements) Contrast also the following: Les marchandises sont arrives endommages, ce qui nous a caus des ennuis avec notre clientle. (ce qui refers to the fact that the goods arrived damaged) Les marchandises qui sont arrives endommages ont t retournes. (qui refers directly to les marchandises) Exercise 6 Decide whether the sentences below require (a) qui/que (who/which refers back to a specific word) or (b) ce qui / ce que (which/what refers to something not yet mentioned in the sentence or sums up a whole preceding phrase / clause, or follows tout. ) Then choose the correct form: (a) the subject qui / ce qui or (b) the direct object, que / ce que 1. Je lui ai demand ___________ elle avait achet. I asked her what she had bought. 2. Tout __________ nous avons entendu au sujet du film a t positif. Everything we've heard about the film has been positive. 3. Il ne m'a pas dit ___________ il voulait faire. He did not tell me what he wanted to do. 4. L'article __________ je cherche a t publi l'anne dernire. The article I'm looking for was published last year. 5. L'appartement __________ vient d'tre vendu est ct. The flat which has just been sold is next door. 6. _______ m'irrite, c'est le bruit. What bothers me is the noise. 7. Le modle _______ on veut introduire en Italie a eu un grand succs en France. The model they want to introduce in Italy has been very successful in France. Exercise 7 Translate the sentences below into French. 1. The paper which reported the scandal first was Libration. 2. What really gets on my nerves is the traffic. 3. He snores loudly, which she considers grounds for divorce. 4. The suggestion you made was accepted. Word order For recognition purposes when you are reading more formal written French, note the following inversion of verb & subject after que or ce que: Je ne sais pas ce que veut mon frre. (ce que mon frre veut) (I don't know what my brother wants.) Les projets de dcret qu'a voqus le prsident. (que le prsident a voqus) (The bills that the president mentioned.) Les rsultats qu'examinaient les chercheurs n'taient gure encourageants. (que les chercheurs examinaient...) (The results which the researchers examined..) 13 RELATIVE PRONOUNS (2) - DONT One of the two main uses of dont is to mean whose, of whom : Le voisin dont le fils est malade est rest chez lui aujourd'hui. (The neighbour whose son is ill stayed at home today.) Word order 1.Le voisindontle filsestmaladereste chez lui.(subject)(verb)2.La collguedontjeconnaisle frretravaille chez (subject)(verb) Accor.3. Le patrondontnousvisitonsles atelierssappelle Cayrol.(subject)(verb) *Note that in examples 2 and 3 above the word order differs from what you would expect in English: - whose brother I know is rendered as of whom I know the brother - whose workshops we are visiting is rendered as of whom we are visiting the workshops. Exercise 1 Rewrite the words in brackets in the correct order: 1. Le client [rparons lappareil nous dont ] viendra le chercher demain. 2. Le collgue [le numro de tlphone cherchait Pierre dont] est en vacances. 3. Les sous-traitants [dont les produits nous utilisons] ont fait faillite. 4. Cest un dveloppement [crains les consquences dont je]. Exercise 2 Complete the sentences in French: 1. Je sjourne chez l'ami _______________________ Im staying with the friend whose family we met yesterday. 2. Le Mans, __________________________________ vaut la visite. Le Mans, whose cathedral is very famous, is worth a visit. 3. Nous accepterons la socit _________________________________ We will accept the firm whose *delivery period is the shortest. 4. La compagnie d'assurances _______________________ a augment ses tarifs. The insurance company whose services we *use has increased its charges. * to use - utiliser *delivery period - les dlais (m) de livraison The second main use of dont is with verbs which are followed by de + noun, referring either to a person or to a thing. With these verbs, dont means *which / that, and is used instead of que. 1. Le livre dont jai besoin sappelle Mort sur le Nil The book which I need is called Death on the Nile or *The book I need is called avoir besoin de quelque chose - you cannot say le livre que jai besoin de s'appelle.." 2. La difficult dont il parlait a t rsolue. The difficulty (*which) he was talking about has been resolved. parler de quelque chose - you cannot say "la difficult que le chef parlait de a t rsolue." 3. La personne dont je me suis aperu tait grande et trs bronze. The person (*whom) I noticed was tall and very sun-tanned. s'apercevoir de quelqu'un - you cannot say "la personne que je me suis aperu de tait.." The second example, translated literally, would read as follows: The difficulty about which he was talking has been resolved. You are of course far more likely to hear or say: The difficulty which he was talking about .. or The difficulty *he was talking about * As we have already seen, the relative pronoun in English, which /that/whom, can be omitted. In French, however, dont, like que, cannot be omitted. (See 12) Exercise 3 Translate the sentences below into English. 1. La carte dont ils avaient besoin tait en rupture de stock. 2. Le congrs dont le directeur a parl aura lieu aux Bahamas. 3. Le modle dont je me souviens tait plus conomique. 4. Les mthodes de production dont ils se servent sont vraiment archaques. 5. Le poste dont mon frre a envie est trs bien rmunr. 6. Le secteur dont je m'occupe est celui de la fabrication. 7. Le grand btiment dont nous nous approchons maintenant est le restaurant universitaire. 8. La plupart des erreurs dont je me suis aperu sont des fautes de frappe. 9. Un rsultat possible dont on a peur est une augmentation du nombre de licenciements. 10. Le rseau est tomb en panne ce matin. Quels sont les programmes dont vous ne pouvez pas vous passer? Exercise 4 List the infinitive form and the meaning of the verbs with de used in exercise 3 above. The first two are given: 1. avoir besoin de to need 2. parler de to talk about 3. ________________ ____________________ 4. ________________ ____________________ 5. ________________ ____________________ 6. ________________ ____________________ 7. ________________ ____________________ 8. ________________ ____________________ 9. ________________ ____________________ 10.________________ ____________________ Exercise 5 Rewrite the sentences below in English to include the relative pronoun. Then translate the underlined sections into French, using verbs from your list in exercise 4. eg: The only insects he is afraid of are spiders. > The only insects which / that he is afraid of are spiders. 1. The article we needed had been borrowed from the library. 2. His room was tidy. That was the main change I noticed. 3. This is the case he is dealing with. 4. I forgot most of the vocabulary, and the words I remembered didn't come up in the test anyway. Dont, duquel, de qui? Note the following variation when you have a preposition consisting of two or more words, such as ct de: Ltudiant ct de qui jtais assis ma prt du papier. (The student I was sitting next to ...) La ville aux alentours de laquelle jhabitais souffrait dun taux de chmage lev. (The town on the outskirts of which I lived ...) Le mdecin en face de qui nous habitons ... Le couloir au bout duquel vous trouverez le vestiaire... Elle s'est approche de la porte, au milieu de laquelle se trouvait une petite fentre. After these prepositions consisting of two or more words - ct de, aux alentours de, en face de, au bout de, au milieu de and others - you cannot use dont. Instead, you need the following: de qui when referring to people, duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles when referring to things. Finally, dont is not used in questions. It is replaced by de qui (people) or de quoi (things): De qui parlez-vous? Who are you talking about? De qui avez-vous besoin? Who do you need? De quoi vous souvenez-vous? What do you remember? Exercise 6 Fill in the blanks with dont, de qui, duquel etc.or de quoi as appropriate: 1. Le jeune homme prs de _________ elle se tenait.... 2. Le produit ________ je me sers le plus souvent est devenu assez cher.. 3. Le caf et le supermarch en face de ________________ nous habitons sont trs bruyants. 4. ___________ s'occupe-t-il? (What...?) 5. Le chaos au milieu ___________ il vivait lui convenait parfaitement. 6. Non, ce n'est pas lui, l'tudiant _______________ je me souviens. Dont or ce dont? Dont refers back to specific antecedent - a specific word, name, person, thing: La route dont je me souviens tait trs dfonce..... The road I remember was full of potholes. Dont, here, refers directly back to la route. Ce dont, in contrast, is used in the same way as ce qui or ce que, but with verbs taking de + noun. It can either refer back to a whole phrase or clause, or refer to something which has not yet been mentioned. Ce dont le pays souffre le plus, c'est le chmage. What the country suffers from most is unemployment. (souffrir de quelque chose) Ce dont here does not refer back to a specific word - it refers forward to something which has not previously been mentioned. See 12, ce qui / ce que. 14. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (3) - WHEN USED AFTER A PREPOSITION This section deals with the following types of pattern: the company I work for, the friend she lives with, the people he spoke to etc. The structure is important and needs to be known as it differs significantly from the English equivalent. Attempt exercise 1 first as revision. Then work through the explanatory section to clear up any difficulties. Exercise 1 When do you use qui and when do you use lequel / laquelle / lesquels / lesquelles after a preposition? Fill in the blanks as appropriate: 1. La personne pour ______________ je travaille est en dplacement d'affaires. (for whom) 2. L'oncle et la tante chez ___________ j'habitais avaient un grand pavillon Lyon. (with whom) 3. L'ami avec_______________ nous voyageons est tomb malade. (with whom) 4. Le dictionnaire avec__________________ je travaille est excellent. (with which) 5. L'entreprise pour __________________ je travaille a des difficults financires. (for which) 6. Les documents sans ____________________ on ne devrait pas voyager sont le passeport et le permis de conduire. (without which) As far as the choice of qui or lequel is concerned, the main distinction depends on what you are referring to: the avec qui pattern is used to refer to people. the avec lequel pattern is used primarily to refer to things, but can also be used to refer to people, although qui is more common. The exceptions are parmi (amongst) and entre (between, amongst ) , after which lesquels or lesquelles must be used for both people and things: Les gens parmi lesquels j'habitais l'poque m'aidaient beaucoup. Lequel is occasionally used instead of qui to avoid ambiguity: Le fils de ma cousine, lequel vient d'arriver, est gravement malade. If you said "qui vient d'arriver", it could also refer to "ma cousine". Sentence structure and word order Note the structure of this type of sentence: La socit pour laquelle je travaille ... Translated literally, this would read: The company for which I work ..., In modern English you would be more likely to hear: The company which I work for or The company I work for In French it is impossible to say "La socit que je travaille pour..." The sentence has to be reorganised to give the pattern la socit pour laquelle je travaille, and the relative pronoun - which / laquelle - cannot be omitted. Exercise 2 Rewrite the sentences below in English as indicated in the example: The house I parked in front of has no drive. This can be rewritten as: The house in front of which I parked .... Then translate the underlined sections of the sentence into French. 1. The table the cat was sitting under was set for a dinner party. 2. The team they are playing against has won its last 10 matches. 3. The candidate he *campaigned for lost his deposit. 4. The pub I live *above is incredibly rowdy. 5. The caravan they live in even has a satellite dish. 6. The man she is going out with is a good cook. *to campaign for faire campagne pour *above/over au dessus de A qui or auquel ? This section covers the following types of pattern: The person I spoke to La personne qui j'ai parl ... The subject I'm interested in Le sujet auquel je m'intresse ... This is the pattern which has to be used with verbs which are followed by + person or thing (See also GAL 3 and 20.) Usage: qui is usually used when referring to people auquel, laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles when referring to things. Exercise 3 Add the correct relative pronoun - qui or auquel etc: 1. La dame _____________ j'ai parl m'a dit d'attendre. 2. Les amis _______________ j'ai tlphon n'taient pas l. 3. La question ______________ il est indispensable de rpondre ... 4. Le bureau _________________ j'ai adress ma lettre ... 5. Les sports ___________________ il s'intresse sont le squash et le golf. Exercise 4 Translate the sentences below into French. All the verbs take + person/thing. The underlined sections are those which need particular attention. e.g. The assistant I explained the problem to was very helpful. L'assistant qui j'ai expliqu le problme a t trs serviable. The letter I answered is on the desk. La lettre laquelle j'ai rpondu est sur le bureau. 1. The questions I answered were quite easy. (rpondre une question) 2. The policeman we gave the purse to noted our address. 3. The book I am interested in is by Dumas. (s'intresser ..) 4. The events I was thinking of took place in 1950. (penser ..) 5. The friends I lent my notes to haven't returned them yet. (prter ..) 6. The person I telephoned did not have much information. (tlphoner ..) Use of o When indicating the place where something is situated or has happened, o is frequently used instead of the lengthier dans lequel or sur lequel. le tiroir o je l'ai laiss The drawer where / in which I left it la ville o il habitait The town where / in which he lived . / The town he lived in. Also, in expressions of time such as the day when, o has to be used instead of quand. NB In these examples, when can be omitted in English. O, however, cannot be omitted. le jour o il est parti the day when he left / the day he left ds le moment o nous sommes arrivs from the moment (when) we arrived 15. THE SUBJUNCTIVE (1) In grammar reference books you will often find references to the subjunctive mood, rather than just to the subjunctive. There are several "moods" in French, of which the most frequently discussed are the indicative, the subjunctive and the imperative. The use of the term "mood" can be treated as a terminological convention and need not delay us here. What you need to know is the distinction between the indicative (the standard verb forms which you use all the time, in all tenses, active or passive) and the subjunctive. The subjunctive in French tends to be used mainly in certain subordinate clauses, i.e. after a specific range of expressions + que. It often conveys expressions of emotion, or the notion of doubt, uncertainty, unreality or hypothesis. However, despite a few grey areas, the instances when the subjunctive has to be used are frequently clear-cut and can be learnt. You will need to have good grasp of the forms and use of the subjunctive, as the present and perfect forms are very widely used in modern French. 15.1 Present subjunctive - form Regular verbs take the 3rd person plural (ils form) of the present tense (indicative) omit -ent add the following endings: -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent parlerfinirrendrepresent indicativeils parlentils finissentils rendentjeparlefinisserendetuparlesfiniss__rend__ilparlefiniss__rend__nousparlions*finiss_____ *rend_____ *vousparliez*finiss_____ *rend_____ *ilsparlentfiniss_____rend_____ * NB the nous and vous forms are identical to the imperfect indicative. Many irregular verbs follow exactly the same pattern: dire: (present indicative: ils disent) je dise, nous disions mettre: (present indicative: ils mettent) je mette, nous mettions sortir: (present indicative: ils sortent) je sorte, nous sortions atteindre: (present indicative: ils atteignent) jatteigne, nous atteignions rduire: (present indicative: ils rduisent) je rduise, nous rduisions Verbs with stem change. In the following verbs, the same rule applies (start with the ils form of the present indicative), but the nous and vous forms are modified: venirprendreboireappelerpresentnous venonsnous prenonsnous buvonsnous appelonsindicativeils viennentils prennentils boiventils appellentjevienneprenneboiveappelletuviennesprennes_________________________ilvienneprenne_________________________nousvenions prenions _____________ ____________ vousveniez preniez_____________ ____________ ilsviennentprennent_________________________ What happens is that the nous and vous forms of the subjunctive revert to the nous stem of the present (rather than the ils form). This leaves you with a subjunctive form which looks identical to the imperfect. Complete the table above for boire and appeler. Irregular verbs - the inevitable group: avoirtrefaireallerjeaiesoisfasseailletuaies *soisfassesaillesilaitsoitfasseaillenousayonssoyonsfassionsallionsvousayezsoyezfassiezalliezilsaientsoientfassentaillent pouvoirsavoirvouloirjepuissesacheveuilletupuissessachesveuillesilpuissesacheveuillenouspuissionssachions **voulionsvouspuissiezsachiez **vouliez ***ilspuissentsachentveuillent * the tu imperative of avoir drops the s to give aie: aie patience! ** savoir has an imperative form which is slightly different: sache, sachons, sachez *** vouloir also has a different imperative form: veuille, (veuillons), veuillez. You will probably have met veuillez in formal correspondence. 15.2 Perfect subjunctive This is straightforward: combine the present subjunctive of avoir or tre, as required, with the past participle, adding any agreements to the past participle which the perfect indicative would normally require: Je ne crois pas quil ait compris. Je doute qu elle soit partie. Je suis content que vous vous soyez installs ici. Exercise 1: put the verbs in brackets in the present subjunctive 1. Il veut que nous l ______________ ici. (attendre) 2. Il est impossible que Pierre ___________ la tche avant midi. (finir) 3. Il faut que je _________ le livre la bibliothque. (rendre) 4. Voulez-vous que je lui _________ ce qui sest pass? (dire) 5. Il est essentiel que vous ___________ cet article. (lire) 6. Je mattends ce quil __________ huit heures. (venir) 7. Cest dommage que vous ne ___________ plus au club. (venir) 8. Je regrette quelle ne __________ pas nous rendre visite. (pouvoir) 9. Il est temps que le gouvernement ___________ des mesures contre le chmage. (prendre) 10. Bien quil _________ beau, elle porte un manteau. (faire) 11. Il se peut quelle _________ malade. (tre) 12. Je suis content que tu te ___________ mieux maintenant. (sentir) 13. Il soppose ce que vous y ___________ (aller) 14. Jai brl la lettre pour que personne ne la _________ (voir) 15. Loin quil _______ maider (pouvoir), il ne comprend mme pas le problme. 16. Quil _______ beau (faire) ou quil ____________ (pleuvoir), je sortirai. 17. Qui que ce _________ (tre), je nouvrirai pas la porte. 18. Quels que ________ leurs problmes (tre), ils se dbrouillent fort bien. 19. A supposer que vous n___________ pas ce poste, que ferez-vous? (obtenir) 20. Il est trop jeune pour que vous lui _____________ du vin. (offrir) Exercise 2: put the verbs in brackets in the perfect subjunctive: 1. Il est fier que sa fille _______________ nager (apprendre) 2. Elle nie que laccus lui _____________visite. (rendre) 3. Elle est partie sans quon l ________________ (voir) 4. Pensez-vous quils ___________________ ? (rentrer) 5. Cest le meilleur roman que j______________ (lire) 15.3 Uses of the subjunctive The summary below is intentionally brief. For more complete lists, and a discussion of the implications of the use or avoidance of the subjunctive, see Byrne and Churchill, A Comprehensive French Reference Grammar, pp358-383 or Arragon, Teach Yourself French Grammar, pp121-4. After verbs expressing a wish or an emotion Je veux que tu partes. Il prfrait que nous l'attendions ici. Elle tait fche qu'on ait perdu la documentation. Je crains que Pierre *ne soit malade. (I'm afraid that Pierre may be ill) (*The 'expletive ne' here is a relic of an older construction and does not make the sentence negative.) After verbs expressing an obligation, a command or a prohibition Il faut que vous preniez des mesures immdiates. Les lecteurs exigent que le gouvernement fasse quelque chose. J'interdis qu'on vienne me voir After expressions of doubt, denial, uncertainty Je doute qu'il ait rencontr l'adjoint. Il nie que cela soit vrai. Je ne suis pas sr que vous ayez compris. (BUT: il est sr que + indicative) After penser, croire and esprer when they are negative or interrogative (and thus convey doubt or uncertainty) Pensez-vous qu'il revienne? (BUT: je pense qu'il reviendra) Je ne crois pas que ce projet aboutisse. After many impersonal verbs and expressions (check usage in a good dictionary if in doubt) Il vaut mieux que vous vous reposiez. Il est important que le PDG reoive cette brochure. Il est temps que nous partions. Il est essentiel que je le voie. After a vague or negative antecedent Il n'y a personne qui comprenne. Y a-t-il quelqu'un qui sache tout cela? After many superlatives, le seul, le premier and le dernier when expressing an opinion C'est le meilleur livre que j'aie lu. Il est le seul qui ait russi dans ce genre de travail. After certain conjunctions Bien qu'il soit fatigu.... Sortez sans qu'on vous entende. Nous achterons un appartement pouvu que Luc puisse trouver un emploi. When expressing a wish in the third person Vive le roi! Qu'il vienne me voir! (Let him come and see me) Que personne ne bouge! (Let no-one move / Don't anyone move..) In concessive clauses (whatever, whoever etc) Quelles que soient ses opinions (Whatever his/her opinions may be) Quoi qu'on en dise. (Whatever people may say about it) Qui que ce soit (Whoever it may be) NB Although the subjunctive often follows que, this does not mean that you must use a subjunctive after que on every occasion. If in doubt, check usage in the dictionary or reference grammar. 15.4 Infinitive or subjunctive? (See 15.3 above, verbs expressing wish or emotion.) In English, when saying what you want to do, and what you want someone else to do, an infinitive can be used: 1. I would like to sell my old car. 2. I would like my friend to sell his old car. In French, however, two different structures have to be used: 1. Je voudrais vendre ma vieille voiture. The subject of voudrais is the same as the subject of vendre - "je". 2. Je voudrais que mon ami vende sa vieille voiture. The subject of voudrais is "je", the subject of vende is "mon ami". When there is a change of subject after a verb of wishing, wanting or preferring, the second pattern using que + the subjunctive, must be used. You cannot follow the example of English and use an infinitive. Exercise 3 Translate the pairs of sentences below into English. 1a. Jaurais prfr aller aux Antilles. 1b. Jaurais prfr que tu ailles aux Antilles. 2a. Je voudrais prendre lavion pour Athnes. 2b. Je voudrais que mon adjoint prenne lavion pour Athnes. 3a. Il souhaite nous rendre visite aprs les vacances. 3b. Il souhaite que nous lui rendions visite aprs les vacances. 4a. Vous voulez attendre ici? 4b. Vous voulez que jattende ici? 5a. Vous voulez mattendre ici? 5b. Vous voulez que je vous attende ici? 6a. Je suis content de pouvoir rester en Italie. 6b. Je suis content que vous puissiez rester en Italie. 7a. Il vaut mieux patienter un peu. 7b. Il vaut mieux que vous patientiez un peu. 8a. Il tait fch de ne pas savoir qui avait tlphon. 8b. Il tait fch que sa secrtaire nait pas su qui avait tlphon. Exercise 4 Translate the sentences into French. 1. We would prefer to work in London. 2. We would prefer them to work in London. 3. I would like you to visit them. 4. I would like to visit them. 5. He wishes to apply for the job. (poser sa candidature au poste) 6. He wishes me to apply for the job. 7. They would prefer to finish at 6.00pm. 8. They would prefer you to finish at 6.00 pm. 9. I am delighted to have met them. 10. I am delighted that you have met them. 11. They are pleased that you received their card. 12. They are pleased to have received your card. 16. THE SUBJUNCTIVE (2) Expressions of doubt, denial and uncertainty (See 15.3) After phrases expressing doubt and uncertainty, or denying something, a subjunctive is generally required: douter quenier queto deny thatje ne suis pas sr(e) queje ne dis pas queil ne croit pas queest-il certain que ?il se peut queit may be thatil est possible que However, there are some exceptions - il est probable que and peut-tre que require an indicative, not a subjunctive, despite the fact that they convey a degree of uncertainty. Note that the following types of phrase which express greater certainty require an indicative: je suis certain(e) que+ indicativeje dis que+ indicativeje crois que etc Exercise 1. Add the correct form of the indicative or the subjunctive: 1. Je suis sr que le guide ___________ le chemin. (connatre) 2. Je ne crois pas qu'il ___________ le chemin. (connatre) 3. Il croit que l'entreprise __________ sur le point de faire faillite. (tre) 4. Croyez-vous que la conjoncture __________ s'amliorer? (pouvoir) 5. J'espre que tu ______________ bien. (s'amuser) 6. Il est possible qu'elle _____________ (tomber - use perfect tense) 7. Je doute que le nouvel adjoint _________ assez d'exprience. (avoir) 8. Peut-tre que nous ____________ bientt les rsultats. (savoir) 9. Il nie que son tablissement _______________ ses clients. (tromper - use perfect tense) 10. Il n'est pas du tout vident que notre chef ________ quoi faire. (savoir) 11. Je ne dis pas qu'il _______ tort. (avoir) 12. Il se peut qu'on nous ____________ les actions.(vendre) 13. Etes-vous certain que les visiteurs _____________? (partir - use perfect tense) 14. Il est probable que l'universit ____________ un nouveau programme. (introduire) Exercise 2 Translate into French: 1. I don't think he's capable of winning. 2. I doubt that they have read the report. 3. Do you think that she will come back to the office? 4. It is hoped that the situation will change. 5. Do you deny that you visited M Dupont on Tuesday? 6. Perhaps the company will offer a new contract. Use of the subjunctive after certain conjunctions (See 15.3) Exercise 3 Make complete sentences from the table which follows by adding a suitable conjunction from the list below. (The resulting sentence must make sense.) quoique (although) moins que ...(ne) (unless) avant que ...(ne) (before) sans que (without ..someone doing something..) jusqu' ce que (until) pour que / afin que (so that) pourvu que (provided that) en attendant que (while waiting for something to happen...) You will need to change the verb in the final column into the subjunctive. After the conjunctions indicated, a ne will also have to be added before the verb in the subjunctive. This is relic of an older construction and does not make the verb negative. The first sentence is done for you. 1. Je serai au bureau 8 heures ?la circulation est trop dense. 2. On va dmnager ?ma femme obtient un nouveau poste3. Elle n'a pas beaucoup maigri ?elle suit un rgime assez stricte4. La socit ne pourra pas augmenter ses ventes.  ? elle rduit ses tarifs 5. On tape tout sur une vieille machine crire ?l'ordinateur est rpar. 6. Il va falloir faire des copies de l'ordre du jour ?la runion a lieu.7. J'ai ajout des notes supplmentaires ?tu comprends mieux cet aspect du problme8. La direction a refus de le nommer adjoint. ?on sait pourquoi 1. Je serai au bureau huit heures moins que la circulation ne soit trop dense. 2. _______________________________________________________ 3. _______________________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________ 6. _______________________________________________________ 7. _______________________________________________________ 8. _______________________________________________________ Avant, avant de or avant que + subjunctive? (a) Avant + noun, pronoun, date etc: avant la fin de l'anne, avant notre retour avant mardi avant moi (b) Avant de + infinitive or avant que (ne) + subjunctive? Note the following examples: a) Il a rang les documents dans le coffre-fort avant de partir. He put the documents away in the safe before leaving b) Il a rang les documents dans le coffre-fort avant que nous (ne) soyons partis. He put the documents away in the safe before we left. c) Je vous verrai avant de me rendre Londres. I will see you before going to London. d) Je le verrai avant qu'il (ne) se rende Londres. I will see him before he goes to London. When the subject of the action introduced by avant changes, use avant que + subjunctive. Otherwise, use avant de + infinitive. NB it is sometimes possible to use a noun instead of a subjunctive clause: avant qu'il (ne) parte avant son dpart avant qu'il n'arrive avant son arrive avant qu'il ne revienne avant son retour avant qu'il ne meure avant sa mort Sans + infinitive or sans que + subjunctive? The same distinction applies as for avant: a) Il est parti sans me voir. (same subject - he left without seeing me) b) Il est parti sans que je le voie. (subject changes - he left without my seeing him) Exercise 4 Translate the missing sections into French. 1. He checked a couple of dates before writing the report. Il a vrifi quelques dates avant _________________________ le compte-rendu. 2. I will give you the article before you *take the exam. (to take an exam - passer un examen) Je vous donnerai l'article avant ________________________ l'examen. 3. The thieves stole the pictures without my hearing anything. Les cambrioleurs ont vol les tableaux sans ______________________ quoi que ce soit. 4. They left the restaurant without paying. Ils ont quitt le restaurant sans _______________________ 5. He went home without having found what he wanted. Il est rentr sans _____________________ ce qu'il voulait. 6. She will be on time provided that she manages to catch the bus. Elle arrivera l'heure, pourvu qu'elle ________________________ prendre l'autobus. 7. Whether it rains on not, we'll go out. ___________________________, nous sortirons. Other uses (See 15.3) After vague or negative antecedents After superlatives When expressing a wish in the third person In concessive clauses Exercise 5 Subjunctive after a vague or negative antecedent: translate the sentences below into English 1. Connaissez-vous quelqu'un qui puisse m' expliquer le fonctionnement de cet appareil? 2. C'est le tableau le plus coteux qu'ait acquis la galerie. 3. S'il n'aime pas son travail, qu'il s'en aille. 4. Quoi que tu fasses, tu auras toujours le mme rsultat. 5. Elle est la seule qui ait pu survivre dans de telles conditions. 6. Quel que soit le salaire, ce poste ne m'intresse pas. 7. C'est l'tudiant le plus dou que je connaisse. 8. Je cherche un guide qui connaisse le chemin. 9. Il n'y a personne qui sache la rponse. 10. Que personne ne bouge, j'ai perdu un de mes verres de contact. Exercise 6 Use of the subjunctive after a superlative: make sentences from the elements given below, adding any necessary agreements. Example: Le film le plus intressant que je ... avoir vu C'est le film le plus intressant que j'aie vu. 1. Le cours le plus ennuyeux que on avoir fait 2. La langue la plus complexe que nous avoir tudi 3. La dernire personne que il avoir rencontr 4. Le meilleur salaire que on m'avoir offert 5. Les meutes les plus violentes qui s'tre produit .......en France Exercise 7. Translate into French. 1. Is there anyone here who knows German? 2. We're looking for someone who can look after four small children for a month this summer. 3. Whatever we do, nothing will change. 4. We will have to continue, whatever their proposals are. 5. Let him say what he thinks. Exercise 8 Subjuntive or indicative? Decide where you need a subjunctive or an indicative, and then add the verb in the correct tense and mood. In a few examples, the tense required is stated. NB que is in many instances followed by an indicative - look up the expression in the dictionary to check usage if you are in doubt. 1. Le vacarme a augment au fur et mesure que nous _______________ de la discothque. (s'approcher) 2. Attendons que le facteur _____________ (passer - pass compos) 3. Nous insistons pour que vous ____________ nous voir (venir). 4. Il a tlphon pour dire qu'il ____________ le train. (rater) 5. Il a demand que toutes les lettres _________ brles. (tre) 6. On m'a racont que le chef __________________ hier. (dmissionner) 7. La manifestation a commenc aprs que nous ____________________ dans l'Htel de Ville. (entrer) 8. Il est ncessaire que vous __________________ ce livre. (acheter) 9. Savez-vous ce qui _____________ (se passer - pass compos) 10. Elle est fire que son fils ________________ nager. (apprendre - pass compos) 11. Je veux qu'il ________________ (s'en aller) 12. Je vous tlphonerai aussitt que je ________________ (arriver) 13. Nous esprons que votre mari __________ mieux aujourd'hui. (aller) 14. Il le fera bien que ce/c'__________ dfendu. (tre) 15. Le gouvernement s'oppose ce que Bruxelles _____________ les dcisions (prendre) 16. Je voudrais empcher que ce dsordre ne _____________ (se reproduire). 17. Ce n'est pas la peine que tu lui ___________ (crire) 18. Il faut que tu _____________ les bagages. (descendre) 19. Il me semble que vous ________ raison. (avoir) 20. Je vous le dis pour que vous le ___________ (savoir) 17 ASKING QUESTIONS (1) Interrogative forms in spoken French are often reasonably straightforward. You can use rising intonation at the end of the sentence to transform a statement into a question: Tu es malade? or add Est-ce que : Est-ce que tu es malade? In written French, it is often best to try to avoid the est-ce que pattern when possible and to use instead the stylistically more elegant inversion of verb and subject. This is not a problem with the nous, vous (and tu) forms of the verb: Avez-vous reu mon fax? Sommes-nous en retard? For other parts of the verb, a few points need to be borne in mind: a) If the verb ends in a vowel, an additional -t- has to be inserted in questions involving il, elle and on, to avoid having two consecutive vowels: Il a trouv son portefeuille? A-t-il trouv son portefeuille? On a dj annonc le rsultat? A-t-on dj annonc le rsultat? b) The je form of the verb is rarely inverted, and then only with a few short and very commonly used verbs. Je peux vous accompagner? Puis-je vous accompagner? (Note changed form, which is only used when je peux is inverted.) Je dois le traduire? Dois-je le traduire? J'ai expliqu assez clairement? Ai-je expliqu ... ? Je suis trop agressif? Suis-je trop agressif? With je questions, the est-ce que pattern has to be used with most other verbs, and it is perfectly acceptable to use it in the four examples given above as well (where the inverted form in fact sounds very formal and literary). Est-ce que je peux vous accompagner? etc c) If the subject of the question is a noun or a name, an additional il(s) or elle(s) has to be inserted to make the inversion work: Votre associ part aujourd'hui? Votre associ part-il aujourd'hui? (In French you cannot say *Part votre associ aujourd'hui?) M Tiberi et ses collgues ont annonc la vente de ces appartements? M Tiberi et ses collgues ont-ils annonc la vente ...? Exercise 1 Rewrite the questions below using the inversion pattern. 1. Est-ce qu'il y a un problme? 2. Est-ce qu'il y a eu une augmentation du taux de chmage? 3. Est-ce que les cheminots sont contents du compromis que leur offre le gouvernement? 4. Est-ce que le premier ministre a pu calmer les inquitudes au sujet du terrorisme? 5. Votre pre vous rend visite cet t? 6. On va rduire le taux d'intrt? 7. Est-ce que Louise est arrive? 8. Est-ce que les tudiants ont reu leur clef? Note the following points: If the question contains any object pronouns, they stay in the same place, before the verb: Vous l'avez rencontr? L'avez-vous rencontr? Votre pre vous rend visite cet t? Votre pre vous rend-il visite ? If the question is negative, the ne and pas sandwich the inverted part of the verb and the subject: Vous n'avez pas tlphon? N' avez-vous pas tlphon? Il n'a pas entendu? N' a-t-il pas entendu? Il ne sort pas? Ne sort-il pas? Exercise 2 The same principles apply in questions introduced by interrogative adverbs such as pourquoi, quand, comment, qu'est-ce que, etc. Rewrite the sentences below, replacing the est-ce que pattern with the inversion of subject and verb. eg: A qui est-ce que nous devons nous adresser? > A qui devons-nous nous adresser? 1. O est-ce que vous habitez? 2. Pourquoi est-ce que le patronat a recommand cette mesure? 3. Comment est-ce qu'ils le savaient? 4. De qui est-ce que le chef a parl? 5. Quelle rponse est-ce que le client a donne? 6. Quand est-ce que l'avion doit atterrir? 7. Qu'est-ce que vous pensez de ce dveloppement? 8. Pour qui est-ce que vous travaillez en ce moment? 9. De quoi est-ce qu'il s'agit? 10. O est-ce que Jean a mis le journal? 18. ASKING QUESTIONS (2) WHAT AND WHO? There are a variety of words which can be used to ask what? or who?, depending on their grammatical function in the question. You often have the choice between a short form which usually requires an inversion and a long form which contains est-ce que / est-ce qui. The tables below list the possibilities. WHAT? What + verb Short form Long form (est-ce que / est-ce qui)subject(no short form )qu'est-ce qui Qu'est-ce qui s'est pass?direct objectque + inversion Que faites-vous?qu'est-ce que Qu'est-ce que vous faites? If you need to check how to identify subject and direct object, see GAL 2. what + noun what + verb 'to be'quel, quelle, quels, quelles Quelle voiture prfre-t-il? Quel est son nom?quel (etc) + noun + est-ce que Quelle voiture est-ce qu'il prfre? (No est-ce version of 'quel est ..')what after prepositionavec quoi + inversion Avec quoi ouvre-t-il le coffre-fort?avec quoi est-ce que Avec quoi est-ce qu'il ouvre le coffre-fort?what + request for definitionQu'est-ce que le Snat?Qu'est-ce que c'est que le Snat? Exercise 1 Quest-ce qui, quest-ce que, quel/quels/quelle/quelles or quoi? 1. De __________________ vous souvenez-vous le plus clairement? 2. __________________ chiffres (m) a-t-on compars? 3. __________________ s'est produit pendant la runion? 4. __________________ a pouss le jeune homme tuer son voisin? 5. __________________ le dput a promis de faire, une fois lu? 6. __________________ dput avez-vous interview? 7. __________________ est la capitale de la Roumanie? WHO? Short form Long form (est-ce que) - no inversionsubjectqui Qui est arriv?(*qui est-ce qui) Qui est-ce qui est arriv? direct objectqui +inversion Qui avez-vous vu?(*qui est-ce que) Qui est-ce que vous avez vu? * If these two long forms cause problems, use the short forms - they are stylistically neater anyway. Exercise 2 Translate the questions below into French: 1. Who telephoned? 2. Who is bringing the pizza? (to bring - apporter) 3. Who are you going to meet? 4. Who gave you the card? Asking questions: general exercises Exercise 3 Translate the questions below into idiomatic English. 1. Par o sont-ils passs? 2. Il y avait trois candidats. Lequel a obtenu le poste? 3. A qui as-tu envoy le chque? 4. Qu'est-ce que le CSA? (or Qu'est-ce que c'est que le CSA?) 5. Que faire? 6. Vos tudiants, vous les voyez tous les combien? 7. Il est comment, son troisime mari? 8. Trouville, c'est combien de kilomtres? 9. De quoi a-t-il peur, cet enfant? 10. Avec qui le ministre a-t-il voyag? 11. A qui est la Peugeot rouge? Elle bloque la sortie du parking. Exercise 4 : Add the correct question word or phrase. The preceding exercise will give you some help, but if in doubt, consult a reference grammar (e.g. A comprehensive French grammar, by Byrne and Churchill or Teach yourself French grammar, by J-L Arragon). In some cases you will also have to add a preposition: __________ parle-t-il? (What is he talking about?) > DE quoi parle-t-il? NB Take care with word order - what works in English does not necessarily work in French, and vice versa. In English, it is perfectly acceptable to have a preposition at the end of a sentence or question (see 'about' in the example above). In French, this is not possible, and the sentence has to be recast to give, as a rough equivalent in English, *About what is he talking? 1. Le nouvel appartement, ___________ est-il? (What is the new flat like?) 2. ________________ vient-elle? (Where does she come from?) 3. ________________ est cette serviette? (Whose is this briefcase? See exercise 3 no. 11 above) 4. ________________ de ces deux voitures est la moins chre? (Which of these two cars is cheapest?) 5. _________________ de neuf? (What news?) 6. __________________ sort-elle? (Who is she going out with?) 7. __________________ avez-vous tlphon? (Who have you phoned?) 8. __________________ est-il hospitalis? (How long has he been in hospital?) 9. ______________________ crivez-vous? (What are you writing with?) 10. ____________________ s'occupe-t-il? (What does he deal with?) 11. __________________ il est devenu? (What became of him?) 12. Il y a un train ____________________? (How often is there a train ?) 13. _______ cherchez-vous? (Who are you looking for?) 14. Mais _________________ il a oubli cettte fois? (What has he forgotten this time?) Indirect questions Indirect questions are probably best explained by means of examples. The only potential problem occurs with indirect questions containing the word what, so the following section concentrates on these. (See also 12 on use of ce qui / ce que.) Direct questionIndirect questionSubjectWhat has been decided?I asked what had been decided.Direct objectWhat have the children seen?She wondered what the children had seen.Dir. obj.What should I do?He wanted to know what he should do.Dir. objWhat do you think of it, Charles?She wanted to know what Charles thought of it.SubjectQu'est-ce qui a t dcid?J'ai demand ce qui avait t dcid.Direct objectQu'est-ce que les enfants ont vu?Elle s'est demand ce que les enfants avaient vu.Dir. obj.Qu-est-ce que je devrais faire?Il voulait savoir ce qu'il devrait faire.Short form:Dir. obj.Charles, qu'en pensez-vous?Elle voulait savoir ce que Charles en pensait. Note how the French changes in indirect questions: qu'est-ce qui becomes ce qui in indirect questions, qu'est-ce que and que become ce que in indirect questions. In general, the est-ce que pattern disappears completely in indirect questions, and there is no inversion. Exercise 5 Decide whether the examples below are direct or indirect questions. Then complete the sentences by adding the correct form of what. 1. Ils se sont demand _______________ s'tait pass. 2. _____________________ s'est pass? 3. _____________________ cette socit fabrique? 4. J'aimerais dcouvrir ________________ mes collgues ont dit ce sujet. 5. _____________ voulez-vous? 6. Savez-vous ________________ vous voulez? 19. PRONOUNS: EN 19 and 20 deal with the pronouns en, y and briefly with the use of the emphatic pronouns moi, toi etc.(also known as disjunctive pronouns - see GAL 23). To start with, it is a good idea to go back over 3 (Pronouns: direct and indirect objects) to revise the use of le / lui etc. The exercise below deals with the patterns you have already studied (le /lui etc) as well as with the pronouns which 19 and 20 will cover. Do the exercise to see how much you already know, then work through the explanations which follow. Exercise 1 Choose the correct pronoun and put it in the correct position in the sentence. 1. Tu as vu l'imprimante qu'il vient d'acheter? Tu _____ as vu_ ? (la, l', lui, en) 2. Tu as dj achet une imprimante? Tu ______ as dj achet_ _____? (la, l', lui, en) 3. Il faut commander du papier. Il faut ____ commander. (le, lui, en) 4. Tout cela dpend de vos collgues. Tout cela ____ dpend ________ (les, leur, en, d'eux) 5. Notre dcision dpend de nos rsultats. Notre dcision _____ dpend ______. (les, leur, en, d'eux) 6. Je n'ai pas pu me dbarrasser de ce visiteur. Je n'ai pas pu me/m____ dbarrasser ______ (le, lui, en, de lui) 7. J'ai dcid de renoncer la bire. J'ai dcid de/d' ____ renoncer ______ (la, lui, y) 8. J'enseigne l'allemand 2 groupes d'tudiants. Je/j' _____ enseigne l'allemand. (les, leur, y) 9. Que pensez-vous de ce film? Que/qu' _____ pensez-vous ? (le, lui, en, de lui) 10. On comptait aller au Maroc avant la fin de l'anne. On comptait ______ aller avant la fin de l'anne. (le, lui, y) USE OF EN 1. Tu as des frres? Oui, j'en ai deux. (literally: I have two "of them") 2. Il a de l'argent? Oui, il en a. (He has some) 3. Il a de l'argent? Non, il n'en a pas. (He hasn't got any) 4. Tu as du vin? Oui, j'en ai une bouteille. (I have a bottle "of it") 5. Il est en Italie? Oui, mais il en revient aujourd'hui. (literally: "from there") Taken literally, en in the examples above is used to render of it, of them, some, any, from it / from there. However, to translate en in this way would often sound very stilted in English and it would be more natural to leave it out altogether. What you need to bear in mind is that en is used very frequently in French, and that French sentences of the type given above would sound incomplete (and unnatural) without en. NB After en, there is no agreement on the past participle, even though en may be a preceding direct object. (See GAL 4.) EN versus LE/LA/LES En is the pronoun used to replace a direct object introduced by du, de la, des, un or une: Je commanderai des trombones. J'en commanderai. Contrast with: Je commanderai les trombones. Je les commanderai. Il veut un portable? Oui, il en veut un. Contrast with Il veut le portable? Oui, il le veut. Note the following examples which involve quantities and measures: Vous prenez de l'eau minrale? Oui, j'en prends 2 bouteilles. Vous voulez des lentilles. Oui, j'en voudrais 500 grammes. Il a achet de la bire? Oui, il en a achet beaucoup. The expression of quantity (bouteille, grammes, beaucoup etc.) normally has to be added to the sentence. Exercise 2 Rewrite the sentences, replacing the underlined words with the correct pronoun - le/la/les or en, and including any necessary expressions of quantity. 1. J'ai une voiture. 4. Nous prendrons la chambre. 2. Vous avez apport les photos? 5. Vous prenez du whisky? 3. Il n'y a plus de papier. 6. J'ai achet deux caisses de vin. EN: Verbs followed by DE (the avoir besoin de pattern) En is also used to refer to things / objects (not people) with verbs or other expressions which are followed by de: Tu as besoin d'argent? Oui, j'en ai besoin. Tu t'es aperu de cette erreur. Oui, je m'en suis aperu. To refer to people, you need to use de + the emphatic pronoun (also known as the disjunctive pronoun) See GAL 23): moinoustoivousluieuxelleelles Examples: Tu t'occuperas de ce client? Oui, je m'occuperai de lui. Tu t'es aperu des deux tudiantes? Oui, je me suis aperu d'elles. Some common verbs which take de + noun: se servir de to usese dbarrasser deto get rid ofse charger deto take on, take charge ofs'occuper deto deal withse souvenir deto rememberrire deto laugh atparler deto talk aboutremercier qqn de qqchto thank someone forprofiter deto profit fromdpendre deto depend onjouir deto enjoyavoir peur deto be afraid ofse mfier deto mistrustse moquer deto make fun ofs'approcher deto approachs'apercevoir deto noticemanquer deto lackpenser deto have an opinion of, think of Exercise 3 Decide whether you need to replace the words in italics with en (things, objects) or with de + emphatic pronoun (people), and then rewrite the sentences. 1. L'adjoint se charge de ce projet. 2. Il a toujours eu peur des araignes. 3. Elle n'a pas profit longtemps de sa fortune. 4. Nous aurions prfr nous occuper des enfants. 5. Je me mfie de mon voisin. 6. Il se dbarrassera de sa vieille bagnole. 7. Je me souviendrai toujours de Martine et de Pascale. 8. a va dpendre de ce qu'on dcide de faire. 20. PRONOUNS: Y The main use of y is to indicate place: Il s'est rendu Douvres. Il s'y est rendu. J'ai mis les clefs dans le tiroir. J'y ai mis les clefs. Il a mis les papiers sur la table. Il y a mis les papiers. Y is also used with verbs followed by when referring to things / places / ideas (not to people): Vous vous intressez la politique? Non, je ne m'y intresse pas. Vous allez rpondre la lettre? J'y ai dj rpondu. Elle a rflchi au problme? Oui, elle y a rflchi. Tu as russi tes examens? Oui, j'y ai russi. With verbs referring to + people, you will usually use the indirect object pronoun which we have already revised ( see GAL 3), for example: J'ai rpondu au client. Je lui ai rpondu. Il a tlphon aux fournisseurs. Il leur a tlphon. Il nous a envoy un mot. Elle m'a offert du th However, when referring to people, a limited number of verbs of this kind are followed by + emphatic pronoun: Il s'intresse elle. He's interested in her. Je n'ai pas fait attention eux. I didn't pay attention to them. J'ai pens vous. I thought about you. Je ne me fie pas lui. I don't trust him. Verbs which tend to use this pattern (learn those in bold in particular): s'attendre to expects'adresser to apply to, go and seefaire attention to pay attention toavoir recours to resort to, se fier to trustfaire appel to appeal tos'habituer to get used tocomparer quelqu'un to compare so. to s'intresser to be interested ins'en remettre to leave (sth) up to penser to think aboutsomeonerflchir to think about, toconsider Exercise 1 Verbs which are followed by + noun. Decide whether you need to replace the words in italics with y (referring to things) or with me, te, lui, leur etc.(indirect object pronoun, referring to people), and then rewrite the sentences. 1. Tu vas rpondre son invitation? 2. Je n'ai pas rpondu au gendarme qui me posait tant de questions. 3. Ce que je reproche Jean-Luc, c'est sa paresse. 4. J'ai demand de l'argent supplmentaire mes parents. 5. On avait vol des disquettes ma copine. 6. Je dois cacher les cadeaux aux enfants. 7. Elle ressemble sa mre. 8. Ils ont fini par russir l'examen. Exercise 2 Verbs which are followed by + noun. Decide whether you need to replace the words in italics with y (referring to things) or with moi / lui / elle etc.(emphatic pronouns, referring to people), and then rewrite the sentences. 1. Je ne peux pas m'habituer ce climat. 2. Il n'a jamais pu s'habituer son nouveau collgue. 3. Il s'intresse aux filles. 4. Il faut absolument faire attention aux contrles de vitesse. 5. Il faut absolument faire attention aux gendarmes. 6. Je pensais mon ami. 7. Avais-tu pens faire les courses pour demain? Exercise 3 Fill in the gaps by adding the appropriate pronoun. NB This exercise requires you to use any of the pronouns covered so far - le, la, les, se, lui, leur, y, en etc Trois millions de chmeurs... (a) Avec ses diplmes et son exprience varie, Charles est journaliste. Mais s _____ souvient-il encore? Il entamait son trentime mois de chmage quand Ple Emploi _____ a propos un contrat emploi-solidarit 800 par mois. _____ voil employ temps partiel dans une petite bibliothque. Mais il na pas hsit: 55 ans, il ne _____ fait plus aucune illusion sur ses chances de rinsertion, et il ne supporte plus de voir sa femme _____ laisser son argent de poche le matin en partant travailler. Cet emploi et ce salaire, qui pour _____ a quelque chose dindcent, _____ auront au moins rendu un sentiment dindpendance. Le contrat nest sign que pour six mois, mais Charles ne dsespre pas de _____ voir renouvel. Et mme, pourquoi pas, dboucher sur une vritable embauche. (b) Sylvie Quermonne, 20 ans, ne diffre en rien dune tudiante. Et pourtant, elle est passe sans transition du lyce au chmage. Elle ne peut mme pas prtendre avoir travaill: elle n____ a pas les preuves. Pourtant, des petits boulots, elle ____ a fait. Cest mme lattrait de la vie active qui _____ a pousse arrter ses tudes en premire. Ce qui _____ a permis de voyager un peu aux Etats-Unis. Cest lorsquelle est revenue et quelle a voulu habiter ailleurs que chez ses parents quelle sest trouve confronte au problme de lemploi. Je _____ suis inscrite une premire fois Ple-Emploi, mais je nai pas renouvel linscription. Pourquoi ____ aurait-elle fait? Je navais pas le droit aux Assedic, et on _____ a expliqu que les programmes de formation ne _____ concernaient pas. 21. The Imperative Imperatives are the verb forms used to give commands - wait! tell me! don't do that! stop! give me the ticket! send him a fax! In French as in English, imperatives can be combined with pronouns, as the examples in italics illustrate. This section will look at how imperatives are formed, where you place pronouns used after a command, and what happens when the imperative is in the negative. Exercise 1 Complete the table below, noting the infinitive form of each verb and then the corresponding present tense form of the verb - the tu, vous or nous form, depending on the imperative in each instance. The first example is completed for you as a model. ImpratifInfinitifVerbe au prsent de l'indicatif (vous, tu, nous?)Signez icisignervous signezRemplissez le formulaire AvousDis-moi ce que tu as vu.tuAsseyez-vousArrte de pleurnicher et mange tes pinardsSoyons ralistes (lets be realistic) Tais-toiDescends la rue jusqu'aux feuxAllons au cinma (lets go ) Formation of the imperative Using the information which the table above provides, note how the different imperatives are formed: (a) the 'vous' form of the imperative _____________________________________________________________ (b) the 'tu' form of the imperative _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ (c) the imperative of reflexive verbs _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ (d) The 'nous' form of the imperative _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________ NB The 'nous' form of the imperative means: ________________________ Exercice 2 Ecrivez les verbes suivants l'impratif: (vous parlez un groupe, ou quelqu'un que vous ne connaissez pas bien)(vous parlez un ami)Take a seat a_____________- ______a________ - toiOpen your books Read the passage Answer the questions ____________________ aux questions Write your answers on the sheet_____________________ vos rponses sur la feuille Then record your replies (enregistrer) Press the button 'play' (appuyer sur ..) ___________________ le bouton 'Play'Rewind your tape (rembobiner) ____________________ votre cassetteDon't forget to check ___________________ verifier. Choose the correct reply________________ la bonne rponse Hand in your sheet when you have finished (rendre)__________________ votre feuille quand vous aurez termin Don't do that  Some irregular imperatives: tre: sois, soyez, soyons avoir: aie, ayez, ayons savoir: (style soutenu) sache, sachez, sachons vouloir: (rare, except in formal letters etc) veuillez The Imperative & pronouns See GAL 3 for explanations and exercises on pronouns in straightforward statements. When you use an imperative in French, the order in which the pronouns are used, and in some cases the form of the pronoun, are different from what we find in ordinary sentences. NB Note the use of a hyphen between the imperative and the pronouns in the examples in Exercise 3 below. Exercise 3: All the examples below include pronouns which illustrate some of the different patterns which occur after an imperative. Give the English equivalent of each: en anglais?Montrez-les-moiDonnez-nous-enVa-t'en (NB infinitif = _______________Ta rponse? Envoie-la-lui par fax Allons-yDites-moi o vous tes Order of pronouns after the imperative 1. 2.3.4. leluilaleurlesmoi, [m' when followed by y or en]yentoi, [t' when followed by y or en]vousnous Exercice 4: Ajoutez les pronoms qui manquent, et n'oubliez pas le trait d'union! 1. Le fax? Donnez ____ _______ (Give it to me!)2. Mme Barbizet voudrait cette brochure. Envoyez ____ ______! (Send it to her)3. Vous avez les rsultats? Dites ____ _______ (Tell us them)4. Marc, Louise: la runion commence dans quelques minutes. Allez ____ , c'est trs important. 5. Vous avez de l'aspirine? J'ai trs mal aux dents. Donnez __' ____, je vous en prie. (Please give me some)6. All? c'est toi, Sandrine? Ecoute, chrie, je suis en retard. Attends ____ au restaurant. J'arriverai ds que possible. (Wait for me ... - use 'tu' form) Negative imperatives When you give a negative command, tell someone not to do something etc, any pronouns you need to use are placed in the normal pronoun word order which we have seen in GAL 3. In other words, the pronouns are placed before the verb: Ne l'attendez pas, elle a t retarde par un embouteillage. (Don't wait for her, she's been delayed by a traffic jam.) Reminder: order of pronouns before the verb (GAL 3) meteleluiselaleuryennouslesvous Exercice 5: Un collgue un peu indcis ... Ajoutez les pronoms qui manquent. Le premier exemple sert de modle. 1. Le fax? Donnez-le-moi.Non, ne me le donnez pas, donnez-le Richard, c'est lui qui s'en occupe.2. Mme Barbizet voudrait cette brochure. Envoyez-la-lui.Non, ne ____ _____ envoyez pas, il vaut mieux la lui donner demain la runion.3. Vous avez les rsultats? Dites-les-nous.Non, ne _____ _____ dites pas - je vois votre visage qu'ils sont mauvais.  4. Marc, Louise: la runion commence dans quelques minutes. Allez-y, c'est trs important. Non, ne / n' _____ allez pas encore, je vous donnerai d'abord les dossiers ncessaires.5. Vous avez de l'aspirine? J'ai trs mal aux dents. Donnez-m'en, je vous en prie.Non, ne _____ ______ donnez pas, j'en ai dj pris il y a un quart d'heure. 6. All? c'est toi, Sandrine? Ecoute, chrie, je t'avais demand de m'attendre, je sais.Ben, ne _____ attends pas, je serai trs en retard ce soir.7. Veux-tu tlphoner au dentiste pour prendre rendez-vous?Non, ne _____ tlphone pas. Je vais y aller tout de suite. Phrases utiles (non seulement au ngatif): Ne t'en fais pas ______________________________ Vas-y / allez-y ______________________________ Va-t'en / allez-vous-en ______________________________ 22. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Demonstrative pronouns have a range of uses and meanings, which for present purposes have been divided into three main areas: 22.1 celui qui etc.- the one who, he/she who, those who 22.2 celui de etc.- c'est celui de Jean - it's John's 22.3 celui-ci, celui-l etc.- this one, that one 22.1 Celui qui etc.- the one who, he/she who, those who ... Example: De quels tudiants parliez-vous? Which students were you talking about? >> Je parlais de ceux qui tudient le chinois. I was talking about those who are studying Chinese. NB See GAL 12-13 if you need to revise the use of qui, que & dont. Forms of celui qui etc  m  fsing.celui qui / que celui dontthe one who /the one that / the one whose celle qui / que / celle dont pl.ceux qui ...those who celles qui ... Exercice 1. Ajoutez le pronom qui convient (celui qui, celui que, celle qui, celle que, ceux qui, ceux que, celles qui, celles que 1. De tous ces films, _____________________ je prfre est Chocolat. (the one which) 2. Quelle voiture prfrez-vous? _________________ cote le moins cher. (the one which) 3. Attention! Tous _________________ veulent un repas vgtarien doivent prvenir Madame Lefvre avant 11 heures. (All those who) 4. J'ai corrig presque toutes les preuves (tests), mais ___________________ je n'ai pas encore vues seront prtes demain matin. (those which) 5. David a essay de contacter presque tous les clients. ____________________ il n'a pas pu joindre vont recevoir un fax. (those who) Exercice 2. Choisissez le pronom qui convient: ~ ce qui / ce que (what / which / that which) ou ~ celui qui / celui que / celle qui / celle que (the one which) ? (see GAL 12) 1. Tout ______________ je sais, c'est qu'il n'est pas venu au bureau aujourd'hui. (all I know is that ... ) 2. Vous cherchez un nouveau dictionnaire? _________________ je vous recommande est la dernire dition du Collins-Robert ou de l'Oxford-Hachette. ( ... the one I recommend ...) 3. Connaissez-vous le jeune homme qui vient d'arriver - ________________ porte des lunettes? ( ... the one who is wearing ...) 4. Luc est absent et il n'a prvenu personne, ___________ est trs bizarre, car il est normalement trs fiable. 22.2 Celui de, celle de etc. m  fsing.celui de / du / de la / desthat ofcelle de / du / de la / despluralceux de ... those of celles de Exercice 3 Traduisez en anglais 1. Ma copie n'est pas trop mauvaise, mais celle de Pierre est meilleure. 2. Il sait faire une trs bonne pizza, mais je prfre celle de ma mre. 3. Nous avons pu sauver presque toutes les donnes (data), sauf celles du patron. 4. Attention, ce n'est pas ta guitare, c'est celle de Luc. Exercice 4 Ajoutez la forme du pronom dmonstratif qui manque: 1. La soeur de Christian est jolie; ___________d'Yvan aussi. 2. J'aime les romans de Camus; j'aime aussi ____________ de Sartre 3. Voici les clefs de mon appartement, et voil ____________ de ma voiture. 4. Philippe n'est pas le mari de Louise; c'est ____________ d'Edith. Exercice 5 Traduisez en franais. 1. I don't like my house. I prefer my sister's. 2. Here is my passport and Christine's. 3. Give me your tickets and your parents'. 22.3 Celui - ci / celui - l etc. - this one / that one m  fcelui - cithis onecelle -ci ceux - ci ... thesecelles - cicelui - lthat onecelle - lceux - lthosecelles - l Exercice 6 Compltez les phrases en ajoutant des pronoms dmonstratifs Exemple: Voici deux garons: ___________est franais, ____________ est hollandais. Voici deux garons: celui-ci est franais, celui-l est hollandais. 1. Voici des fleurs: ________________ sont fraches, _____________ sont un peu fanes. 2. Voici deux bouteilles. Dans ______________ il y a du vin, dans ______________ il y a du cidre. 3. Voici deux enfants: ______________ a dix ans, _______________ a huit ans. 4. Voici des htels: _______________ sont chers, ________________ sont bon march. 5. Voici deux solutions: ___________________ exigera beaucoup de temps, _____________ sera plus rapide. 23. EMPHATIC PRONOUNS (Also known as disjunctive pronouns or pronoms toniques) Subject pronounsemphatic pronounsjemoitutoiilluielleellenousnousvousvousilseuxelleselles Some uses: for emphasis: Lui, il est toujours en retard! after a preposition: Je travaille pour elles. when a subject pronoun is used with a noun: Jean et moi sommes arrivs les premiers. when a pronoun stands alone: Qui parle franais? Moi! with -mme: elle veut tout faire elle-mme. Compltez l'exercice qui suit en ajoutant le pronom tonique qui convient. 1. Regarde ce bouquet, je l'ai fait pour ____________ 2. Nous allons au thtre. Voulez-vous venir avec _____________ 3. Mes enfants? Je ne pars jamais en vacances sans _____________ 4. Tu vois ce monsieur en costume gris? Mon ami est assis derrire _____ 5. Est-ce que vous me permettez de m'asseoir ct de ___________ 6. Je vous invite dner chez ___________ ce soir. 7. Philippe est assis devant sa belle-mre, juste devant _______________ 8. Est-ce que ce studio appartient tes cousines? Non, il n'est pas _____ 9. Il est venu vers __________ et m'a embrass. 10. Je ne peux pas supporter d'tre loin de ____________. 24. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Exemples C'est votre voiture? Oui, c'est la mienne.* Je n'aime pas trop ces robes, mais la vtre est trs lgante. Formation of possessive pronoun masculinefemininele mien (mine)la mienne (mine)le tien (yours)la tienne (yours)singularle sien (his / hers)la sienne (his/ hers)le ntre (ours)la ntre (ours)le vtre (yours)la vtre (yours)le leur (theirs)la leur (theirs)les miens (mine, etc)les miennesles tiensles tiennespluralles siensles siennesles ntresles ntresles vtresles vtresles leursles leurs Exercice Remplacez les expressions soulignes par un pronom possessif 1. Mon pre a cinquante ans. Et toi, quel ge a ton pre? 2. Je n'ai pas mes cigarettes. O sont celles de Charles? 3. Mes valises sont dans la voiture. O sont celles de Philippe et d'Alice? 4. J'ai ton numro de tlphone, mais je n'ai pas celui d'Yves. 5. As-tu tes papiers d'identit? Moi, je ne trouve plus mes papiers. 6. Mon parfum est 'Poison' de Dior. Et vous, quel est votre parfum? 7. Vos parents sont encore jeunes; nos parents sont gs. 8. Ta fille joue du piano. Ma fille joue du violon. 9. Je n'ai pas mon dictionnaire. Pouvez-vous me prter votre dictionnaire? 10. Je prends mon parapluie. Bernard prend aussi son parapluie. * To indicate possession after the verb tre, you can also use + emphatic pronoun: C'est moi. KEY TO EXERCISES 1 PASSE COMPOSE / PERFECT TENSE Exercise 1. Past participles 1. prendrepris11. rejoindrerejoint2. offriroffert12. diredit3. rendrerendu13. acquriracquis4. lirelu14. conclureconclu5. mettremis15. couvrircouvert6. devenirdevenu16. souffrirsouffert7. devoird17. apercevoiraperu8. mourirmort18. valoirvalu9. russirrussi19. conduireconduit10. crirecrit20. plaireplu Exercise 2. Auxiliary verbs - avoir or tre? Verbs which take tre in the pass compos (and in any other compound tenses, e.g. pluperfect, conditional perfect, future perfect): (a) reflexive verbs (b) a number of verbs indicating a change of place or state: (The table which follows is only one of various mnemonic devices for remembering these verbs. If you have learnt a different one, keep to it.) ADVENT +OPPOSITES +COMPOUNDSarriverpartirrevenirdescendremonterdevenirvenirallerretournerentrersortirrentrernatremourirtomber*rester * An exception. Rester does not indicate a change of place or state, but still requires tre. Exercise 3 1. Il esttomb.2. Je suisdevenu.3. Il s'estdpch.4. Je suisarriv.5. Il asuivi.6. Il estrest.7. Je me suislev.8. J' aid rentrer.9. Il estvenu.10. Il estmort. Exercise 4 Practice with reflexive verbs. Write out the verbs below in the pass compos, adding any necessary agreements. 1. s'opposerle comit s'est oppos au projet2. s'tablirQuand nous nous sommes tablis, nous avons embauch du personnel supplmentaire.3. s'amliorerles rsultats se sont amliors cette anne.4. s'en allerelle s' en est alle5. se souvenir deil ne s'est pas souvenu du nom.6. s'implanterces socits se sont implantes ici il y a 5 ans.7. s'arrterJanine s'est arrte devant la vitrine.8. s'entendreLes enfants se sont trs bien entendus jusqu'au dbut de la fte.9. se mettre Est-ce que vous vous tes mis d'accord sur l'essentiel?10. se plaindreLes clients se sont plaints Exercise 5 1. Elle est partie il y a une heure. 2. La situation a beaucoup empir 3. Non, je n' ai pas rencontr cet homme. 4. Je crois que nous nous sommes tromps de route. 5. Je n' ai pas pu contacter mon associ. 6. Jean-Phillipe a d dmnager cause de l'inondation. 7. Ils sont rests plus longtemps que prvu. 8. Nous nous sommes fis sa discrtion. (se fier - to trust)  Exercise 6 Avoir or tre? Choose the correct form of the verb which corresponds to the English sentence. 1. a mont (avoir + mont when a change in level is expressed) 2. a descendu (avoir + descendu when you say what you are going down) 3. sommes sortis (avoir + sorti can be used only when you are saying what you are taking out.) 4. ont pass (avoir + pass when you are talking about passing time) 5. est pass (change of place, therefore tre. You are not saying what you spent, took or placed here.) 2 SUBJECT, DIRECT OBJECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT Exercise 1 The subject is highlighted and the direct object underlined in the sentences below. 1. He ate a large packet of cashews, a portion of chicken biryani and three slices of chocolate cake, after which he didn't feel at all well. 2. Where have you hidden them? 3. They have agreed to meet us at 2.00pm. 4. When is the new assistant starting? (no direct object) 5. Have you seen the dentist yet? 6. I'm going to Florida tomorrow. (no direct object) 7. Try and explain exactly what happened. (The subject is implied - you) 8. The delivery man / who brought the pizza / couldn't find the house. The delivery man: subject of couldn't find. Who: subject of brought. The house: direct object of find. The pizza: direct object of brought. Exercise 2 The indirect object is highlighted in the sentences below. 1. He introduced himself to the neighbours. 2. Please send the deputy manager your completed questionnaire. 3. Can you give me the phone number for Mr Clinton? 4. I'll fax you the price list straightaway. 5. If you eat those mushrooms they'll kill you. (no indirect object; those mushrooms and the second you are direct objects) Exercise 3 The direct object is underlined and the indirect object highlighted in the sentences below. 1. Please answer one question from section A and two from section B. 2. Who smashed my coffee mug? 3. I sent my expenses claim to personnel. 4. The burglar ran down the road pursued by a large St Bernard. (no direct or indirect objects) 5. I'll give you 250 for your car. 6. He bought his sister a bar of chocolate. (He bought a bar of chocolate for whom? - also indirect object after verb to buy). 7. Tell them it won't work. (Tell to whom? - to them - indirect object. Tell them what? - that it won't work - direct object) 8. They met us yesterday afternoon as agreed and we finalised arrangements. 9. They promised us a room with a sea view but the room looked out on to the dustbins. 10. He will be wearing a red carnation in his button hole. Exercise 4 1. Il m'a donn les documents. (he gave to me - indirect object) 2. Il m'a amen l'aroport. (he took me - direct object) 3. On nous a envoy un exemplaire gratuit du journa (They sent to us - indirect object) 4. Il nous a entendus, parat-il. (he heard us - direct object) 5. Je rappellerai Jean-Charles demain. (I'll call Jean-Charles - direct object) 6. Elle a dit au visiteur d'attendre. (elle dit au visiteur - indirect object - dire + person) 7. Nous avons conseill au jeune homme de ne plus fumer. (au jeune homme - indirect object - conseiller + person) 8. Tu tlphoneras aux invits? (aux invits - indirect object - tlphoner + person) 9. Nous lui avons achet un chat. (lui - indirect object - bought for him - acheter quelque chose quelqu'un). Un chat - direct object.) 10. Tu l'as rencontre, ta copine? (did you meet her? - direct object) 11. La voiture que j'ai achete commence avoir quelques problmes. (The car which I bought is beginning to have some problems. Which is the direct object of acheter.) 12. Je vais t'envoyer les photos. (I'll send you the photos. t' - indirect object - send to you. Les photos - direct object.) 3 PERSONAL PRONOUNS Exercise 1 1. leur (tlphoner quelqu'un) 2. l' 3. l' 4. leur (confier quelqu'un) 5. l' 6. l' (aider quelqu'un - direct object pronoun, no ; lui would therefore be incorrect) 7. lui (parler quelqu'un) 8. lui (permettre quelqu'un) 9. leur (valoir quelqu'un) 10. les Exercise 2 1. Il l'avait attendu (pronoun goes before auxiliary verb. NB Attendre = to wait for; pour is not used.) 2. On lui a conseill (pronoun goes before auxiliary verb) 3. Personne ne l'a comprise (pronoun goes directly after ne and before auxiliary verb) 4. L'avez-vous vu? (pronoun goes before auxiliary verb) 5. Je leur avais tlphon (pronoun goes before auxiliary verb) 6. Qui lui a racont (pronoun goes before auxiliary verb) 7. Il ne lui a rien promis (pronoun goes directly after ne and before auxiliary verb) 8. J'ai dcid de la vendre (when there is a verb plus an infinitive, the pronoun goes directly before the infinitive) 9. La socit va leur envoyer... (as for no. 8) 10. J'aurais prfr vous montrer (as for no. 8) 11. tu as russi le trouver? (as for no. 8) 12. Le patron a dcid de ne pas le commander (as for no. 8) Exercise 3 1. Indirect object Je lui ai dit de rester. 2. Direct object Nous l' avons attendu une demi-heure. 3. Indirect object (tlphoner quelqu'un) Vous leur avez tlphon? 4. Direct object Personnellement, je l' aurais prfr. 5. Direct object Elle ne l' a pas encore vu 6. Indirect object (permettre qqn de faire..) On lui a permis de modifier sa commande. 7. Direct object of modifier On a permis au client de la modifier. 8. Indirect object Je leur ai offert du cognac. 9. Indirect object Tu lui as montr le message? 10. Indirect object (plaire qqn) L'mission ne leur a pas plu. 11. Indirect object of remettre On doit leur remettre les documents. 12. Direct object of aider On l' a aid rsoudre ses difficults. Exercise 4 1. Je le lui ai montr. 2. Nous le leur avons offert. 3. Nous vous l' avons expdi hier. 4. Tu le lui as expliqu? (le - it: sums up the entire clause "ce qui s'est pass") 5. On ne nous l' a pas racont. 4 PAST PARTICIPLE - AGREEMENTS Exercise 1 1. Elle est tombe (tre verb - requires agreement) et elle s'est foul le poignet. (No agreement on foul - the reflexive pronoun s' is in indirect object here. The direct object is le poignet.) 2. Les fleurs qu'il a offertes (les fleurs que - fem.pl. - preceding direct object, so agreement is required on offert) sont dj mortes. (Mourir takes tre and requires agreement with fem .pl. subject - les fleurs.) 3. Ils se sont crit. (No agreement - they wrote to each other. Se is the indirect object) 4. Ils se sont rencontrs. (Agreement required with masc. pl. subject. Se here is the direct object - they met each other.) 5. Quelle marque a-t-il achete. (Agreement required because of preceding direct object introduced by quelle - fem sing.) 6. Dn. (No agreement. Straightforward avoir verb, no preceding direct object.) 7. C'est toi qui les as caches? (Preceding direct object - les - referring to les chaussettes - fem. pl. - requires agreement.) 8. Tu les as mis o? (Nothing to be added. Les is a preceding direct object, referring to mes verres - masc. pl. - but as mis already ends in -s, you cannot add a second -s. The form of the past participle remains unchanged.) 9. "Il ne m'a pas vue", dit-elle. (Agreement required because m' is a preceding direct object and refers to a woman.) Exercise 2 1. Elle s'est blesse. (Agreement added. The s' is the preceding direct object - she injured herself) or: Elle s'est fait mal. (No agreement. The s' here is the indirect object - she did harm to herself. Mal is the direct object.) 2. Elle s'est bless le bras. (No agreement. s' is the indirect object. Le bras is the direct object.) 3. Ils ont disparu (No agreement - disparatre takes avoir.) 4. Mme Serenne est morte le mois dernier. (tre verb - requires agreement with fem. sing. subject.) 5. Les chiffres que vous m'avez donns sont inexacts. (Agreement required with preceding direct object - les chiffres que - masc. pl.) Exercise 3 Les dficits normes que certains pays ont cumuls suscitent de graves soucis. La baisse du chiffre daffaires que certaines entreprises ont programme cette anne est dj de 15%. Un ministre des Transports franais a annonc publiquement que le projet allait tre annul. Des dizaines de milliers demplois ont t supprims. Le sommet du G8 sest ouvert cette anne dans une atmosphre des plus moroses. Le trafic arien a rgress de 4,6%. Les pertes que la banque a alignes sont denviron 80 milliards deuros . Lvidence simpose: on est parti pour une vritable rcession. La bulle a clat: les bnfices, que le patron a attribus moins des performances solides qu' une sorte de gymnastique financire, se sont effondrs. 5 PASS COMPOS or IMPERFECT? Exercise 1 Write out the following verbs in the imperfect 1. chercherje cherchais6. faireils faisaient2. grandirelle grandissait7. partagerje partageais 3. descendrenous descendions8. sortiron sortait4. prendreil prenait9. pouvoirvous pouviez5. voirvous voyiez10. conduiretu conduisais Exercise 2 Translate the sentences below into French. 1. J'ai fait la vaisselle pendant que tu dormais sur le sofa. (One completed action + one continuing state.) 2. Nous y avons travaill pendant plusieurs mois, et puis nous sommes partis pour l'Espagne. (Two completed actions, the first of which lasted for several months, but is over.) 3. Il regardait toujours Blue Peter aprs l'cole. (Habitual repeated action - toujours) 4. J'ai crit trois fois avant de recevoir une rponse. (Repeated action, but not habitual - sequence happened once.) 5. Je n'ai pas reconnu l'homme. Il faisait noir et il portait un masque. (Completed event, then two descriptive imperfect tenses.) 5.1 PLUS-QUE-PARFAIT - PLUPERFECT Exercise 1. Tense?Meaning in English?j'ai oubliperfectI have forgotten, I forgot, I did forgetj'avais oublipluperfectI had forgottennous tions partispluperfectWe had leftnous sommes partisperfectWe have left, we left, we did leaveil s'est levperfectHe has got up, he got up, he did get upil s'tait levpluperfectHe had got up Exercise 2. Pass composPlus-que-parfait1. il y ail y a euil y avait eu2. tu reoistu as reutu avais reu3. elle finitelle a finielle avait fini4. vous vous installezvous vous tes install (or installe / installs, installes, depending on who vous is)vous vous tiez install5. elle resteelle est resteelle tait reste6. nous offronsnous avons offertnous avions offert7. je peuxjai pujavais pu8. je me trompeje me suis tromp(e) je mtais tromp(e)9. il fautil a falluil avait fallu10. ils doiventils ont d ils avaient d11. je vaisje suis all(e)jtais all(e)12. nous revenonsnous sommes revenus (revenues)nous tions revenus (revenues) 6 PRESENT OR FUTURE, PERFECT OR FUTURE PERFECT? Exercise 1 Give the future tense of the following verbs, as indicated. Those marked with an asterisk have an irregular stem. 1. entendrenous entendrons11. accepterils accepteront2. crirej'crirai12. *faireje ferai3. *allerils iront13. rejoindretu rejoindras4. avertirvous avertirez14. *pouvoirnous pourrons5. *revenirelle reviendra15. rpterje rpterai 6. exigeril exigera16. *se souvenirelles se souviendront7. mettrevous mettrez17. *avoirvous aurez8. partirelles partiront18. *envoyeril enverra9. *tretu seras19. *recevoirje recevrai10. *il fautil faudra20. ouvrirnous ouvrirons Note stem change in verbs below: InfinitiveFuturerappelerje rappelleraijeterje jetterai Exercise 2 Give the future perfect of the following verbs, adding any necessary agreements: 1. finir:J'aurai fini2. sortirElle sera sortie3. crireIls auront crit4. se rencontrerIls se seront rencontrs5. offrirVous aurez offert Exercise 3 1. ds que vous aurez reu. (A perfect tense here would imply that you already have received the fax, which is not the case. Future perfect required - as soon as you will have received..) 2. aprs qu'il sera parti. (future perfect - after he will have left, as in example 1. He has not left yet, so a perfect tense here would be wrong.) 3. Aussitt qu'il arrivera (as soon as he will arrive - refers forward to event in future.) 4. voudrez (future implied here - do whatever will suit you) 5. quand nous nous serons installs (future perfect as in example 1 - when we will have settled in) 6. lorsque vous le verrez (when you will see him - future event referred to) 7. quand je le vois (whenever + present tense) 8. je suis (whenever + present) 7 USE OF CONDITIONAL / CONDITIONAL PERFECT Revision exercise 1: complete the table below, giving the French verb forms or the English meaning as required. 1. I would explain the result ...J'expliquerais le rsultat2. I would need two carsJ'aurais besoin de deux voitures.3. We would go to St EtienneNous irions St Etienne4. They would wait.Ils attendraient5. They would have waited.Ils auraient attendu6. I would have gone out.Je serais sorti(e)7. He would have hurried (se dpcher) Il se serait dpch8. We would have woken upNous nous serions rveills.9. They would have met (se rencontrer)Ils se seraient rencontrs10. Who would have thought it? Who would have believed it?Qui l'aurait cru? Exercise 2 A suggested translation is given here. Other variants are possible, but it is not possible to list all the acceptable options. When translating conditional or conditional perfect tenses which the writer is using to distance himself from what he/she is reporting, the distancing effect can be conveyed by an adverb such as "apparently" or by an introductory phrase such as "it seems that" / "it is reported that". However, this can become stylistically clumsy, and if it is clear from the context that someone else's opinion or report is being cited rather than known or confirmed facts, the present tense or perfect tense can be used. Your choice will be dictated by the context as a whole, not by the sentence taken in isolation. 1. Rebels have apparently killed seven Afghan civilians during an attack in front of the NATO headquarters in Kabul yesterday. It is reported that rebels / It is claimed that rebels ...(Conditional perfect rather than straightforward perfect tense used in French , as it is an unconfirmed report of what has happened) 2. According to witnesses, these rebels also tried to shoot down a helicopter. (Conditional perfect in French again indicates that we are dealing with a claim rather than a confirmed fact. Contrast with number 3 below.) 3. In Washington, the Pentagon confirmed that an American soldier had been injured during this attack ....(Reported as a confirmed fact.) 8 SENTENCES WITH SI Exercise 1 1. vous pouviez (Vous pourriez is wrong here - you cannot have si meaning if followed by a conditional tense. Pattern 2 applies here: main verb conditional, si + imperfect. Part of the problem lies in the fact that you could in English has two possible meanings (a) you were able (imperfect) (b) you would be able (conditional). In French, the two tenses have distinct forms. 2. tait (si+ imperfect, main verb conditional) 3. je dirai (si + present, main verb future. Je dis (present tense) is also possible - "if he comes, I tell him.." implying that whenever he comes, I tell him..) 4. j'avais pu (si + pluperfect, main verb conditional perfect.) 5. il avait russi (Main verb conditional perfect, si + pluperfect) 6. ne se serait pas chou (Main verb conditional perfect, si + pluperfect) 7. seront (si + present, main verb future. Sont (present tense) is also possible here.) 8. tu t'inquiterais (si + imperfect, main verb conditional) Exercise 2 1. Main verb conditional, si + imperfect. Je comprendrais s'il refusait 2. Main verb conditional, si + imperfect. a vaudrait mieux si elle venait 3. Main verb conditional, si + imperfect. Nous serions contents si vous pouviez 4. Si + imperfect, main verb conditional. Si vous la revoyiez, la reconnatriez-vous 5. Si + imperfect, main verb conditional. Si vous investissiez davantage, vos revenus augmenteraient 6. Si + imperfect, main verb conditional. Si la runion commenait...nous pourrions (conditional of pouvoir is correct here, as it is the main verb, and does not directly follow si) 7. Si + pluperfect, main verb conditional perfect. Si l'Occident avait envoy ..., moins de gens seraient morts 8. Si + pluperfect, main verb conditional perfect. Si nous l'avions su, nous lui aurions tlphon (straightforward pluperfect) 9. Main verb conditional perfect, si + pluperfect + additional pluperfect. Il se serait arrt s'il avait vu ce qui s'tait pass. 10. Main verb conditional perfect, si + pluperfect. Je l'aurais entendu si quelqu'un avait essay 9 THE PASSIVE VOICE Exercise 1 1. active 3. passive 5. passive 7. passive 2. passive 4. active 6. passive 8. active Exercise 2 1. We have been invited to dinner by our neighbours. 2. He was arrested by the police at the border. 3. The fire alarm was set off by cigarette smoke. 4. A speech will be given by the chancellor next week. Exercise 3 1. passive 4. active 7. active 2. passive 5. passive 8. (a) passive (a t dveloppe) 3. active 6. active (b) active (on y a construit) Exercise 4 1. He was appointed director. Perfect passive - a completed event 2. Thousands of jobs will be cut. Future passive - agreement with masc plural des milliers 3. The Rhine was polluted by chemicals. Imperfect passive - description 4. The forms have to be filled in before arrival at the port. Passive infinitive - agreement with masc plural les formulaires 5. Half of the house had been destroyed. Pluperfect passive - agreement with feminine la moiti 6. Two articles have been published / were published in a Belgian journal. Perfect passive - a completed event - agreement with masc plural deux articles. Exercise 5 1. Patrick a t arrt (perfect passive - a completed event) 2. Les chques seront envoys (future passive) 3. Les touristes sont attirs par (present passive) 4. Des feux ...ont t installs (perfect passive - a completed event) 5. Le bistro tait rempli (imperfect passive - description) 6. L'Italie et le Royaume Uni ont t forcs (perfect passive - a completed event) 7. La bibliothque va tre agrandie (passive infinitive after va) 8. J'ai t invit(e) (perfect passive) 9. Des espaces verts doivent tre crs (passive infinitive after doivent) 10. L'environnement n'a pas t protg (perfect passive) Exercise 6 1. On m'a donn la lettre 2. On leur a permis de venir. 3. On a permis au visiteur d'entrer 4. On nous a offert un emploi. 5. On a conseill Hlne d'attendre. 6. On a interdit / on a dfendu aux employs de partir. 7. On a dit Pierre de ne pas aller Nice. 8. On nous a tlphon hier soir. 10 DEPUIS etc.- POINTS TO NOTE CONCERNING TENSES Exercise 1 (depuis) 1. Nous exportons 2. Ils apprennent 3. j'essaie 4. nous roulions 5. elle cherchait 6. regardiez-vous Exercise 2 1. Nous venons d'aller chez le dentiste. 2. Il vient de gagner la loterie. 3. Je venais de me faire une tasse de caf. 4. Ils venaient de s'asseoir. Exercise 3 1. Il y a eu (perfect tense for completed action) 2. Il doit y avoir 3. Il pourrait y avoir 4. Il y aura 5. Il va y avoir (il y aura - also possible) 6. Il y avait trois arbres (imperfect tense for description. Note that avait is singular in form, agreeing with il, not with trois arbres.) Exercise 4 1. Ils auraient d recevoir le fax. 2. Vous avez d le voir. 3. Nous devions visiter Paris la semaine prochaine. 4. Je devrais promener le chien. 5. Cela doit tre possible. 6. Nous aurions d (le) savoir. 7. Il aurait d arriver. 11 USE OF THE INFINITIVE Exercise 1 The infinitives in the passage below are highlighted. (1) Le ministre a fait construire une belle villa sur la cte mditerranenne, prs de St-Eustache, entoure d'une muraille paisse pour dcourager les journalistes indiscrets. Le projet immobilier a suscit des commentaires quelque peu malveillants. L'entrepreneur qui monsieur le ministre a confi la construction de sa villa, comme on le sait, s'est fait arrter il y a peu. Il a t inculp de corruption dans un autre projet immobilier o il aurait dcroch l'autorisation de faire construire tout un ensemble d'immeubles de grand standing sur un terrain en principe protg aux alentours de St-Eustache. Qui a dcid de lui accorder cette autorisation? Le conseil municipal de St-Eustache, dont le maire - vous l'avez devin - est le ministre lui-mme. (2) Pourquoi ne pas accorder cette autorisation? Le conseil municipal aurait t motiv par le dsir parfaitement honorable de crer des emplois St-Eustache et d'attirer de nouveaux habitants, et il aurait promis de mettre en rserve du terrain au nord de St-Eustache (3) afin de crer un petit parc. Nanmoins, les doutes n'ont pas tard se faire entendre, car la villa semble avoir cot la moiti du prix attendu pour un btiment de cette qualit. Notre ministre a hsit remettre ses factures au juge charg d'instruire l'affaire, mais (4) il a fini par cder. (5) Ne pas montrer les factures aurait fait trs mauvaise impression. Et l'entrepreneur inculp est un ami de longue date du maire / ministre. (6) Les voisins l'ont vu sortir de chez le maire de nombreuses fois, et on les a vus dner ensemble en ville. Tout cela, cependant, n'est que des rumeurs. La police a interrog le ministre mais l'a laiss partir. (7) On dit que le ministre est assez puissant pour chapper une enqute judiciaire, mais quoi, nous vivons dans un tat de droit, et personne n'est au-dessus des lois. 1. The minister has had a beautiful villa built ...(See table.)2. Why not grant this planning permission? (The infinitive can be used in certain types of rhetorical question, where a phrase like "ne devrait-on pas" or "ne peut-on" , for example, is implied.)3. in order to create a small park. (afin de + infinitive has the same meaning as pour + infinitive: in order to.4. he ended up giving way. (finir par + infinitive - see table.)5. Not showing the invoices would have made a very bad impression. (The infinitive can be used as the subject of a sentence when in English a present participle - the -ing form - would be used.)6. The neighbours saw him leave the mayor's house on numerous occasions and they were seen dining together in town. (See table for use of infinitive after verbs of perception.)7. People say that the minister is powerful enough to escape a police enquiry. (See table for use of assez + adjective + pour + infinitive Exercise 2 1. Jai fait repeindre ma cuisine I have had my kitchen repainted. 2. Jean-Philippe est parti sans rencontrer son nouveau voisin. Jean-Philippe left without meeting his new neighbour. 3. Elle a fini par accepter le poste Bordeaux. She ended up accepting the post in Bordeaux. 4. Il a dit quil tait trop fatigu pour continuer. He said he was too tired to continue. 5. Jai dcid de travailler la maison pour viter les embouteillages. I decided to work at home to avoid traffic jams. Exercise 3 1. We saw them cross the road.Nous les avons vus traverser la rue.2. I ended up staying at home.J'ai fini par rester la maison.3. He's far too important to answer the phone himself.Il est beaucoup trop important pour rpondre au tlphone lui-mme.4. He left France in order to escape a police investigation.Il a quitt la France afin de (pour) chapper a une enqute judiciaire.5. Giving up chocolate would be impossible.Renoncer au chocolat serait impossible. Exercise 4 1. Vous allez voir. 2. On a rencontr des tas de gens trs sympa. 3. Nous esprons vous contacter dans un proche avenir. 4. C'est bien le droit que vous tudiez ? 5. Je crois qu'il ne t'a pas cout. Il est incapable de se concentrer. 6. Qui attendez - vous? Le directeur? Je suis vraiment navr, mais son avion a t retard. 7. Avez-vous pu persuader le comit d'accepter votre projet? 8. Le vol a t annul cause de la grve. 9. Aprs avoir djeun, nous nous sommes rendus en ville. 10. Il espre tre nomm adjoint au maire. 12 RELATIVE PRONOUNS Exercise 1a. 1. qui - subject of inviter - who invited us. 2. que - direct object of inviter - who(m) we invited. 3. qui - subject of chercher - who is looking for you. 4. que - direct object of chercher - who(m) you are looking for. 5. que - direct object of rencontrer - who(m) you will meet. 6. qui - subject of rencontrer - who will meet you. Exercise 1b. 1. que - direct object of oublier - that I forgot. 2. qui - subject of tre - which is difficult to resolve. 3. que - direct object of faire parvenir - which M Le Bret has sent to us. 4. qui - subject of tre - literally: which will be necessary to you for the journey. 5. qui - subject of amuser - which amuses me. 6. que - direct object of prfrer - which the viewers prefer. 7. que - direct object of refuser - which Luc has had to refuse. 8. qui - subject of aider - who helped you. 9. que - direct object of connatre - who(m) you don't know yet. 10. qui - subject of conseiller - who advised us. Exercise 2 1. qui - refers directly back to the antecedent le chanteur - the singer who. 2. qui - refers directly back to the antecedent la ville - a town which. 3. ce qui - sums up preceding clause - I've no idea when she will arrive, which annoys me a little. 4. ce qui - refers forward to something not previously mentioned. 5. ce qui - refers to something not previously mentioned - Do you know what has happened? 6. ce qui - sums up preceding clause - The pound is strong at the moment, which is bad for exports. 7. ce qui - sums up preceding clause - The strike has harmed tourism a great deal, which has added to the difficulties of the region. 8. qui - refers directly back to the antecedent la tlcopie - the fax which. Exercise 3 1. ce que - refers to something not yet mentioned - I don't understand what you want. 2. que - refers directly back to antecedent les projets - all the plans which he had made. 3. Ce qu' - refers forward to something not yet mentioned - what he demands is. 4. que - refers directly back to antecedent le dpliant - here is the brochure which you were looking for. 5. ce que - refers to something not previously mentioned - it's all I have seen. 6. ce que - refers to something not previously mentioned - I've no idea what I can do here. 7. que - refers directly back to antecedent les produits - the products which our predecessors ordered.. Exercise 4 1. The printer which / that my neighbour uses is very slow and noisy. L'imprimante qu'utilise mon voisin est trs lente et bruyante. (que mon voisin utilise) 2. The film which / that I wanted to see is no longer on. Le film que je voulais voir ne passe plus au cinma. 3. The person who(m) / that you should contact ... La personne que vous devriez contacter est en vacances pour les deux semaines qui viennent. 4. Did you find the students who(m) / that you mentioned? Avez-vous trouv les tudiants que vous avez mentionns? 5. The bus which / that we're waiting for is late. L'autobus que nous attendons est en retard. Exercise 5 1. que: direct object of rencontrer - who(m) Pierre has not yet met 2. qui: subject of faire attendre - it's always you who keeps me waiting 3. qu' : direct object of arrter - who(m) they arrested 4. qui: subject of se vendre - which sell best 5. que: direct object of attendre - who(m) we are waiting for 6. qui: subject of attendre - who is waiting for us 7. qui: subject of avoir - which has had great success 8. qui: subject of parler - who was speaking to you 9. que: direct object of envoyer - which we sent you 10. que: direct object of demander - which you asked for 11. que: direct object of recommander - which the receptionist recommended 12. qu': direct object of falloir - which you need - which it is necessary for you (to have) 13. qui: subject of venir - in the next few days (literally - in the days which are coming) 14. qui: subject of rendre visite - who will visit you. Exercise 6 1. ce qu'elle avait achet. Refers to something not yet mentioned. Ce que ( and not ce qui) because it is the direct object of acheter. NB Ce que elides to become ce qu' before a vowel. Ce qui never changes, even when followed by a vowel. 2. Tout ce que nous avons entendu. Refers forward to something not previously mentioned. Ce que (and not ce qui) because it is the direct object of entendre. 3. ce qu'il voulait faire. Refers to something not yet mentioned. Ce que (and not ce qui) because it is the direct object of faire. 4. L'article que je cherche. Refers directly back to antecedent l'article. Que ( and not qui) because it is the direct object of chercher. 5. L'appartement qui vient d'tre vendu. Refers directly back to antecedent l'appartement. Qui ( and not que) because it is the subject of venir d'tre vendu. 6. Ce qui m'irrite. Refers forward to something not yet mentioned. Ce qui (and not ce que) because it is the subject of irriter. 7. Le modle qu'ils veulent introduire. Refers directly back to antecedent le modle. Que (and not qui) because it is the direct object of introduire. Exercise 7 (It is not feasible to give every alternative for translations, but other alternatives are possible.) 1. Le journal qui a t le premier faire tat du scandale tait Libration. 2. Ce qui me tape sur les nerfs, c'est la circulation. 3. Il ronfle bruyamment, ce qu'elle considre comme motif de divorce. 4. La proposition que vous avez faite a t accepte. / On a accept la proposition que vous avez faite. 13. RELATIVE PRONOUNS - DONT Exercise 1 NB 1. Dont comes directly after the word to which it refers 2. The subject of the relative clause follows next (nous, Pierre, nous, je) 3. The verb comes after the subject. 4. The direct object (if there is one) comes last in the relative clause. Relative clauseDONTsubjectverbdirect object1.2.3.4.1. Le clientdontnousrpar-onsl'appareilviendra le chercher demain. 2. le collguedont Pierrecherch-aitle numro de tlphone est en vacances.3. Les sous- traitants dontnousutilisonsles produitsont fait faillite.4. C'est un dveloppe- mentdontjecrainsles consquences. Exercise 2. DONTsubjectverbdirect object / complement of verb "to be"1. Je sjourne chez l'ami dontnousavons rencontrla famillehier.2. Le Mansdontla cath-draleesttrs clbrevaut la visite. 3. Nous accepterons la socitdontles dlais de livraisonsontles plus courts.4. La compagnie d'assurancesdont nousutilisonsles servicesa augment ses tarifs. Exercise 3. In the examples below, which could be replaced by that, or could be omitted altogether. 1. The map / card (which) they needed was out of stock. 2. The conference (which) the director talked about will take place in the Bahamas. 3. The model (which) I remember was more economical. 4. The production methods (which) they use are really archaic. 5. The job (which) my brother wants is very well paid. 6. The sector (which) I deal with is manufacturing. 7. The large building (which) we are approaching now is the university canteen. 8. Most of the mistakes (which) I noticed are typing errors. 9. One possible result (which) they are afraid of is an increase in the number of redundancies. 10. The network went down this morning. Which are the programmes (which) you can't do without? Exercise 4 3. se souvenir deto remember4. se servir deto use5. avoir envie deto want6. s'occuper deto deal with7. s'approcher deto approach8. s'apercevoir deto notice9. avoir peur deto be afraid of10. se passer deto do without Exercise 5 1. The article which (that) we needed had been borrowed from the library. 2. That was the main change which (that) I noticed. 3. This is the case which (that) he is dealing with. 4. I forgot most of the vocabulary, and the words which (that) I remembered didn't come up in the test anyway. Les seuls insectes dont il a peur 2. L'article dont nous avions besoin 3. le changement principal dont je me suis aperu(e) 4. le cas dont il s'occupe 5. les mots dont je me souvenais / dont je me suis souvenu(e)* * If you use se rappeler for to remember, the phrase would be as follows: "les mots que je me rappelais", as se rappeler is followed by a direct object, not by de. Exercise 6 1. Le jeune homme prs de qui elle se tenait. Prs de: preposition consisting of 2 words, so dont cannot be used. De qui is the correct form, as it refers to a person. 2. Le produit dont je me sers le plus souvent.. Verb + de (se servir de) - dont is therefore required here. 3. Le caf et le supermarch en face desquels nous habitons. En face de - preposition consisting of 3 words, so dont cannot be used. Desquels is the correct form as it refers to le caf and le supermarch. 4. De quoi s'occupe-t-il? Question form, referring to things. 5. Le chaos au milieu duquel il vivait. Au milieu de: preposition consisting of 3 words, so dont cannot be used. Duquel is the correct form as it refers to le chaos. 6. l'tudiant dont je me souviens. Verb + de (se souvenir de) - dont is therefore required here. 14 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AFTER A PREPOSITION Exercise 1 1. La personne pour qui 2. L'oncle et la tante chez qui (qui can refer to more than one person) 3. L'ami avec qui 4. Le dictionnaire avec lequel 5. L'entreprise (f) pour laquelle 6. Les documents (m.pl.) sans lesquels Exercise 2 1. The table under which the cat was sitting La table sous laquelle le chat tait assis 2. The team against which they are playing L'quipe contre laquelle ils jouent 3. The candidate for whom he campaigned Le candidat pour qui il a fait campagne 4. The pub above which I live Le bar / le pub au-dessus duquel j'habite 5. The caravan in which they live La caravane dans laquelle ils habitent, or La caravane o ils habitent or *la caravane qu'ils habitent 6. The man with whom she is going out L'homme avec qui elle sort *after habiter, dans can be omitted, and the verb can be followed by a direct object. Exercise 3 1. La dame qui (parler quelqu'un) 2. Les amis qui (qui can refer to more than one person) (tlphoner quelqu'un - usage differs from English, to telephone someone.) 3. La question laquelle (rpondre quelqu'un / quelque chose - usage differs from English - to answer someone/something) 4. Le bureau auquel (adresser quelque chose quelqu'un / quelque chose) 5. Les sports auxquels (s'intresser quelque chose) Exercise 4 1. Les questions (f.pl.) auxquelles j'ai rpondu taient assez faciles. 2. L'agent de police qui nous avons donn le porte-monnaie a pris note de notre adresse. 3. Le livre auquel je m'intresse est de Dumas. 4. Les vnements (m.pl.) auxquels je pensais ont eu lieu en 1950. 5. Les amis qui j'ai prt mes notes ne les ont pas encore rendues. (les: preceding direct object pronoun, referring to les notes, f.pl. - hence agreement) 6. La personne qui j'ai tlphon n'avait pas beaucoup de renseignements. 15 SUBJUNCTIVE (1) parlerfinirrendreils parlentils finissentils rendentjeparlefinisserendetuparlesfinissesrendesilparlefinisserendenousparlions*finissions*rendions*vousparliez*finissiez*rendiez*ilsparlentfinissentrendent*NB the nous and vous forms are identical to the imperfect indicative. Verbs with stem change. venirprendreboireappelerils viennentils prennentils boiventils appellentjevienneprenneboiveappelletuviennesprennesboivesappellesilvienneprenneboiveappellenousvenions prenions buvionsappelionsvousveniez preniezbuviezappeliezilsviennentprennentboiventappellent Exercise 1. 1. attendions8. puisse15. puisse2. finisse9. prenne16. fasse....pleuve3. rende10. fasse17. soit4. dise 11. soit18. soient5. lisiez12. sentes19. obteniez6. vienne13. alliez20. offriez7. veniez14. voie Exercise 2 1. ait appris 4. soient rentrs 2. ait rendu 5. aie lu 3. ait vue Exercise 3 1a . I would have preferred to go the the Antilles. 1b. I would have preferred you to go to the Antilles. 2a. I would like to catch the plane to Athens. 2b. I would like my deputy to catch the plane to Athens. 3a. He wishes to visit us after the holidays. 3b. He wishes us to visit him after the holidays. 4a. Do you want to wait here? 4b. Do you want me to wait here? 5a. Do you want to wait for me here? 5b. Do you want me to wait for you here? 6a. I am pleased to be able to stay in Italy / I am pleased that I can stay ...(Note that French requires an infinitive here, as the subjects of the two verbs are the same - I. Que + subjunctive would not be acceptable.) 6b. I am pleased that you can stay in Italy. 7a. It is better to wait a moment. 7b. It is better for you to wait a moment. 8a. He was annoyed at not knowing who had telephoned. / He was annoyed that he did not know 8b. He was annoyed that his secretary did not know who had telephoned. Exercise 4. 1. Nous prfrerions travailler Londres. 2. Nous prfrerions qu'ils travaillent Londres. (Subject changes) 3. Je voudrais que vous leur rendiez visite. (Subject changes) 4. Je voudrais leur rendre visite. 5. Il veut poser sa candidature au poste. 6. Il veut que je pose ma candidature au poste. (Subject changes) 7. Ils prfreraient finir 18 heures. 8. Ils prfreraient que vous finissiez / que tu finisses 18 heures. (Subject changes) 9. Je suis ravi(e) / enchant(e) de les avoir rencontrs. (As subjects are the same, use infinitive construction) 10. Je suis ravi(e) / enchant(e) que vous les ayez rencontrs. / que tu les aies rencontrs. (Subject changes) (Les = preceding direct object, assumed here, in absence of a context, to be masc. plural.) 11. Ils sont contents que vous ayez reu leur carte / que tu aies reu (Subject changes) 12. Ils sont contents d'avoir reu votre carte. (As subjects are the same, use infinitive construction) 16 SUBJUNCTIVE (2) Exercise 1 1. connat (je suis sr que + indicative - certainty)2. connaisse ( je ne crois pas que + subjunctive - doubt)3. est (Il croit que + indicative)4. puisse (Croyez-vous que + subjunctive - doubt implied by question)5. t'amuses (J'espre que + indicative)6. soit tombe (Il est possible que + subjunctive - implies doubt)7. ait (Je doute que + subjunctive)8. saurons (Peut-tre que is always used with indicative - even though doubt is implied)9. ait tromp (Il nie que + subjunctive - doubt is implied by denying)10. sache (Il n'est pas vident que + subjunctive - doubt / uncertainty)11. ait (Je ne dis pas que + subjunctive - uncertainty implied by negative)12. vende (Il se peut que + subjunctive - implies uncertainty)13. soient partis (tes-vous certain que + subjunctive - uncertainty conveyed by question )14. introduira (Il est probable que is always used with an indicative, even though uncertainty is implied.) Exercise 2 1. Je ne crois pas qu'il soit capable de gagner / de l'emporter. (Je ne crois pas que + subjunctive) 2. Je doute qu'ils aient lu le rapport. (douter que + subjunctive) 3. Pensez-vous qu'elle revienne au bureau? (pensez-vous que + subjunctive) 4. On espre que la situation changera / va changer. (esprer que + indicative. It only takes a subjunctive when negative or interrogative) 5. Niez-vous que vous ayez rendu visite M Dupont mardi? (nier que + subjunctive) Peut-tre que: always followed by an indicative. 6a. * Peut-tre que la socit offrira un nouveau contrat, or 6b. * Peut-tre la socit offrira-t-elle un nouveau contrat, or 6c. La socit offrira peut-tre un nouveau contrat. * When peut-tre is used at the beginning of a sentence, it must either (i) be followed by que, or (ii) be followed by an inversion of the subject and verb, as in (b). Exercise 3 1. Je serai au bureau 8 heures moins que la circulation ne soit trop dense. (Je serai au bureau 8 heures avant que la circulation ne soit trop dense.) (Je serai au bureau 8 heures pourvu que la circulation ne soit pas trop dense.) 2. On va dmnager pourvu que ma femme obtienne un nouveau poste. (On va dmnager moins que ma femme n'obtienne..) 3. Elle n'a pas beaucoup maigri quoiqu'elle suive un rgime assez stricte. 4. La socit ne pourra pas augmenter ses ventes moins qu'elle ne rduise ses tarifs. 5. On tape tout sur une vieille machine crire en attendant que l'ordinateur soit rpar. (On tape tout sur une vieille machine crire jusqu' ce que l'ordinateur soit rpar.) 6. Il va falloir faire des copies de l'ordre du jour avant que la runion n'ait lieu. 7. J'ai ajout des notes supplmentaires pour que tu comprennes mieux .... 8. La direction a refus de le nommer adjoint sans qu'on sache pourquoi. Exercise 4 1. Il a vrifi quelques dates avant d'crire le compte-rendu. (Avant de: subject stays the same) 2. Je vous donnerai l'article avant que vous ne passiez votre examen. (Avant que: subject changes) 3. Les voleurs ont pris les tableaux sans que j'entende quoi que ce soit / sans que j'entende rien. (Avant que - subject changes) 4. Ils ont quitt le restaurant sans payer / sans avoir pay. (Sans + infinitive: subject stays the same) 5. Il est rentr chez lui sans avoir trouv ce qu'il voulait. (Sans + perfect infinitive: subject stays the same) 6. Elle viendra l'heure pourvu qu'elle russisse prendre l'autobus. 7. Qu'il pleuve ou non, nous sortirons. Exercise 5 1. Do you know someone who can explain to me how this appliance works? 2. It is the most expensive picture the gallery has acquired. 3. If he doesn't like his job, he can leave / let him leave. 4. Whatever you do, you will always have the same result. 5. She is the only person who could survive in such conditions. 6. This job does not interest me, whatever the salary (is). 7. He is the most gifted student I know. 8. I'm looking for a guide who knows the way. 9. There is no-one who knows the answer. 10. Let no-one move / Don't anyone move, I've lost one of my contact lenses. Exercise 6 1. C'est le cours le plus ennuyeux qu'on ait fait. 2. C'est la langue la plus complexe que nous ayons tudie. (la langue ...que: preceding direct object) 3. C'est la dernire personne qu'il ait rencontre. (la personne que: preceding direct object) 4. C'est le meilleur salaire qu'on m'ait offert. 5. Ce sont les meutes les plus violentes qui se soient produites en France. Exercise 7 1. Y a-t-il quelqu'un ici qui sache l'allemand? 2. Nous cherchons quelqu'un qui puisse garder quatre petits enfants pour un mois cet t. 3. Quoi que (2 separate words) nous fassions, rien ne changera. 4. Nous devrons continuer / Il nous faudra continuer, quelles que soient leurs propositions. 5. Qu'il dise ce qu'il pense. Exercise 8 1. Au fur et mesure que + indicative: nous nous approchions / nous nous sommes approchs 2. Attendre que + subjunctive: le facteur soit pass. 3. Insister pour que + subjunctive: vous veniez. 4. Demander que + subjunctive: les lettres soient brles. 5. Dire que + indicative: il a rat or il avait rat. 6. Raconter que + indicative: le chef a dmissionn. 7. Aprs que + indicative - deals with something which has happened, not with something hypothetical: nous tions entrs (after we had entered) 8. Il est ncessaire que + subjunctive: vous achetiez. 9. Savez-vous ce qui s'est pass. Indicative after ce qui - no reason for subjunctive. 10. tre fier que + subjunctive: son fils ait appris. 11. Vouloir que + subjunctive: il s'en aille. 12. Aussitt que + indicative, and here it requires a future tense as the main verb is in the future (see 4): j'arriverai. 13. Esprer que + indicative (unless esprer is negative or interrogative): votre mari ira / votre mari va. 14. Bien que (although) + subjunctive: ce soit dfendu. 15. S'opposer ce que + subjunctive: Bruxelles prenne.. 16. Empcher que + (ne) + subjunctive: ce dsordre ne se reproduise. 17. Ce n'est pas la peine que + subjunctive: tu lui crives. 18. Il faut que + subjunctive: tu descendes. 19. Il me semble que + indicative: avez. (But: Il semble que + subjunctive) 20. Pour que + subjunctive: vous le sachiez. 17 ASKING QUESTIONS (1) Exercise 1 1. Y a-t-il un problme? 2. Y a-t-il eu une augmentation .. ? 3. Les cheminots sont-ils contents .. ? 4. Le premier ministre a-t-il pu calmer .. ? 5. Votre pre vous rend-il visite .. ? 6. Va-t-on rduire .. ? 7. Louise est-elle arrive? 8. Les tudiants ont-ils reu leur clef? Exercise 2 1. O habitez-vous? 2. Pourquoi le patronat a-t-il recommand .. ? 3. Comment le savaient-ils? 4. De qui le chef a-t-il parl? 5. Quelle rponse le client a-t-il donne? (quelle: preceding direct object) 6. Quant l'avion doit-il atterrir? 7. Que pensez-vous de ce dveloppement? 8. Pour qui travaillez-vous en ce moment? 9. De quoi d'agit-il? 10. O Jean a-t-il mis le journal? 18 ASKING QUESTIONS (2) Exercise 1 1. De quoi ..? 2. Quels (m pl) + noun, chiffres 3. Qu'est-ce qui s'est produit .. ? (what = subject of s'est produit, and there is only one form) 4. Qu'est-ce qui a pouss .. ? (what = subject of a pouss, and there is only one form) 5. Qu'est-ce que le dput a promis de faire? (the subject of the verb a promis is le dput, so what is the direct object. There is no inversion of subject and verb, so the long form is needed.) 6. Quel (m sing.) + noun, dput 7. Quelle (f sing) + verb 'to be" + noun, capitale Exercise 2 1. Qui: subject. Qui a tlphon? (or Qui est-ce qui a tlphon?) 2. Qui: subject. Qui apporte le pizza? (or Qui est-ce qui apporte le pizza?) 3. Qui: direct object. (you = subject) Qui allez-vous rencontrer? (or Qui est-ce que vous allez rencontrer?) 4. Qui: subject. Qui vous a donn la carte? (or Qui vous a donn la carte?) Exercise 3 1. Which way did they go? 2. There were 3 candidates. Which one got the job? 3. Who did you send the cheque to? (Note the difference in word order. The French corresponds to to whom did you send the cheque?) 4. What is the CSA? 5. What are we to do? / What were we to do? (Translation will depend on context, especially with regard to the tense of the verb.) 6. How often do you see your students? (Literally: every how often?) 7. What is her third husband like? 8. How far is Trouville? 9. What is this child afraid of? (Note word order in French.) 10. Who did the minister travel with? (Note word order in French.) 11. Who does the red Peugeot belong to? (Whose is the red Peugeot?) It's blocking the car park exit. (NB whose? = qui?) Exercise 4 1. Le nouvel appartement, comment est-il? (What is the new flat like?) 2. D'o vient-elle? (Where does she come from?) 3. A qui est cette serviette? (Whose is this briefcase? See also: C'est moi - It's mine.) 4. Laquelle de ces deux voitures est la moins chre? (Which of these two cars is cheapest?) 5. Quoi de neuf? (What news? - Idiomatic use of quoi) 6. Avec qui sort-elle? (Who is she going out with?) 7. A qui avez-vous tlphon? (Who have you phoned? - tlphoner quelqu'un) 8. Depuis combien de temps est-il hospitalis? (How long has he been in hospital?) 9. Avec quoi crivez-vous? (What are you writing with?) 10. De quoi s'occupe-t-il? (What does he deal with? - s'occuper de quelque chose) 11. Qu' est-ce quil est devenu? (What became of him?) 12. Il y a un train tous les combien? (How often is there a train ?) 13. Qui cherchez-vous? (Who are you looking for?) 14. Mais qu'est-ce qu' il a oubli cettte fois? (What has he forgotten this time?) Exercise 5 (indirect questions) 1. Ils se sont demand ce qui s'tait pass. (Ce qui is the subject of s'tait pass) 2. Qu'est-ce qui s'est pass? (Qu'est-ce qui is subject of s'est pass, and there is only one form.) 3. Qu'est-ce que cette socit fabrique? (The subject of the verb fabrique is cette socit. Qu'est-ce que is the direct object. As subject and verb are not inverted, the long form is required.) 4. J'aimerais dcouvrir ce que mes collgues ont dit ce sujet. (The subject of the verb ont dit is mes collgues. Ce que is the direct object.) 5. Que voulez-vous? (The subject of the verb voulez is vous. Que is the direct object. As the subject and verb are inverted, the short form is required.) 6. Savez-vous ce que vous voulez? (The subject of the verb voulez is vous. Ce que is the direct object) 19 PRONOUNS: EN Exercise 1 1. Tu l'as vue? (preceding direct object) 2. Tu en as achet une? (no agreement with en) 3. Il faut en commander (en = some) 4. Tout cela dpend d'eux (dpendre de + person) 5. Notre dcision en dpend (dpendre de + object/thing) 6. Je n'ai pas pu me dbarrasser de lui. (se dbarrasser de + person) 7. J'ai dcid d'y renoncer (renoncer + object/thing) 8. Je leur enseigne.. (enseigner + person - indirect object pronoun) 9. Qu'en pensez-vous (penser de + object/thing) 10. On comptait y aller (place) Exercise 2 1. J'en ai une. 2. Vous les avez apportes? (Les = preceding direcct object. Hence agreement on apportes) 3. Il n'y en a plus. (Note word order. En follows y) 4. Nous la prendrons. 5. Vous en prenez? 6. J'en ai achet deux caisses. Exercise 3 1. s'en charge (de + thing) 2. Il en a toujours eu peur (de + thing) 3. elle n'en a pas profit (de + thing) 4. nous occuper d'eux (de + person) 5. je me mfie de lui (de + person) 6. s'en dbarrassera(de + thing) 7. je me souviendrai d'elles (de + person) 8. a va en dpendre (de + thing / idea) 20 PRONOUNS: Y Exercise 1 1. Tu vas y rpondre? (rpondre + thing) 2. Je ne lui ai pas rpondu (rpondre + person - indirect object pronoun) 3. Ce que je lui reproche (rprocher + person - indirect object pronoun) 4. Je leur ai demand (demander + person - indirect object pronoun) 5. On lui avait vol (voler qch + person - indirect object pronoun) 6. Je dois leur cacher (cacher qch + person - indirect object pronoun) 7. Elle lui ressemble (ressembler + person - indirect object pronoun) 8. Ils ont fini par y russir (russir + thing). Exercise 2 1. Je ne peux pas m'y habituer (s'habituer + thing) 2. ...s'habituer lui (s'habituer + person - + emphatic pronoun) 3. Il s'intresse elles (s'intresser + person - + emphatic pronoun) 4. Il faut absolument y faire attention (faire attention + thing) 5. Il faut faire attention eux (faire attention + person - + emphatic pronoun) 6. Je pensais lui (penser + person - + emphatic pronoun) 7. Y avais-tu pens? (penser + thing / idea) Exercise 3 3 millions de chmeurs... (a) Avec ses diplmes et son exprience varie, Charles est journaliste. Mais sen souvient-il encore? Il entamait son trentime mois de chmage quand Ple-Emploi lui a propos un contrat emploi-solidarit 800 par mois. Le voil employ temps partiel dans une petite bibliothque. Mais il n a pas hsit: 55 ans, il ne se fait plus aucune illusion sur ses chances de rinsertion, et il ne supporte plus de voir sa femme lui laisser son argent de poche le matin en partant travailler. Cet emploi et ce salaire, qui pour lui a quelque chose dindcent, lui auront au moins rendu un sentiment dindpendance. Le contrat nest sign que pour six mois, mais Charles ne dsespre pas de le voir renouvel. Et mme, pourquoi pas, dboucher sur une vritable embauche. (b) Sylvie Quermonne, 20 ans, ne diffre en rien dune tudiante. Et pourtant, elle est passe sans transition du lyce au chmage. Elle ne peut mme pas prtendre avoir travaill: elle nen a pas les preuves. Pourtant, des petits boulots, elle en a fait. Cest mme lattrait de la vie active qui lui a pousse arrter ses tudes en premire. Ce qui lui a permis de voyager un peu aux Etats-Unis. Cest lorsquelle est revenue et quelle a voulu habiter ailleurs que chez ses parents quelle sest trouve confronte au problme de lemploi. Je me suis inscrite une premire fois Ple-Emploi, mais je nai pas renouvel linscription. Pourquoi l'aurait-elle fait? (Why would she have done so / done this?) Je navais pas le droit aux Assedic, et on m' a expliqu que les programmes de formation ne me concernaient pas. 21 THE IMPERATIVE Exercise 1 ImpratifInfinitifVerbe au prsent de l'indicatif)Signez icisignervous signezRemplissez le formulaire Aremplirvous remplissezDis-moi ce que tu as vu.diretu disAsseyez-voussasseoirvous vous asseyezArrte de pleurnicher et mange tes pinardsarrtertu arrtesSoyons ralistestrenous sommesTais-toise tairetu te taisDescends la rue jusqu'aux feuxdescendretu descendsAllons au cinmaallernous allons Formation of the imperative the 'vous' form of the imperative: Remove the "vous" from the present tense (except for certain irregular verbs.....in particular..."avoir", "tre", "aller" and "vouloir" - see 21): eg: coutez! attendez! choisissez! (b) the 'tu' form of the imperative: Remove the "tu" from the present tense and also, with "er" verbs, remove the final "s": e.g. coute! (no -s); attends! choisis! (c) the imperative of reflexive verbs Proceed as above but make the reflexive pronoun follow the verb, attached by a hyphen. Note that "te" becomes "toi": e.g. rveillez-vous! dpche-toi! (no -s); (d) The 'nous' form of the imperative: Remove the 'nous' from the present tense. The 'nous' form of the imperative means "let's.............". e.g. Allons la plage - let's go to the beach. Exercice 2 Ecrivez les verbes suivants l'impratif: (vous parlez un groupe, ou quelqu'un que vous ne connaissez pas bien)(vous parlez un ami)Take a seat Asseyez-vousassieds-toiOpen your booksOuvrez vos livres!Ouvre tes livres! (ton livre) (irregular verb)Read the passageLisez le texte!Lis le texte!Answer the questions Rpondez aux questionsRponds..... Write your answers on the sheetEcrivez vos rponses sur la feuilleEcris tes rponses.......Then record your repliesPuis, enregistrez vos rponsesEnregistre tes rponsesPress the button 'play' (appuyer sur ..)Appuyez sur le boutonAppuie sur...Rewind your tape (rembobiner)Rembobinez votre bande/cassetteRembobine ta bande/ta cassetteDon't forget to checkN'oubliez pas de vrifier.....N'oublie pas......... Choose the correct replyChoisissez la bonne rponseChoisis........Hand in your sheet when you have finishedRendez votre feuille quand vous aurez terminRends ta feuille quand tu auras terminDon't do thatNe faites pas a!Ne fais pas a! Exercice 3 En anglaisMontrez-les-moiShow them to me!Donnez-nous-enGive us some of it/of them!Va-t'en (NB infinitif = (S'en aller)Go away! Ta rponse? Envoie-la-lui par faxYour reply? Send it to him by fax.Allons-yLet's go there/Off we go!Dites-moi o vous tesTell me where you are. Exercice 4: ajoutez les pronoms qui manquent: 1. Le fax? Donnez-le-moi! (Give it to me!)2. Mme Barbizet voudrait cette brochure. Envoyez-la-lui! (Send it to her)3. Vous avez les rsultats? Dites-les-nous! (Tell us them)4. Marc, Louise: la runion commence dans quelques minutes. Allez-y, c'est trs important. 5. Vous avez de l'aspirine? J'ai trs mal aux dents. Donnez-m'en je vous en prie. (Please give me some)6. All? c'est toi, Sandrine? Ecoute, chrie, je suis en retard. Attends-moi au restaurant. J'arriverai ds que possible. (Wait for me ... - use 'tu' form) Exercice 5 Un collgue un peu indcis ... Ajoutez les pronoms qui manquent: 1. Le fax? Donnez-le-moi.Non, ne me le donnez pas, donnez-le Richard, c'est lui qui s'en occupe..2. Mme Barbizet voudrait cette brochure. Envoyez-la-lui.Non, ne la lui envoyez pas, il vaut mieux la lui donner demain la runion.3. Vous avez les rsultats? Dites-les-nous.Non, ne nous les dites pas - je vois votre visage qu'ils sont mauvais. 4. Marc, Louise: la runion commence dans quelques minutes. Allez-y, c'est trs important. Non, n' y allez pas encore, je vous donnerai d'abord les dossiers ncessaires.5. Vous avez de l'aspirine? J'ai trs mal aux dents. Donnez-m'en, je vous en prie.Non, ne m'en donnez pas, j'en ai dj pris il y a un quart d'heure. 6. All? c'est toi, Sandrine? Ecoute, chrie, je t'avais demand de m'attendre, je sais.Ben, ne m' attends pas, je serai trs en retard ce soir.7. Veux-tu tlphoner au dentiste pour prendre rendez-vous?Non, ne lui tlphone pas. Je vais y aller tout de suite. Phrases utiles: Ne t'en fais pas! Don't worry/don't upset yourself about it! (Ne vous en faites pas) Vas-y / allez-y ! Go there/go on! Va-t'en / allez-vous-en! Go away! 22 Demonstrative pronouns Exercice 1 1. De tous ces films, celui que je prfre est Chocolat. (the one which) 2. Quelle voiture prfrez-vous? Celle qui cote le moins cher. (the one which) 3. Attention! Tous ceux qui veulent un repas vgtarien doivent prvenir Madame Lefvre avant 11 heures. (All those who) 4. J'ai corrig presque toutes les preuves (tests), mais celles que je n'ai pas encore vues seront prtes demain matin. (those which) 5. David a essay de contacter presque tous les clients. Ceux qu' il n'a pas pu joindre vont recevoir un fax. (those who) Exercice 2 1. Tout ce que je sais, c'est qu'il n'est pas venu au bureau aujourd'hui. 2. Vous cherchez un nouveau dictionnaire? Celui que je vous recommande est la dernire dition du Collins-Robert ou de l'Oxford-Hachette. 3. Connaissez-vous le jeune homme qui vient d'arriver - celui qui porte des lunettes? 4. Luc est absent et il n'a prvenu personne, ce qui est trs bizarre, car il est normalement trs fiable. Exercice 3 1. Ma copie n'est pas trop mauvaise, mais celle de Pierre est meilleure. My copy isn't too bad, but Pierre's is better. 2. Il sait faire une trs bonne pizza, mais je prfre celle de ma mre. He can make a very good pizza, but I prefer my mother's 3. Nous avons pu sauver presque toutes les donnes (data) , sauf celles du patron. 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l | Ȱ Ͱ ۰ ߰     % 7 < F L Y ] ﵷ輪h&QphEOJQJ^Jh&QphE5>*OJQJ^Jh&QphE5OJQJ^JU#h&QphE5OJQJ^JmH sH #h&QphE>*OJQJ^JmH sH &h&Qph)u5>*OJQJ^JmH sH  h&QphEOJQJ^JmH sH 6ceux-ci ... ceux-l (htels - m) 5. ... celle-ci ... celle-l (solutions - f) 23 EMPHATIC PRONOUNS (Also known as disjunctive pronouns or pronoms toniques ..) 1. ... pour toi 2. ... avec nous 3. ... sans eux 4. ... derrire lui. 5. ... ct de vous 6. ... chez moi / nous 7. ... devant elle 8. ... elles 9. ... vers moi 10. ... loin de toi / vous / lui / elle / eux / elles 24 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Exercice Remplacez les expressions soulignes par un pronom possessif. 1. le tien 2. les siennes 3. les leurs 4. le sien 5. les miens 6. le vtre 7. les ntres 8. 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