аЯрЁБс>ўџ 8:ўџџџ7џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС@ №ПbjbjюFюF &Œ,Œ,e џџџџџџˆjjjjjjj~Ц Ц Ц 8ў ~у2* * "L L L L L L bdddddd$RgкˆjL L L L L ˆjjL L В В В L .jL jL bВ L bВ В r Tjj L  Рeљ $ ФЦ z ^^>$Г0уlžAи ФA ~~jjjjAj 4L L В L L L L L ˆˆ~~Є"Єœ ~~"Philosophy: Basic Questions; Prof. Boedeker; First worksheet on Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics Book I, Chapters 1-12 In the Categories, Aristotle concludes that substance is the most basic, fundamental, or primary kind of being. Primary substances are individual things, like you, me, your computer, your car, and my cat Frank. In the Physics, Aristotle then investigates substances in more detail, noting that all substances (except God) have a material, formal, efficient/moving, and final “cause”. (God has only a formal and final cause.) The most important of these four “causes” is the final cause. This is because a substance’s final cause determines what that substance should be made out of (i.e., its material cause), what its shape should be (i.e., its formal cause), and how it should be produced (i.e., its efficient/moving cause). In the Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle applies his view of substances to one particularly interesting kind of substance – human beings. As one would expect, his investigation focuses on the final cause – the goal, aim, or purpose – of a good human life. 1. Which science does Aristotle think controls, or rules, human life (1094 a27-b12)? Why? Do you agree? Explain. 2. Should this science strive to be as exact as mathematics or mathematical physics (1094b 13-27, 1098a 28-35)? Why or why not? (The word translated as “incontinent” doesn’t refer to someone who needs to wear Depends. Instead, it just means someone who’s generally unable to control his or her actions.) 3. What do we call the highest, or ultimate, good in human life (1095a 17-22)? Can you think of an alternative? Why doesn’t Aristotle’s investigation stop here? 4. Who would you (or Aristotle at 1095b 2-14) rather ask about what a good life consists in: a person with a bad upbringing and bad habits (e.g., laziness, alcoholism, etc.), or someone with a good upbringing and good habits? Why? Imagine talking with someone who had a bad upbringing and bad habits. Do you think you’d necessarily be able to convince them of the error of their ways, or of the rightness of your ways? 5. Aristotle rejects defining happiness as pleasure or gratification, honor or fame. He then rejects defining happiness as wealth (1096a 6-11). What’s his argument for this? Do you agree? 6. What’s the relation between the “best good” (i.e., the very best thing in life) and the various aims we pursue in our lives (1097 a25-b24)? For example: You’re now answering this question in order to (a) __________________ . You’re pursuing (a) in order to (b) ______________________ . You’re pursuing (b) in order to (c) ________________________ . You’re pursuing (c) in order to (d) __________________________ . You’re pursuing (d) in order to (e) ____________________________ . What’s your ultimate goal – be it (e), (f), or whatever – that ultimately explains why you’re now answering this question? Why are you pursuing this ultimate goal? 7. What does Aristotle mean when he says that “in life [only] the fine and good people who act correctly win the prize” (1099a6). 8. Is the happy life without pleasure (1099a 7-32)? Is the happy person so self-sufficient that she doesn’t require any “external goods”, i.e., things that are good to have – such as good friends and family, sufficient wealth, etc. – but which an individual doesn’t have direct control over (1099 a33-b6)? Why or why not? 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