ࡱ>  ~y zbjbjEE r''8{9ncncppIqIqIq=r=r=rsu=r -.zH{|||t5`j,l,l,l,l,l,l,$;/1F,Iq@  @@,pp||,,@p|pl|j,@j,tq,4"|S=r\ t PV,,< - p#2R #2t4""#2IqV" Q  D_QQQ,,dQQQ -@@@@#2QQQQQQQQQnc wo:  MOSH INSTRUCTION INSTRUCTION NUMBER: 08-7 EFFECTIVE DATE: October 1, 2008SUBJECT: National Emphasis Program ( NEP) Crystalline Silica ISSUANCE DATE: November 20 , 2008CANCELLATION: None Purpose: The purpose of this Instruction is to significantly reduce /eliminate employee overexposures to crystalline silica and, therefore, control the health hazards associated with such exposures. This Instruction describes policy and procedures for participating in OSHAs National Emphasis Program to identify and reduce or eliminate the health hazards associated with occupational exposure to crystalline silica. Scope: This instruction applies MOSH-wide References: OSHA Instruction, Directive Number CPL 03-00-007, January 24, 2008, National Emphasis Program Crystalline Silica; Action: MOSH Regional and Consultation Supervisors shall ensure that all staff is trained in the contents of this instruction. Contact: Chief of MOSH Compliance Services 312 Marshall Avenue, Room 602 Laurel, Maryland 20707 (410) 880-4886 x312 By and Under the Authority of Roger Campbell Assistant Commissioner MOSH Instruction 08-7 November 20, 2008 Page 2 Summary Crystalline silica is an important industrial material, and occupational exposure occurs in a variety of workplace settings, including mining, manufacturing, construction, maritime, and agriculture. Processes associated historically with high rates of silicosis include sandblasting, sand-casting foundry operations, mining, tunneling, cement cutting and demolition, masonry work, and granite cutting. Appendix A provides further information on silica, including sources, industrial uses, and adverse health effects. Appendix B provides a list of North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) and Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes for industries in which silica exposure occurs frequently, based on a review of OSHA inspection data for the period 1996 to 2007. Reducing and ultimately eliminating the workplace incidence of silicosis has been a primary goal of the Agency since its inception. In 1972, OSHA issued guidelines for conducting inspections in workplaces with significant crystalline silica exposure. In the early 1980s, the Agency placed a special emphasis on the prevention of silicosis in foundry personnel, and in 1996 OSHA implemented a Special Emphasis Program (SEP) to reduce the workplace incidence of silicosis. The 1994 Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) mandates that federal agencies improve performance and devise a system for measuring results. To comply with the provisions of GPRA, OSHA developed a Strategic Plan for improving the safety and health of all employees. In 1998 and again in 2003, under the Strategic Plan, OSHA identified crystalline silica as one of the focused hazards. This NEP is being implemented to direct OSHAs field staff inspection efforts to address elevated silica exposures in the workplace, including General Industry (1910) and Construction (1926). These efforts meet the Strategic Plan goal of reducing silicosis, set forth by the Agency. Attachment cc: J. Ronald DeJuliis, Commissioner, Division of Labor and Industry Craig D. Lowry, Deputy Commissioner, Division of Labor and Industry Jonathan Krasnoff, Assistant Attorney General Office of Administrative Hearings ADDENDUM MOSH Instruction 08-7 National Emphasis Program (NEP) Crystalline Silica National Emphasis Program Goals. The purpose of this NEP is to significantly reduce/eliminate employee overexposures to crystalline silica and, therefore, control the health hazards associated with such exposures. This goal will be accomplished by a combined effort of inspection targeting, outreach to employers, and compliance assistance. Inspections should be targeted to work sites that likely create high silica exposures. In each Region, at least 2 percent of inspections every year should be silica-related inspections. Additionally, the silica-related inspections should be conducted at a range of facilities reasonably representing the distribution of general industry and construction work sites in that region. To ensure abatement and measure the effectiveness of this NEP, follow-up site visits often will be necessary as outlined in Section XI(D.) below. Program Procedures. NEP Inspections Inspections conducted under this NEP will focus on industries where employees are potentially exposed to levels of crystalline silica in excess of the permissible exposure limit (PEL). Appendix B, which was developed from OSHA inspection data, lists industries with potential silica exposure and provides an overview of the types of industries in which silica exposures frequently occur. Industry Selection The Chief of Compliance, or designee, will identify the industry sectors that are to be targeted by the Regional Offices and shall then prepare a master list of NAICS codes from those listed in Appendix B. The rationale for selecting each industry shall be documented, and may include information such as, but not limited to: History of overexposures, based on previous local inspection history within a Regional Offices jurisdiction of industries listed in Appendix B. Limited or no local inspection history of an industry listed in Appendix B. The Chief of Compliance, or designee, may establish knowledge of a pattern of silicosis or overexposures to silica by reviewing objective illness or exposure data from any and all sources including, state workers compensation records or public health data from sources such as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Industries that are not included in Appendix B, but are known by the Chief of Compliance, Assistant Chief, or Regional Supervisor, based on local knowledge (i.e. a documented history of referrals from local agencies or healthcare providers, or previous inspection histories, etc.), to have demonstrated a pattern of silica overexposures or cases of silicosis. Site Selection and Scheduling General Industry The Chief of Compliance, or designee, shall develop a list of general industry establishments in Maryland that fall within the NAICS codes listed in Appendix B. Establishment sources may include: The Harris Directory of Maryland Employers; Commercial directories; Telephone listings; Knowledge of establishments. After identifying the relevant general industry establishments, those establishments shall be incorporated into Marylands High Hazard Industries LEP (MOSH Instruction 08-9) inspection list for each Region using a random number table. Any general industry establishment that has a NAICS code that falls outside of those industries identified in MOSH Instruction 08-9, Marylands High Hazard Industries, will be place on the inspection list, however the inspection will be conducted focused on only the hazards related to silica. Construction Construction inspection shall be scheduled from a list of work sites rather than construction employers, in accordance with MOSH Instruction 08-3, Inspection Scheduling Criteria for Construction. If during the course of any construction inspection a Compliance Safety & Health Officer (CSHO) encounters a site that falls within any of the NAICS listed in Appendix B, that inspection shall also focus on any activity(s) that potentially exposes employees to silica. Deletions Based on their familiarity with local industries, Regional Supervisors in conjunction with the Chief of Compliance, or designee, shall delete from the master list any establishment known to be out of business. The Regional Office will document the basis for the determination. The Regional supervisors in conjunction with the Chief of Compliance, or designee, shall also delete any establishment that has had an inspection where employee exposures to silica have been evaluated within the previous three (3) years, provided either that no serious violations related to silica exposures were cited or that serious violations were cited but a follow-up inspection documented effective abatement of the cited conditions. Additions Whenever an office becomes aware of a previously unknown establishment in one of the identified NAICSs, Regional Supervisors in conjunction with the Chief of Compliance, or designee, shall add that establishment to the appropriate High Hazard Industry list for inclusion in the next inspection cycle. Complaints and Referrals Detailed guidance regarding polices and procedures when conducting complaints and referrals inspections is provided in MOSH Instruction 08-2, Complaint and Referrals. Deferrals An establishment that has requested an initial full-service comprehensive consultation visit for safety or health from the MOSH Consultation Program, and that visit has been scheduled by Consultation may be deferred from the inspection for 90 calendar days from the date of notification by MOSH Consultation Program to the Regional Office. No extension of the deferral beyond the 90 calendar is possible, unless the consultation visit is in progress which begins at the opening conference of the consultation visit. See 29 CFR 1907.7(b)(1) for a definition of in progress. If an establishment is in the process of applying for MOSHs Voluntary Protection Program (VPP), the Chief of Compliance, upon receiving notification from the VPP Manager that a VPP on-site review has been scheduled, will defer any programmed inspection. The applicant workplace will be deferred starting no more than 75 days prior to the commencement of its scheduled pre-approval on-site review. The applicant workplace will be removed from any programmed inspection list for the duration of VPP participation, unless the site chooses otherwise. If an establishment is in pre-Sharp status, that is in the process of meeting the criteria of a MOSH Consultation Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP), it may be deferred for up to 18 months, while the employer is working to achieve recognition and exemption status. See 29 CFR 1908.7(b)(4)(i)(A). If an establishment is an approved participant in MOSHs Voluntary Protection Program (VPP), in MOSH Consultations Safety and Health Achievement Program (SHARP), or Cooperative Compliance Partnership (CCP) program it is to be deleted from the inspection list. Expanding Scope of Inspection: The Compliance Safety and Health Officer (CSHO) may expand the scope of a NEP inspection beyond the silica-related activities if other hazards or violations are observed, following the guidelines set forth in the FOM. Inspection Procedures. This section outlines procedures for conducting inspections and preparing citations for silica-related violations. For further guidance, the CSHO should consult the OSHA directives, appendices, and other references provided below. Appendix H contains a checklist that summarizes the information to be documented during a silica-related inspection. The checklist may be used by the CSHO to ensure proper coverage of the essential elements of a silica-related inspection. Employee Exposure Monitoring Conduct monitoring to determine employee exposure to respirable dust containing crystalline silica, in accordance with the OSHA Technical Manual (OTM), Section II, Chapter 1 and OSHA method ID-142. Appendix C contains guidelines on collecting air samples and Appendix D summarizes procedures for performing leak tests on cyclones. Obtain bulk samples of settled dust from silica operations, in accordance with the OTM, Section II, Chapters 1 and 4. Review any existing employers silica exposure monitoring records. Citation Guidance: When the PEL for respirable dust containing silica is exceeded (regardless of the use of PPE), the CSHO should cite 1910.1000(c) or 1926.55(a) for the relevant industry in accordance with the Field Operations Manual (FOM); Chapter IV, Section 5. For construction, exposures are not based on the general industry PEL, but are determined gravimetrically and converted to mppcf and should therefore be cited as exceeding the construction PEL in mppcf. Appendix C contains guidance on calculating the general industry PEL, and Appendix E provides information on calculating the construction and maritime industry PELs for crystalline silica. Engineering and Work Practice Controls Document and evaluate any engineering and work practice controls in place intended to reduce exposure to respirable crystalline silica, such as: Location of employee(s) with respect to dust generation source. Isolation (e.g., control room, enclosures, or barriers). Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) systems. Wet methods for cutting, chipping, drilling, sawing, grinding, etc. Use of HEPA-equipped vacuums or wet sweeping for cleaning. Employers should be advised not to use compressed air for cleaning silica contaminated surfaces. Substitution with non-crystalline silica material. Use of tools with dust collecting systems. Controls for abrasive blasting are addressed further in Section II (B)(7), below. Guidelines for investigations of ventilation systems are contained in the OTM, Section III Chapter 3. Citation Guidance: If an employer fails to implement feasible engineering or work practice controls for reducing respirable crystalline silica exposures to levels less than the PEL, the CSHO should cite 1910.1000(e), 1926.55(b), or 1926.57(a) and (b), as appropriate. Guidance on what constitutes feasible administrative, work practice, and engineering controls is provided in the MOSH Field Operations Manual (FOM); Chapter III, Section E .6. Information is also available on the OSHA website. Subsequent citations may not be appropriate when all of the following conditions have been met: the employer has fully implemented the feasible means of abatement recommended in the previous citation; the employer has fully implemented a respiratory protection program; applicable engineering controls used to address the hazard have not significantly advanced since the previous citation. Under these conditions, the Regional Office shall contact the Chief of Compliance for guidance. (Note: This policy is limited to situations where the employer has made good faith efforts to comply with the silica exposure limit by implementing engineering controls previously suggested by the MOSH but which have not reduced exposures below the PEL. In such situations requiring the employer to continue to implement additional controls which may not reduce the exposures below the PEL may be inappropriate.) Respiratory Protection Detailed inspection and citation guidance related to respiratory protection is contained in OSHA Instruction 02-00-120 (CPL 2-0.120) Inspection Procedures for the Respiratory Protection Standard. Minimum Respiratory Protection: When respirators are a permissible means to address overexposure, the minimum respiratory protection for employees exposed to crystalline silica during operations, other than abrasive blasting, is the N95 NIOSH-approved respirator for exposures that do not exceed the assigned protection factor. Medical Evaluations for Respirator Use: Medical evaluations must be given to all employees required to wear a respirator, however, medical evaluations are not required for employees who voluntarily use filtering face-piece respirators (dust masks). Employees who refuse to be medically evaluated cannot be assigned to work in areas where they are required to wear a respirator. Hazard Communication Detailed inspection and citation guidance related to hazard communication is contained in OSHA Instruction CPL 02-02-038 (CPL 2-2.38D)Inspection Procedures for the Hazard Communication Standard. Labeling of Carcinogens: Information regarding evidence of carcinogenicity must be included on container labels and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for crystalline silica, and for products containing crystalline silica. Carcinogen warnings are required on containers of materials containing more than 0.1 percent crystalline silica by weight or volume, as determined by analysis of a bulk sample of the original product. The CSHO should collect bulk samples to determine silica content if MSDSs appear inadequate or incomplete. Bricks/Tiles/Cement boards: Bricks, tiles and cement boards containing silica fall under the requirements of the Hazard Communication standard (HCS) due to the hazards associated with silica. Under normal conditions of use, bricks, tiles and cement boards are cut, sawed, or drilled, generating airborne levels of crystalline silica that could result in elevated exposures and are therefore not considered to be exempt under the HCS as articles. Note: Bricks do not need to be individually labeled. Bricks that are palletized and bound by metal bands are considered to be containers and are to be tagged with an appropriate label. Crushed Stone: Vehicles hauling shipments of crushed stone shall include hazard warnings concerning the carcinogenicity of crystalline silica on their shipping papers or bills of lading. CSHOs should initially determine whether the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) or MOSH has jurisdiction over the specific crushed stone operation. Housekeeping and Hygiene Practices Determine whether the employers housekeeping and hygiene practices may contribute to overexposure. For example: Exposed surfaces should be as free as practicable of silica-containing dust (bulk samples of the dust may need to be collected). Contaminated surfaces should not be blown clean with compressed air or other forced air (such as leaf blowers. Wet sweeping should be used to clean areas if possible. If vacuuming is used for cleaning, the exhaust air should be properly filtered to prevent release of airborne silica back into the workroom. There should be separate break areas for consuming food, beverages, etc. that are kept free of silica. Clothes contaminated with silica should not be blown or shaken to remove dust. Document poor housekeeping and hygiene practices. Citation Guidance: If employees are overexposed to crystalline silica, and poor housekeeping practices are noted, the CSHO should cite, as applicable, 1910.141, 1926.51(f), or 1926.51(g). Employee Exposure and Medical Records Interview employees to determine whether they understand their right to review their medical and exposure records, as well as their rights regarding the confidentiality of such records. Review the employers recordkeeping program to ensure that the required information is being collected and reported. Evaluate the employers method for ensuring the confidentiality of employee medical records. When it is necessary to review employee medical records, ensure that they are obtained and remain confidential in accordance with 1913.10 and 1910.1020. Citation Guidance: If violations are found, CSHOs should cite the applicable section of 1910.1020 or 1926.33. These rules do not require creation of any records, only preservation and access requirements. Recent revisions to recordkeeping policies and procedures are described in CPL 02-00-135, Recordkeeping Policies and Procedures Manual (RKM). Abrasive Blasting: In addition to the program elements described above, the following procedures apply specifically to abrasive blasting operations: Conduct monitoring to determine employee exposure to metals, such as: lead, arsenic, manganese, chromium, cadmium, copper, and magnesium. (Abrasive blasters may be exposed to metals either from the surface being blasted or from non-silica abrasive media.) The air sampling device (cyclone) must be placed within the breathing zone, outside of any protective equipment including the abrasive blasting hood. Conduct exposure monitoring of potentially exposed employees not engaged in abrasive blasting but still working in the area. Conduct noise exposure monitoring as appropriate. Determine whether the ventilation systems for abrasive blasting rooms and containment structures prevent escape of dust and provide prompt clearance of dust-laden air. Determine whether each blast cleaning nozzle is properly equipped with an operating valve that must be held open manually. For supplied-air respirators, evaluate breathing air quality and use. For oil-lubricated compressors, ensure that the compressor is equipped with a high-temperature or carbon monoxide alarm, or both, to ensure that carbon monoxide levels remain below the PEL. [Note: Using an abrasive blasting hood while wearing a filtering face piece respirator violates the NIOSH approval for both respirators.] When compressors are used to supply air, ensure that in-line absorbent beds are used and maintained. Review electrical grounding. Review pressure controls. Determine whether the abrasive blasters have adequate PPE, such as canvas or leather gloves and aprons, to protect against injury from material impact. Where an alternative abrasive material is being used such as glass beads, steel grit and shot, sawdust and shells, ensure that an appropriate evaluation of the hazards associated with the material has been conducted. Citation Guidance: If overexposures to metals or noise are found, the CSHO should cite the applicable standard. If the ventilation system for a blast cleaning enclosure is found to be inadequately designed or ineffective at controlling dust, the CSHO should cite the applicable section of 1910.94(a). If blast cleaning nozzles are not properly equipped with operating valves that must be held open manually, the CSHO should cite 1910.244(b) or 1926.302(b)(10). Violations related to respiratory protection for abrasive blasting operations may be cited under 1910.94(a)(5). Guidance is also contained in OSHA Directive CPL 02-00-120 (CPL 2-0.120), Inspection Procedures for the Respiratory Protection Standard. Violations related to personal protective equipment should be cited under 1910.94(a)(5), 1910.132, 1926.28, 1926.95, or 1926.100-103. Outreach. The OSHA Office of Training and Education, in conjunction with the Directorate of Enforcement Programs and the Office of Communications, will develop crystalline silica-related information and training materials. This information will be obtained from OSHA and made available to the MOSH Compliance and Consultation Offices as well as the public through seminars, booths, materials requests forms and site visit resources. In addition we will continue to hold seminars that address silica identification, dangers, and solutions during our public seminars in related courses such as Industrial Hygiene for Construction and basic General Industry courses. Follow-up and Monitoring. Where citations are issued for overexposure to crystalline silica, follow-up site visits must be conducted to determine whether the company is eliminating silica exposures or reducing exposures below the PEL. Where exposures can not feasibly be reduced below the PEL, engineering and administrative controls must be used to reduce exposures to the extent feasible and employees protected with the use of PPE. For those employers where follow-ups cannot be done, (i.e., construction sites or temporary abrasive blasting operations) the Regional Office should request that the employer provide written updates documenting the progress of their abatement efforts per 1903.19. IMIS Coding Instructions. For each form that has a Strategic Plan field, SILICA will be entered in that field for all inspections. For inspections which are conducted under this NEP, for each form that has an NEP field, enter SILICA in the appropriate field (see below). Additionally, for situations where crystalline silica is used as the abrasive media when abrasive blasting, Optional Information ABRASIVE will be entered on all forms (see below). OSHA FormNEP FieldOptional InformationStrategic PlanItemValueItemTypeIDValueItemValue125dSILICA42N02ABRASIVE25fSILICA750SILICA46N02ABRASIVE52SILICA3636SILICA35N02ABRASIVE38SILICA5515SILICA19N02ABRASIVE17SILICA9030SILICA29N02ABRASIVE32SILICA Consultation: Recording silica related visits will be done whenever a visit is made in response to this NEP. For each form that has an NEP field, enter SILICA for situations where crystalline silica is used. For situations where crystalline silica is used as the abrasive media when abrasive blasting, Optional Information ABRASIVE will be entered on all forms (see below). NEP FieldOptional InformationFormItemValueItemTypeIDValueRequest Form-2025SILICA18N02ABRASIVEVisit Form-3028SILICA22N02ABRASIVE List of Appendices Appendix A. Background Information on Silica Appendix B. Industries with Potential Overexposure to Crystalline Silica Appendix C. Guidelines for Air Sampling Appendix D. Cyclone Leak Test Procedure Appendix E. Conversion Factor for Silica PELs in Construction and Maritime Appendix F. Employee Questionnaire Appendix G. Medical Monitoring Recommendations for Employees Exposed to Crystalline Silica Appendix H. CSHO Checklist for Conducting Silica-Related Inspections Appendix I. References Appendix J. Bibliography Appendix A: Background Information on Silica This appendix provides an overview of the following silica-related topics: the forms and sources of silica; common industrial uses of silica and workplaces with silica exposure; history of silicosis; and health effects associated with exposure. The reference list at the end of this appendix, as well as the expanded bibliography in Appendix J, provide many sources that may prove useful to those interested in a more in-depth treatment of these topics. Introduction Silica, is a term which refers broadly to the mineral compound silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silica can be crystalline or amorphous. Crystalline silica is significantly more hazardous to employees than amorphous silica. In addition to causing the disabling and irreversible lung disease known as silicosis, crystalline silica has been classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [IARC, 1997]. As it is typically used in this document, silica refers specifically to crystalline silica. Crystalline silica is characterized by a large scale, repeating pattern of silicon and oxygen atoms, as distinguished from the more random arrangement found in amorphous silica. Abundant in the earths crust, crystalline silica is a basic component of most classes of rock. Naturally-occurring forms of amorphous silica include diatomaceous earth (the skeletal remains of marine organisms) and vitreous silica or volcanic glass [Markowitz and Rosner, 1995; Davis, 1996]. Forms and Sources of Crystalline Silica Crystalline silica occurs in three primary mineralogical forms, or polymorphsquartz, cristobalite, and tridymite. Silica is also called free silica, to distinguish it from the silicates, which are minerals containing silicon dioxide bound to one or more cations [Beckett et al., 1997]. Quartz is by far the most common form of naturally-occurring silica [Davis, 1996; IARC, 1997]. Cristobalite and tridymite, which are molecularly identical to quartz, are distinguishable by their unique crystalline structures. They are less stable than quartz, thus accounting for the dominance of the quartz form. Quartz itself exists as either of two sub-polymorphs, alpha-quartz (also known as low quartz), and beta-quartz (high quartz). Alpha-quartz is the thermodynamically stable form of crystalline silica and accounts for the overwhelming portion of naturally-occurring crystalline silica [IARC, 1997]. Quartz is a major component of soils and is readily found in both sedimentary and igneous rocks, although the quartz content varies greatly from one rock type to another. For instance, granite contains on average about 30 percent quartz, and shales contain about 20 percent quartz. Natural stone, such as beach sand or sandstone, may be nearly pure quartz [IARC, 1997; Davis, 1996]. Cristobalite and tridymite are natural constituents of some volcanic rock, and man-made forms result from direct conversion of quartz or amorphous silica that has been subjected to high temperature or pressure. Diatomaceous earth, composed of amorphous silica, crystallizes during heating (calcining), yielding a calcined product that contains as much as 75 percent cristobalite. Cristobalite is also found in the superficial layers of refractory brick that has been repeatedly subjected to contact with molten metal [Markowitz and Rosner, 1995; Ganter, 1986; Cheng et al., 1992; Bergen et al., 1994]. Major Industrial Sources of Crystalline Silica Exposure Crystalline silica is an important industrial material and occupational exposure occurs across a broad range of industries, including mining, manufacturing, construction, maritime, and agriculture (see Appendix B for a listing of industries and Standard Industrial Classifications with potential for significant occupational exposure). Processes associated historically with high rates of silicosis include sandblasting, sand-casting foundry operations, mining, tunneling, and granite cutting. Crystalline silica, in the form of finely ground quartz sand as an abrasive blasting agent, is used to remove surface coatings prior to repainting or treating, a process that typically generates extremely high levels of airborne respirable crystalline silica. A 1992 report published by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that there are more than one million U.S. employees who are at risk for developing silicosis, and of these employees, more than 100,000 are employed as sandblasters. Abrasive blasting is performed in a wide variety of different industries; the construction industry employs the largest number of employees as abrasive blasters, concentrated in the special trades [NIOSH 92-102; CDC, 1997]. In addition to abrasive blasting, construction employees perform numerous other activities that may result in significant silica exposure, including tunnel and road construction, excavation and earth moving, masonry and concrete work, and demolition [IARC, 1997]. Foundry employees, primarily in iron and steel foundries, may be exposed to crystalline silica throughout the metal-casting process, including the production of sand-based molds and cores, shakeout and knockout, and finishing and grinding operations. Crystalline silica, primarily as quartz, is a major component of the sand, clay, and stone raw materials used to manufacture a variety of products, including concrete, brick, tile, porcelain, pottery, glass, and abrasives. The powdered form of quartz, also called silica flour, is used in the manufacture of fine china and porcelain. Finely ground crystalline silica is also used as a functional filler in the manufacture of paints, plastics, and other materials. The rock crystal form of quartz is of great value to the electronics industry. Agricultural employees perform activities, including plowing and harvesting, that may generate elevated silica levels. However, OSHA does not regulate crystalline silica exposure on farms with fewer than ten employees and exposure data for this population is lacking [Linch et al., 1998]. On the other hand, OSHA does regulate crystalline silica exposure in the agricultural services sector, and crystalline silica exposures have been documented in the sorting, grading, and washing areas of food processing operations for crops such as potatoes and beans. Cristobalite, as calcined diatomaceous earth, is used as a filler in materials such as paints and as a filtering media in food and beverage processing. Maintenance and trades personnel who repair and replace refractory brick linings of rotary kilns and cupola furnaces may be exposed to significant levels of quartz, as well as cristobalite and tridymite. These kilns and furnaces are found in glass, ceramics, and paper manufacturing facilities as well as foundries [Markowitz and Rosner, 1995]. The industries described above, (see Appendix B) represent the major industrial sources of crystalline silica exposure. However, there are numerous other operations in which silica may be used or otherwise encountered, and it is important to be aware of the risk of silicosis in industries not previously recognized to be at risk. History of Silicosis Silicosis is one of the worlds oldest known occupational diseases; reports of employees with the disease date back to ancient Greece. By 1800, there were numerous common names for the lung disease now known as silicosis. The names frequently referred to the affected laborers trade, such as grinders asthma, grinders rot, masons disease, miners asthma, miners phthisis, potters rot, sewer disease, and stonemasons disease. Despite its different names through the centuries, silicosis is a single disease with a single causeexposure to respirable crystalline silica dust. During the 1920s, the health risks of the dusty trades, in particular the granite industry, emerged as a significant public health concern, and by 1930 silicosis was considered the most serious occupational disease in the United States. During the 1930s and 1940s, the granite industry was the focus of a major effort to alleviate dusty conditions and create a safer working environment [Rosner and Markowitz, 1994]. However, as the more extreme silica hazards were brought under control, attention shifted away from silica to other occupational health hazards. Nonetheless, as the studies described below indicate, in recent decades silicosis has continued to pose a significant health threat to employees in a variety of occupations, including but not limited to construction, foundries, and sandblasting. It is important to be aware of the possible risk of silicosis in workplaces not previously recognized to be at risk. Silicosis was listed as the underlying cause of death in 6,322 fatalities in the United States from 1968 through 1990, according to a study reviewing multiple-cause-of-death data from the National Center for Health Statistics. The total number of U.S. deaths with mention of silicosis for that period was 13,744. The study found that 69 percent of the deaths due to silicosis were concentrated in 12 states: California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The construction industry accounted for more than 10 percent of the total silicosis-related deaths, and iron and steel foundries accounted for another 5.4 percent [Bang et al., 1995]. Death certificates for approximately 868 men and 46 women listed silicosis as the underlying cause of death in non-mining occupations, according to a study that reviewed death certificates for the period 1985 to 1992. The researchers focused on death certificates that provided an entry for indicating the potential for substantial silica exposure, reviewing a total of 411,404 death certificates for men and 30,563 for women [Walsh, 1999]. A ten-year study (1985 to 1995) of Michigan employees found that nearly 80 percent of the 577 confirmed cases of silicosis occurred in industries in the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 3300, Primary Metals, which encompasses iron and steel foundries [Rosenman et al., 1997]. In another study, foundry employees whose lungs exhibited radiographic changes consistent with silicosis were concentrated in four primary job assignments: core making, mold making, core knockout, and cleaning/finishing. The study was conducted at a Midwestern gray iron foundry that has produced automotive engine blocks since 1949; the researchers analyzed medical records and silica exposure data for 1,072 current and retired employees with at least five years of employment as of June 1991. Radiographic readings consistent with silicosis were also correlated with the number of years at the foundry, smoking habits, and silica exposure levels [Rosenman et al., 1996]. In the mid-1990s, there were two cases of accelerated silicosis in relatively young sandblasters following short periods of extremely high crystalline silica exposures. In 1995, a 36-year-old man who had sandblasted oil field tanks in Western Texas for 36 months died from respiratory failure, eleven years after his initial exposure to crystalline silica. A second sandblaster at the same facility, a 30-year-old man who had worked as a sandblaster from 1986 to 1990, died in 1996, ten years after his initial exposure [CDC, 1998]. Both of these sandblasters died from progressive massive fibrosis, an advanced stage of silicosis. Adverse Health Effects of Crystalline Silica Exposure Pulmonary silicosis has historically been the disease most well-known as being caused by the inhalation of respirable crystalline silica particles. Additionally, there is evidence that exposure to crystalline silica-containing dusts causes or is associated with the following conditions: lung cancer, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (including emphysema and bronchitis), autoimmune diseases or immunologic disorders, chronic renal disease, and subclinical renal changes [NIOSH, 2002]. Silicosis Silicosis is a fibrotic disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation of crystalline silica dust. It is a type of pneumoconiosis, which is a general term for chronic lung disease that occurs when certain particles are inhaled and deposited deep in the lung. There are two main types of silicosis, chronic silicosis (also called classical or nodular silicosis) and acute silicosis, medically referred to as silico-proteinosis or alveolar lipoproteinosis-like silicosis. Chronic silicosis, by far the most common form of the occupational disease, typically appears 20 to 40 years after initial exposure and tends to progress even after exposure ceases. Accelerated silicosis is a variant of chronic silicosis but develops after more intense exposure to crystalline silica; it is characterized by earlier onset (within 5 to 15 years of initial exposure) and more rapid progression of disease than chronic silicosis [Weill et al., 1994]. Acute silicosis XE "silicosis"  results from an overwhelming exposure to silica and the symptoms become manifest in as little time as a few weeks after exposure. Acute silicosis appears to be distinct from the other forms of silicosis, possibly involving an immune mechanism not associated with either accelerated or chronic silicosis. This disease, though rare, is invariably fatal. Outbreaks of acute silicosis have occurred among sandblasters and silica flour mill employees [Peters, 1986]. The development of silicosis is dependent on the size of the crystalline silica dust particle, the dust concentration, and the duration of exposure. Crystalline silica particles smaller than 10 micrometers ((m) in diameter, so-called respirable particles, are particularly hazardous, because they easily pass through the tracheobronchial tree and are deposited in the deepest recesses of the lungs, the alveolar structures. Particles larger than 10 (m in diameter are trapped in the nose or the mucous lining of the airway and are removed by the mucociliary escalator. Chronic silicosis has an early manifestation of a dry or non-productive cough when there is continued exposure to the inhaled irritant. The cough then becomes prolonged and distressing, with sputum production as the disease advances. Initially, breathlessness occurs while exercising, but progresses to shortness of breath during normal activity [Porth, 1994]. Wheezing typically only occurs when conditions such as chronic obstructive bronchitis or asthma are also present. Advanced states of silicosis include pneumothorax and respiratory failure. Respiratory symptoms increase with the progression of silicosis [Wang, 1999]. A rapid increase in the rate of synthesis and deposition of lung collagen has also been seen with the inhalation of crystalline silica particles. The collagen formed is unique to silica-induced lung disease and is biochemically different from normal lung collagen [Olishifski and Plog, 1988]. Silicosis in all its forms is incurable and causes significant impairment or death. Therefore, eliminating or controlling occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica is critical to prevention of the disease. Lung Cancer The International Agency for Research on Cancer [IARC, 1997] classifies crystalline silica inhaled in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational source as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). However, in making the overall evaluation, the IARC Working Group noted that carcinogenicity in humans was not detected in all industrial circumstances studied. The Working Group also stated: Carcinogenicity may be dependent on inherent characteristics of the crystalline silica or on external factors affecting its biological activity or distribution of its polymorphs. The IARC XE "IARC"  analysis included studies of U.S. gold miners, Danish stone industry employees, U.S. granite shed and quarry employees, U.S. crushed stone industry employees, U.S. diatomaceous earth employees, Chinese refractory brick makers, Italian refractory brick makers, U.K. pottery makers, Chinese pottery makers and cohorts of registered silicotics from North Carolina and Finland. Most of these studies found a statistically significant association between occupational exposure to crystalline silica and lung cancer. Tuberculosis Epidemiologic studies have firmly established the association between TB and silicosis. Some studies have indicated that employees who do not have silicosis but who have had long exposures to silica dust may also be at increased risk of developing TB [NIOSH, 2002]. Individuals with chronic silicosis are more susceptible to developing active tuberculosis than the general population. However, it is not clear whether low-level exposure to silica, in cases where silicosis has not developed, also predisposes employees to tuberculosis [Davis, 1996]. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder Epidemiologic studies have shown that occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including bronchitis and emphysema. The findings from some of these studies suggest that emphysema and bronchitis may occur less frequently or not all in nonsmokers. Epidemiologic studies have also found significant increases in mortality from nonmalignant respiratory disease, a category that includes silicosis, emphysema, and bronchitis, as well as some other related pulmonary diseases [NIOSH, 2002]. Immunologic Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases Several epidemiologic studies have found statistically significant increases in mortality from or cases of immunologic disorders and autoimmune diseases in employees exposed to silica. These disorders and diseases include scleroderma (a rare multisystem disorder characterized by inflammatory, vascular, and fibrotic changes usually involving the skin, blood vessels, joints, and skeletal muscle), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), and sarcoidosis (a rare multisystem granulomatous disease characterized by alterations in the immune system) [NIOSH, 2002]. Renal Disease Epidemiological studies report statistically significant associations between occupational exposure to silica dust and several renal diseases or effects, including end-stage renal disease morbidity (including that caused by glomerular nephritis, chronic renal disease mortality, and Wegeners granulomatosis (systemic vasculitis often accompanied by glomerulonephritis) [NIOSH, 2002]. Stomach and Other Cancers There is some evidence from studies of various occupational groups exposed to crystalline silica of statistically significant excesses of mortality from stomach or gastric cancer. However, most of these studies did not adjust for confounding factors and possible exposure-response relationships were not assessed. Similar issues with confounding and lack of exposure-response assessment exist for the infrequent reports of statistically significant numbers of excess deaths or cases in silica-exposed employees of other nonlung cancers such as nasopharygeal or pharyngeal, salivary gland, liver, bone, pancreatic, skin, esophageal, digestive system, intestinal or peritoneal, lymphopoietic or hematopoietic, brain, and bladder [NIOSH, 2002]. Summary As these health findings indicate, crystalline silica exposure is associated with a number of diseases, in addition to silicosis. Silica exposure continues to pose substantial risks to employees, centuries after it was first identified as an occupational hazard. The only way to prevent disease is to eliminate exposure to crystalline silica or reduce crystalline silica exposure to safe levels. References ACGIH (2000) 2000 TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Cincinnati, OH. Archer, C., Gordon, D.A. (1996) Silica and Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma XE "Scleroderma" ): Evidence for Workers Compensation Policy. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 29:533-538. Bang, K.M., Althouse, R.B., Kim, J.H., et al. (1995) Silicosis Mortality Surveillance in the United States, 1968-1990. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 10(12):1070-1074. Beckett, W., et al. (1997) Adverse Effects of Crystalline Silica Exposure. Statement of the American Thoracic Society, Medical Section of the American Lung Association. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 155:761-765. Bergen, E.A.V.D., Rocchi, P.S.J., Boogaard, P.J. (1994) Ceramic Fibers and other Respiratory Hazards during the Renewal of the Refractory Lining in a Large Industrial Furnace. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 9(1):32-35. Boujemaa, W., Lauwerys, R., Bernard, A. (1994) Early Indicators of Renal Dysfunction in Silicotic Workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 20:180-3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998) Silicosis Deaths Among Young Adults - United States, 1968-1994. MMWR 47(16):331-335. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1997) Silicosis Among Workers Involved in Abrasive Blasting - Cleveland, Ohio, 1995. MMWR 46(32):744-747. Checkoway, H., Heyer, N.J., Demers, P.A., et al. (1993) Mortality among workers in the diatomaceous earth industry. Brit. Jour. Ind. Med. 50:586-597. Cheng, R.T., McDermott, H.J., Gia, G.M., et al. (June 1992) Exposure to Refractory Ceramic Fiber in Refineries and Chemical Plants. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 7(6):361-367. Davis, G.S. (1996) Silica, in Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, MosbyYearbook Inc., St. Louis, MO, eds. Harber, P., Schencker, M. B., Balmes, J.R. Gantner, B.A. (1986) Respiratory Hazard from Removal of Ceramic Fiber Insulation from High Temperature Industrial Furnaces. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 47(8):530-534. Goldsmith, D.F. (1994) Silica exposure and pulmonary cancer. In: Epidemiology of Lung Cancer, 245-298, Samet, J.M. ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. IARC XE "IARC" . (1997) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation XE "Evaluation"  of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and para-Aramid Fibrils. Vol. 68. Lyon, France. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Linch, K.D., Miller, W.E., Althouse, R.B., Groce, D.W., Hale, J.M. (1998) Surveillance of Respirable Crystalline Silica Dust using OSHA Compliance Data (1979-1995). American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 34:547-558. Lippmann, M. (1995) Exposure Assessment Strategies for Crystalline Silica Health Effects. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 10(12):981-990. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Publication No. 92-102 (1992) Hazard Alert: Preventing Silicosis and Deaths from Sandblasting. Olishifski, L.B.; Plog, B.A. (1988) Overview of Industrial Hygiene, Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 3rd ed. Chicago, National Safety Council. Peters, J.M. (1986) Silicosis. Occupational Respiratory Diseases. Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, Appalachian Laboratory for Occupational Safety and Health, ed. J.A. Merchant, published by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Porth, C.M. (1994) Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 4th ed. Unit V, Ch. 26 & 27, J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. Proctor, N.H., Hughes, J.P., Fischman, M.L. (1988) Chemical Hazards of the Workplace. 2nd ed. J.B. Lippincott Co. Philadelphia. Rapiti, E., Speranti, A., Miceli, M., et al. (1999) End Stage Renal Disease XE "Renal Disease"  Among Ceramic Workers Exposed to Silica. Occup. Environ. Med. 56:559-561. Rosenman, K.D., Reilly, M.J., Kalinowski, D.J., Watt, F.C. (1997) Silicosis in the 1990s. Chest. 111(3):779-782. Rosenman, K.D., Reilly, M.J., Rice, C., et al. (1996) Silicosis Among Foundry Workers: Implications for the Need to Revise the OSHA Standard. Am. J. Epidemiol. 144(9):890-900. Rosner, D., Markowitz, G. (1994) Deadly Dust: Silicosis and the Politics of Occupational Disease in Twentieth-Century America. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Schluter, D.P. (1994) Silicosis and Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis. Occupational Medicine. eds. Zens C., et al. 3rd ed. St Louis, Mosby-Year Book, Inc. Starzynski, Z., Marek, K., Kujawska, A., Szymczak, W. (1996) Mortality Among Different Occupational Groups of Workers with Pneumoconiosis: Results From a Register-Based Cohort Study. Am. J. of Ind. Med. 30:718-725. Steenland, K., Mannetje, A., Boffetta, P., Stayner,L., Attfield, M., Chen, J., Dosemeci, M., DeKlerk, N., Hnizdo, E., Koskela, R., and Checkoway, H. (2001). Pooled exposure-response analyses and risk assessment for lung cancer in 10 cohorts of silica-exposed workers: an IARC multicentre study. Cancer Causes and Control 12:773-784. Walsh, S.J. (1999) Effects of Non-mining Occupational Silica Exposures on Proportional Mortality from Silicosis and Systemic Sclerosis. The Journal of Rheumatology. 26(10):2179-2185. Wang, X., Yano, E., Nonaka, K., et al. (1997) Respiratory Impairments Due to Dust Exposure: A Comparative Study Among Workers Exposed to Silica, Asbestos, and Coal Mine Dust. Am. J. of Ind. Med. 31:495-502. Wang, X., Yano, E. (1999) Pulmonary Dysfunction in Silica-Exposed Workers: A Relationship to Radiographic Signs of Silicosis and Emphysema. Am. J. of Ind. Med. 36:299-306. Weill, H., Jones, R.N., Parkes, W.R. (1994) Silicosis and Related Diseases, in Occupational Lung Disorders, 3rd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., Oxford, England. Weill, H., McDonald, J.C. (1996) Exposure to Crystalline Silica and Risk of Lung Cancer: The Epidemiological Evidence. Thorax. 51:97-102. Winter, P.D., Gardner, M.J., Fletcher, A.C., Jones, R.D. (1990) A mortality follow-up study of pottery workers: Preliminary findings of lung cancer. In: Occupational Exposure to Silica and Cancer Risk (IARC Scientific Publications, No. 97), 83-94, Simonato, L., et al. eds. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon. Appendix B: Industries with Potential Overexposure to Crystalline Silica This appendix contains a list of industries in which employees may be exposed to elevated levels of crystalline silica. The list is based on a review of inspection data from OSHAs Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) for crystalline silica (quartz), for the period January 1996 through March 2007. This table is intended to show the range of industries in which crystalline silica exposure may occur, but should not be considered to be an exhaustive listing. Employee exposure to crystalline silica may occur in industries not listed here. Likewise, crystalline silica exposure does not occur in all establishments encompassed within these North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) or Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes. Industries with Crystalline Silica Exposure, 199620071987 SIC Code11987 SIC Industry Title2002 NAICS Code21521General ContractorsSingle Family Houses236115, 2361181522General ContractorsResidential Buildings Other Than Single-Family236115, 2361181541General ContractorsIndustrial Buildings and Warehouses236210, 2362201611Highway and Street Construction, Except Elevated Highways2373101622Bridge, Tunnel, and Elevated Highway Construction237310, 2379901623Water, Sewer, Pipeline, and Communications and Power Line Construction237110, 237120, 2371301629Heavy Construction, n.e.c.236210, 237110, 237120, 237130, 2379901721Painting and Paper Hanging*237310, 2383201741Masonry, Stone Setting, and Other Stone Work2381401742Plastering, Drywall, Acoustical, and Insulation Work2383101761Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work238160, 238170, 2383901771Concrete Work238110, 238140, 2389901794Excavation Work2389101795Wrecking and Demolition Work2389101799Special Trade Contractors, n.e.c. 236220, 237990, 238150, 238190, 2382903251Brick and Structural Clay Tile327121, 3273313253Ceramic Wall and Floor Tile3271223255Clay Refractories3271243261Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures and China and Earthenware Fittings and Bathroom Accessories3271113262Vitreous China Table and Kitchen Articles3271123264Porcelain Electrical Supplies3271133269Pottery Products, n.e.c.3271123271Concrete Block and Brick3273313272Concrete Products, Except Block and Bricks XE "Bricks" 327332, 327390, 327993273Ready-Mixed Concrete3273203281Cut Stone and Stone Products3279913291Abrasive Products327910, 3329993299Nonmetallic Mineral Products, n.e.c.327112, 327420, 3279993312Steel Works, Blast Furnaces (Including Coke Ovens), and Rolling Mills324199, 331111, 3312213321Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries3315113322Malleable Iron Foundries3315113325Steel Foundries, n.e.c.3315133334Primary Production of Aluminum3313123365Aluminum Foundries3315243366Copper Foundries3315253369Nonferrous Foundries, Except Aluminum and Copper3315283431Enameled Iron and Metal Sanitary Ware3329983441Fabricated and Structural Metal*3323123443Fabricated Plate Work (Boiler Shops)*332313, 332410, 3324203444Sheet Metal Work*332321, 332322, 332439, 3334153471Electroplating, Polishing, Anodizing, and Coloring* 3328133479Coating, Engraving, and Allied Services, n.e.c.*332812, 339911, 339912, 3399143531Construction Machinery and Equipment*333120, 333923, 3365103599Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Equipment*332710, 332813, 332999, 333319, 333999, 334519, 3363993715Truck Trailers*3362125032Brick, Stone, and Related Construction Materials3423320, 425110, 425120, 4441907532Top, Body, and Upholstery Repair Shops and Paint Shops*811121*Crystalline silica exposure primarily from abrasive blasting operations 1 Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. 2 North American Industry Classification System, United States, 2002. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. 3 This industry may be subject to OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-051 - Enforcement Exemptions and Limitations under the Appropriations Act (or a subsequent version). Source: Federal OSHA Inspection Data for Silica (Code 9010Quartz) compiled in the OSHA Integrated Management Information System (IMIS), from 01/01/1996 through 03/31/2007. Appendix C Guidelines for Air Sampling This appendix summarizes the procedures for collecting air samples of respirable crystalline silica, contained in OSHA sampling and analytical method ID-142. Although OSHA ID-142 applies to the collection of quartz and cristobalite, tridymite can also be collected and analyzed using this method if the appropriate reference material and diffraction pattern are used. Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs) should consult the method directly for detailed information. Additionally, information on respirable dust samplers and crystalline silica sampling is contained in the OSHA Technical Manual, Section II: Chapter I. Sampling Equipment 1. A 5-m pore size, 37-mm diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filter, preceded by a 10-mm nylon Dorr-Oliver cyclone, is used with a personal sampling pump for the collection of airborne respirable crystalline silica. Note: SKC metal cyclones shall not be used for sampling respirable dust (OSHA Instruction TED 01-00-015 {TED1-0.15A}). The metal cyclones do not cut the appropriate particle size as required by the OSHA standard. 2. CSHOs may obtain pre-weighed PVC filters by contacting OSHA's Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC) or Cincinnati Technical Center (CTC). Sampling Instructions 1. Calibrate the personal sampling pump to a flow rate of 1.7 liters per minute (L/min), with a representative sampler assembly (cyclone, filter, etc.) in-line. The pump shall be calibrated before and after each use. Refer to the OSHA Technical Manual (OTM), Section II: Chapter 1, for detailed information on pump calibration when sampling with cyclones. The recommended and maximum sampling time is 480 minutes (resulting in a sample air volume of 816 liters at 1.7 L/min.), and the minimum sample time is 240 minutes (408 liters collected at 1.7 L/min.). 2. Before and after each use, clean the cyclone gently, taking care not to scratch it. A leak test must be conducted on a cyclone at least once a month with regular usage. Refer to the OSHA OTM Section 1: Chapter 1. Also, Appendix D summarizes the Cyclone Leak Test Procedure. 3. The cyclone shall be positioned outside of the employee's personal protective equipment but within the breathing zone. Do not allow the cyclone to be inverted during or after sampling. Maintain the cyclone in an upright position until the filter is removed from the cyclone. 4. Check the pump and sampling assembly periodically, to verify pump performance and monitor particulate loading on the sample filter. Filters should be replaced when employees move to another task or activity, or if observation during sampling suggests possible filter overload (greater than 3 mg.). [Note: The CSHO should not enter an area while the abrasive blasting operation is active.] 5. When submitting the sample to the laboratory, indicate whether the requested analysis is for quartz, cristobalite, or both. Operations in which the material has been heated to high temperatures generally should be analyzed for both. When other airborne compounds are known or suspected to be present, such information, including the suspected identities, should be provided to the laboratory. Where possible, a copy of the MSDS should be submitted to aid in identifying interferences. Potential analytical interferences are listed in Appendix A of OSHA ID-142. A partial listing follows: Aluminum phosphate Feldspars (microcline, orthoclase, plagioclase) Graphite Iron carbide Lead sulfate Micas (biotite, muscovite) Montmorillonite Potash Sillimanite Silver chloride Talc Zircon (Zirconium silicate). 6. Identify and submit an appropriate blank filter from each lot of filters used. 7. Obtain bulk samples in accordance with standard procedures described in the OTM, Section II: Chapter 1. The bulk sample should be representative of the airborne silica content of the work environment, e.g., from settled dust. A bulk sample of the raw material should be collected to evaluate compliance with the Hazard Communication standard. The type of bulk sample shall be stated on the OSHA-91 form and cross-referenced to the appropriate air samples. Determining Compliance with the PEL for Respirable Crystalline Silica The General Industry permissible exposure limit (PEL) for respirable dust containing crystalline silica (as quartz), codified at 29 CFR 1910.1000, is determined individually for each sample, according to the following formula:  EMBED Equation.3  The PEL can be calculated either by following the steps below, or by accessing the "Advisor Genius" on-line at the OSHA web site. The Advisor Genius performs the calculations for a respirable dust sample and yields three values: the PEL for the sample, the respirable dust exposure result, and the severity. To determine the PEL for an air sample containing respirable crystalline silica: 1. Obtain the respirable dust concentration for the sample. The weight of the respirable dust in the air sample (expressed as mg or g) is the net filter weight gain, as determined by the industrial hygienist or the laboratory. The sample air volume is then used to express the concentration of respirable dust in air, as mg of respirable dust per cubic meter of air (mg/m), as follows:  EMBED Equation.3  Obtain the percent respirable crystalline silica (e.g., as quartz) in the respirable dust sample, determined analytically by the laboratory and derived as follows:  EMBED Equation.3  Calculate the PEL for the sample, using the reported percent respirable quartz, from no. 2 above, as follows:  EMBED Equation.3  To determine whether there is an overexposure, compare the PEL, calculated in no. 3, with the sample respirable dust reading (from no. 1). The severity ratio XE "severity ratio"  is determined by the following formula:  EMBED Equation.3  Calculate the Lower Confidence Limit (LCL) by subtracting the Sampling and Analytical Error (SAE) from the severity: LCL = Severity - SAE If the LCL is greater than 1, there is a greater than 95% confidence that the sampled employees exposure exceeded the PEL, and the employee was, therefore, overexposed to respirable dust containing crystalline silica as quartz. Other factors may have to be considered before arriving at a final exposure value. For example, the Time Weighted Average (TWA) calculation may require combining two or more sample results and adjusting to an 8-hour workday. Consult the OTM, Section II: Chapter 1 for procedures to determine the PEL when the employee is exposed to different types of respirable crystalline silica (i.e., quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite) during the course of a single work shift. References Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA ID-142. Quartz and Cristobalite in Workplace Atmospheres (XRD). December 1996. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), OSHA Technical Manual TED 01-00-015 (TED 1-0.15A). Section II: Sampling, Measurement Methods and Instruments, Chapter I: Personal Sampling for Air Contaminants, Appendix II:1-5. Sampling for Special Analyses, Samples Analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction, Air Samples, January 20, 1999. Appendix D: Cyclone Leak Test Procedure This section summarizes procedures for leak testing of the Dorr-Oliver cyclone samplers used for collecting respirable dust. Further details on this procedure are contained in the Cyclone Leak Test Procedure (CLTP) available through the OSHA Cincinnati Technical Center (OSHA, 1997). Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs) should review the entire leak test procedure before conducting the leak test as summarized below. See the CLTP for more specific procedures regarding leak tests. Nylon Part Inspection Disassemble the cyclone assembly, clean it, and inspect it for cracks and worn fit between parts. Take care not to scratch the inside surface of the cyclone chamber. Replace any worn or cracked units or parts. O-Ring, Tubing, and Filter Leak Test Connect the entire cyclone assembly (minus the cyclone body) to the pressure gauge and aspirator, maintaining the normal spacing between the plastic filter adaptor (coupler) and the vortex finder. Seal the cyclone vortex finder opening by placing an airtight cap or your fingertip over the hole. Hold the cyclone assembly together with one hand. With your other hand, squeeze and gently release the aspirator bulb until the pressure gauge reads between 4" H2O and 10" H2O, then fold the tubing halfway between the Tee fitting and the aspirator. If the pressure reading is beyond full scale, release the vacuum and try again. Observe the pressure gauge reading for 30 seconds. If the pressure drops less than 25 percent, the leakage is acceptable and the unit passes the leak test. If the pressure drops more than 25 percent, corrective action is necessary. Sources of leaks include worn or damaged O-rings, cracked or ill-fitting tubing, and leaky pre-weighed filter cassettes. Note: Leaks between the filter input and the air sampling pump are more disruptive than leaks at the plastic filter adaptor O-rings. Final Pump-Fault Leak Test Connect the cyclone assembly to the pump in the normal sampling configuration with the air sampling pump running at 1.7 L/min. Close the inlet to the cyclone with tape or a finger. If the pump bears down and goes into a fault mode, the assembly passes this final, but crude, pump-fault leak test. Reference Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Cyclone Leak Test Procedure. OSHA Cincinnati Technical Center. September 15, 1997. Appendix E: Conversion Factor for Silica PELs in Construction and Maritime The crystalline silica permissible exposure limits (PELs) for the construction and maritime industries, at 29 CFR 1926.55(a) and 1915.1000 respectively, are expressed in terms of millions of particles per cubic foot (mppcf). These PELs are based on a particle count method long rendered obsolete by respirable mass (gravimetric) sampling, which yields results reported in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). In contrast with the construction and maritime PELs, the crystalline silica PELs for general industry are based on gravimetric sampling, and are the only methods currently available to OSHA compliance personnel. Since the construction and maritime PELs are expressed in terms of mppcf, the results of the gravimetric sampling must be converted to an equivalent mppcf value. In order to determine a formula for converting from mg/m3 to mppcf, OSHA requested assistance from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Based on its review of published studies comparing the particle count and gravimetric methods, NIOSH recommended a conversion factor of 0.1 mg/m3 respirable dust to 1 mppcf. OSHA has determined that this conversion factor should be applied to silica sampling results used to characterize exposures in construction and maritime operations. The following examples illustrate how the conversion factor should be applied to enforce the current PEL for crystalline silica (quartz) in the construction and maritime industries. Reference Formulas Construction/Maritime PEL for Crystalline Silica (Quartz):  EMBED Equation.3  General Industry PEL for Crystalline Silica (Quartz):  EMBED Equation.3  OSHA-adopted conversion factor: 1 mppcf = 0.1 mg/m3 respirable dust or 1 mg/m3 = 10 mppcf respirable dust Example 1: A sample is obtained for a jackhammer operator, using the gravimetric sampling method specified in OSHA ID-142. The sample is run for 240 minutes at a flow rate of 1.7 liters per minute (L/min), yielding a total sample volume of 0.408 m3. The respirable dust collected on the filter is determined to weigh 0.857 mg, resulting in a respirable dust concentration of 2.1 mg/m3. OSHA's Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC) laboratory reports that the sample contains 55 percent quartz. SLTC also reports a Sampling and Analytical Error (SAE) of 0.20 for the sample. Step1. Determine the jackhammer operators 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) respirable dust exposure (assuming zero exposure for the unsampled portion of the 8-hour shift):  EMBED Equation.3  Step 2. Calculate the general industry PEL XE "construction PEL" , assuming the conditions for the jackhammer operator sample containing 55 percent respirable quartz:  EMBED Equation.3  Step 3. Calculate the Severity Ratio:  EMBED Equation.3  Step 4. Calculate confidence limits by applying the sampling and analytical error (SAE): Lower Confidence Limits (LCL) = 5.4 - 0.20 = 5.2 Step 5. Based on a severity of 5.4, the sample exceeds the 95% confidence limit for overexposure. Step 6. Apply the OSHA-adopted conversion factor to the jackhammer operators exposure result from Step 1 and Reference Formula (B) above:  EMBED Equation.3  Step 7. Calculate the applicable construction PEL XE "construction PEL" , for jackhammer operator sample containing 55 percent respirable quartz:  EMBED Equation.3  Step 8. Conclusion. The 8-hour TWA exposure of the jackhammer operator exceeds the construction industry PEL for crystalline silica (quartz). Example 2: Two samples are obtained for a construction foreman overseeing a concrete drill press operation. Both samples are collected at a flow rate of 1.7 L/min. The duration of Sample A is 238 minutes, yielding a total sample volume of 0.40 m3. The respirable dust collected on the filter is determined to weigh 0.855 mg, resulting in a respirable dust concentration of 2.1 mg/m3. The SLTC laboratory reports that Sample A contains 30 percent quartz. The duration of Sample B is 192 minutes, yielding a total sample volume of 0.326 m3. The respirable dust weight is 0.619 mg, resulting in a concentration of 1.9 mg/m3. The total weight of respirable dust collected on both samples is 1.474 mg. The SLTC laboratory reports that Sample B contains 25 percent quartz. SLTC reports an SAE of 0.16 for both samples. Step1. Determine the foremans 8-hour TWA respirable dust exposure:  EMBED Equation.3  Step 2. Determine average quartz content since SLTC provided two different percentages of quartz:  EMBED Equation.3  Step 3. Calculate the general industry PEL, assuming the conditions for the construction foreman sample containing 28 percent respirable quartz:  EMBED Equation.3  Step 4. Calculate the Severity Ratio:  EMBED Equation.3  Step 5. Calculate confidence limits by applying the sampling and analytical error (SAE): LCL = 5.4 - 0.16 = 5.24 Step 6. Based on a severity of 5.4, the sample exceeds the 95% confidence limit for overexposure. Step 7. Apply the OSHA-adopted conversion factor to the construction foremans exposure result from Step 1 and Reference Formula (B) above:  EMBED Equation.3  Step 8. Calculate the applicable construction PEL, using Reference Formula (A) above, for the foremans samples containing an average of 28 percent respirable quartz:  EMBED Equation.3  Step 7. Conclusion. The 8-hour TWA exposure of the foreman exceeds the construction industry PEL for crystalline silica (quartz). Appendix F: Employee Questionnaire This questionnaire, when completed, may be considered a medical record and must be used in accordance with 1913.10 - Rules Concerning OSHA Access to Employee Medical Records. The questionnaire is intended to provide Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs) with a form they may fill out when interviewing employees to evaluate the employers medical monitoring program. CSHOs should consult with the OSHA Office of Occupational Medicine regarding any findings of potential silicosis. Date:Company Name:Location:A. Personal Information Employees Name:Gender:(Male(FemaleCurrent Job Title:Age: B. Job-Related Information Number of hours worked in silica-related tasks per week:List previous jobs and duration of each job:(10-20a.( yrs.)(20-30b.( yrs.)(30-40c.( yrs.)(More than 40 ( hours)d.( yrs.)Time at current job:(Six months or less(1-2 yrs(3-5 yrs(More than 5 yrs. ( ______ yrs.)C. Brief Medical History Are you being treated by a physician for breathing problems?(Yes(NoHave you ever had a chest X-ray?(Yes(NoIf yes, when was your last chest X-ray?Why was the chest X-ray taken?Did the doctor tell you everything was normal?(Yes(NoIf no, what was noted?What treatment are you receiving for this problem?Have you discussed your medical history with your employer?(Yes(NoAre you a cigarette smoker?(Yes(No Appendix G: Non-Mandatory Medical Monitoring Recommendations for Employees Exposed to Crystalline Silica A. Recommendations for Baseline Medical Examination Note: These are recommendations only and are not required by any current OSHA regulation. It is recommended that a pre-placement baseline medical examination be provided to employees who are potentially exposed to crystalline silica at one-half the permissible exposure limit (PEL) or more. The baseline examination should contain the following elements: A medical examination emphasizing the respiratory system, as well as an occupational and medical history; and A chest roentgenogram (X-ray), posteroanterior 14" x 17" or 14" x 14", classified according to the 1980 ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis (ILO, 1981), and read by a board-certified radiologist or certified class "B" reader (who is qualified to distinguish silicosis from sarcoidosis, asbestosis, coal miners pneumoconiosis, and other pneumoconioses). B. Recommended Frequency of Examinations It is recommended that a medical examination emphasizing the respiratory system and a chest X-ray be repeated every three years if the employee has less than 15 years of crystalline silica exposure, every two years if the employee has 15 to 20 years of exposure, and annually if the employee has 20 or more years of exposure. It is recommended that a chest X-ray be obtained at termination of employment. Appendix H: CSHO Checklist for Conducting Silica-Related Inspections This non-mandatory checklist is intended as a quick reference tool for Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs) conducting silica-related inspections. The CSHO may wish to review the checklist before completing the inspection to make sure that none of the essential elements have been overlooked. The checklist addresses all of the topics discussed in Section XI(B), Inspection Procedures, of this directive. Employee Exposure MonitoringMedical Surveillance(Sample for Respirable Dust/Silica(Employer Aware of Silicosis Risk(Leak Test Filters/Cyclones(Employer Identifying Possible Cases(Bulk Samples of Settled Dust(Employer Referring Cases to Physician(Employers Monitoring Records(Other (Other Housekeeping and Hygiene PracticesEngineering and Work Practice Controls(Facility Cleanliness(Location of Employees(Clean-up Methods (Compressed Air, Dry Sweeping?)(Ventilation XE "Ventilation" (Wet Methods(Change Rooms/PPE Storage(Other (Separate Break Areas(Other Respiratory Protection(Written ProgramEmployee Exposure and Medical Records(Cartridge Selection and Change-out Schedule (Employer Monitoring and Medical Records(Medical and Fit Test Records(Employee Access and Confidentiality(Breathing Air Quality and Use(Other (Other Abrasive Blasting (on-site or off-site)Hazard Communication(Sample for Silica and Metals(Written Program(including Bystanders)(MSDSs(Sample for Noise(Training(Ventilation and Dust Containment(Bulk Samples of Products(PPE and Respirators(Other (Carbon Monoxide Alarm on Respirator(Manual Control of Blast NozzleSymptoms of Silicosis in WorkplaceOperating Valve(Survey/Interview Employees(Electrical Grounding(Employees Obtaining Medical Evaluations(Pressure Range (90-120 psi)(Other (Heat Stress(Other  Appendix I: References MOSH Field Operations Manual (FOM); MOSH Instruction No.08-2, Complains and Referrals, July 28, 2008; MOSH Instruction No. 98-3, Implementation of Exemptions and Limitations Placed on MOSH Activities by the Federal Labor/Health and Human Services Appropriation Act, September 28, 1998; OSHA Instruction TED 01-00-015 (TED 1-0.15A), January 20, 1999, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Technical Manual; Memorandum for Regional Administrators from R. 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(1990) A mortality follow-up study of pottery workers: Preliminary findings of lung cancer XE "lung cancer" . In: Occupational Exposure to Silica and Cancer Risk (IARC XE "IARC"  Scientific Publications, No. 97), 83-94, Simonato, L., et al., eds. Lyon International Agency for Research on Cancer. Zimmmer, A.T. (1997). Comparative Evalution of Dust Control Technologies on Percussion Rock-Drilling Rigs. Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 12(12): 782-788. Zisking, M., Jones, R.N., Weill, H. (1976) Silicosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 113:643-665.     PAGE 2  A-PAGE 9 B-PAGE 2 PAGE 2 C- PAGE 3 PAGE  PAGE 1 D-1 PAGE 2 E-PAGE B-1 PAGE 2 F-PAGE C-1 G-PAGE D-1 I-PAGE E-2 PAGE 8 J-PAGE F-9 Index - PAGE 1 Division of Labor and Industry J. Ronald DeJuliis, Commissioner Maryland Occupational Safety and Health Roger Campbell, Assistant Commissioner MARTIN OMALLEY, Governor ANTHONY G. BROWN, Lt. Governor THOMAS E. 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?3"`?2Mr) O `!Mr)\ P&xڝR=OA  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ Root EntryZ FkS*Data WordDocumentYrObjectPool\ YSkS_1119079745FYSYSOle CompObjfObjInfo "%&'()*-012347:;<=@CDEFILMNQTUVWXY\_`adghknopqruxyz{~ FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qMC PEL(mg/m 3 )=10mg/m 3 2+%respirablequartzEquation Native _1119079812 FYSYSOle CompObj f FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qMb̭ respirabledustconcentrationinair(mg/m 3 )=sampleObjInfo Equation Native  _1119158501,FYSYSOle respirabledustweight(mg)totalairvolumesampled(m 3 ) FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qCompObjfObjInfoEquation Native _1119080637FYSYSR`B %respirablequartz=weightofquartz(mgorg)x100samplerespirabledustweight(mgorg)from1above[]Ole  CompObj!fObjInfo#Equation Native $ FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qMrM, PELforrespirabledustwithquartz(mg/m 3 )=10mg/m 3 2+%respirablequartzinsample FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qM>į Severit_1119080778;FYSYSOle +CompObj,fObjInfo.Equation Native /Z_1238929866TFYSYSOle 5CompObj 6fyRatio=respirabledustinsample(mg/m 3 )calculatedPEL(mg/m 3 ) FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qObjInfo!8Equation Native 9_11808813361'$FYSYSOle >|| PEL(crystallinesilica,quartz)=250mppcf%silica+5 FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS EqCompObj#%?fObjInfo&AEquation Native B:_1180881459)FYSYSuation Equation.39q<Pl_ Exposure=2.1mg/m 3 x240min480min=1.05mg/m 3 respirabledustOle GCompObj(*HfObjInfo+JEquation Native K FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39q<¿ | PEL(mg/m 3 )=10mg/m 3 2+55=0.175mg/m 3_1180881473"J.FYSYSOle OCompObj-/PfObjInfo0R FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39q<›:l_ Severity=sampleresults(fromStep1)calculatedPEL(fromStep2)=1.    b8 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}Equation Native S_1119779397@3FYSYSOle ZCompObj24[f05mg/m 3 0.175mg/m 3 =5.4 FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39q i,; Exposure=1.05mg/m 3 xObjInfo5]Equation Native ^_11190825238FYSYSOle b1mppcf0.1mg/m 3 =10.5mppcf FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qM†82 PEL=250mppcf55%+5=4.CompObj79cfObjInfo:eEquation Native f_11190827656O=FYSYS17mppcf FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qMC, Exposure=(2.1mg/m 3 x238min)+(1.9Ole iCompObj<>jfObjInfo?lEquation Native m_mg/m 3 x192min)480min=1.8mg/m 3 FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qR Reculat_1119158698BFYSYSOle sCompObjACtfObjInfoDvEquation Native w_1180943161GFYSYSOle |CompObjFH}fed%=(30%x0.855)+(25%x0.619)(0.855+0.619)=28% FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qObjInfoIEquation Native _1180943168ELFYSYSOle <¿_D  PEL(mg/m 3 )=10mg/m 3 2+28=0.333mg/m 3 FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qCompObjKMfObjInfoNEquation Native _1119082928QFYSYS<¢(T Severity=1.8mg/m 3 0.333mg/m 3 =5.4 FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39qMXij ExposurOle CompObjPRfObjInfoSEquation Native e=1.8mg/m 3 x1.0mppcf0.1mg/m 3 =18.0mppcf FMicrosoft Equation 3.0 DS Equation Equation.39q_1180963873VFYSYSOle CompObjUWfObjInfoXEquation Native 1TableD2SummaryInformation([DocumentSummaryInformation8<Š4N PEL=250mppcf28+5=7.58mppcfOh+'0  4 @ L Xdlt| Kathy Normal.dotm williams@bAL4"Zؘ`axQ 'GV c’O„sfw }o0g?~ 3ʒ*tgc3`"E2>ܣ4ثʽ0f\B0Y;| G$?[,Wm޷ú]è{.j20pm TmEiiffDcT|Ӥۧ5+ pP(6?b-BM siY8_x1Jֳd֗=z4KY;7S=dJ>}8~fgk͓{݈}jaRxķCC"6!(؋n|j[61C&UL&_φDd X b  c $A? 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n/n 1Triangles,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH r/ r 2Triangles/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/ t 3Triangles2$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH x/" x 4Triangles5$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/2 z 5Triangles8$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH ~/B ~ 6Triangles;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7Triangles>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8TrianglesA$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/r p 1AutoList13,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/ t 2AutoList13/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/ v 3AutoList132$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/ z 4AutoList135$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/ | 5AutoList138$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList13;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList13>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList13A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/ p 1AutoList12,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/ t 2AutoList12/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/ v 3AutoList122$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/" z 4AutoList125$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2 | 5AutoList128$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList12;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList12>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList12A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/r p 1AutoList11,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/ t 2AutoList11/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/ v 3AutoList112$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/ z 4AutoList115$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/ | 5AutoList118$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList11;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList11>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList11A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/ p 1AutoList10,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/ t 2AutoList10/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/ v 3AutoList102$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/" z 4AutoList105$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2 | 5AutoList108$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList10;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList10>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList10A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH n/r n 1AutoList9,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH r/ r 2AutoList9/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/ t 3AutoList92$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH x/ x 4AutoList95$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/ z 5AutoList98$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH ~/ ~ 6AutoList9;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList9>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList9A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH n/ n 1AutoList8,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH r/ r 2AutoList8/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/ t 3AutoList82$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH x/" x 4AutoList85$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/2 z 5AutoList88$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH ~/B ~ 6AutoList8;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList8>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList8A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH n/r n 1AutoList7,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH r/ r 2AutoList7/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/ t 3AutoList72$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH x/ x 4AutoList75$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/ z 5AutoList78$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH ~/ ~ 6AutoList7;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList7>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList7A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH n/ n 1AutoList6,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH r/ r 2AutoList6/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/ t 3AutoList62$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH x/" x 4AutoList65$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/2 z 5AutoList68$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH ~/B ~ 6AutoList6;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList6>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList6A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/r p 1AutoList95,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/ t 2AutoList95/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/ v 3AutoList952$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/ z 4AutoList955$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/ | 5AutoList958$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList95;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList95>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList95A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/ p 1AutoList94,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList94/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList942$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList945$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList948$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList94;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList94>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList94A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList93,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList93/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList932$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/z 4AutoList935$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/| 5AutoList938$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList93;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList93>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList93A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/p 1AutoList92,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList92/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList922$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList925$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList928$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList92;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList92>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList92A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList91,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList91/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList912$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/z 4AutoList915$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/| 5AutoList918$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList91;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList91>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList91A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/p 1AutoList90,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList90/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList902$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList905$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList908$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList90;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList90>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList90A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList89,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList89/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList892 $ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/z 4AutoList895 $ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/| 5AutoList898 $ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList89; $ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList89> $ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList89A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/p 1AutoList55,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList55/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList552$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList555$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList558$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList55;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList55>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList55A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList54,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList54/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList542$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/z 4AutoList545$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/| 5AutoList548$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList54;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList54>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList54A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/p 1AutoList53,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList53/ $ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList532!$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList535"$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList538#$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList53;$$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList53>%$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList53A&$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList52,'$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList52/($ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList522)$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/z 4AutoList525*$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/| 5AutoList528+$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList52;,$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList52>-$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList52A.$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/p 1AutoList87,/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList87/0$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList8721$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList8752$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList8783$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList87;4$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList87>5$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList87A6$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList51,7$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList51/8$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList5129$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/z 4AutoList515:$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/| 5AutoList518;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList51;<$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList51>=$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList51A>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/p 1AutoList86,?$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList86/@$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList862A$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList865B$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList868C$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList86;D$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList86>E$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList86AF$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList85,G$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList85/H$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList852I$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/z 4AutoList855J$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/| 5AutoList858K$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList85;L$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList85>M$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList85AN$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/p 1AutoList84,O$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList84/P$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList842Q$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList845R$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList848S$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList84;T$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList84>U$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList84AV$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList83,W$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList83/X$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList832Y$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/z 4AutoList835Z$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/| 5AutoList838[$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList83;\$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList83>]$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList83A^$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/p 1AutoList82,_$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList82/`$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList822a$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList825b$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList828c$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList82;d$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList82>e$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList82Af$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList80,g$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList80/h$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList802i$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/z 4AutoList805j$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/| 5AutoList808k$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList80;l$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList80>m$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList80An$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/p 1AutoList79,o$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList79/p$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList792q$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList795r$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList798s$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList79;t$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList79>u$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList79Av$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList78,w$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList78/x$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList782y$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/z 4AutoList785z$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/| 5AutoList788{$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 6AutoList78;|$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 7AutoList78>}$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH / 8AutoList78A~$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/p 1AutoList77,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList77/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList772$ pp01$7$8$H$^p`0a$_HaJmH sH tH z/"z 4AutoList775$ p@ @ 01$7$8$H$^@ `0a$_HaJmH sH tH |/2| 5AutoList778$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /B 6AutoList77;$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /R 7AutoList77>$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH /b 8AutoList77A$ p@ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH p/rp 1AutoList75,$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH t/t 2AutoList75/$ 01$7$8$H$^`0a$_HaJmH sH tH v/v 3AutoList752$ 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