ࡱ> \^[9 $bjbj .Vl.......B8D|B^)(((((((($V* v,).)t..)ttt..(t(t@ trQ&T..Q'z BB@ 4&Q'.)0^)&T-4@T-Q'tBB....CLAUSES Sentences can be complex and include a main clause, what we call main sentence, or a subordinate clause, what we call clause. There are 3 types of clauses: noun clauses, adjectival clauses and adverbial clauses. Noun clauses: A clause which acts as the subject or object (O) or as the complement (C, atributo in Spanish) Adjectival or Relative clauses: They refer to nouns (generally) and therefore perform the same syntactic function as the preceding noun or antecedent, this means they are PART of whatever syntactic function that noun performs in the sentence. For instance, The girl who is eating prawns is Russian, who is eating prawns is the relative clause which is modifying girl, so the subject of is Russian is the whole idea The girl who is eating prawns. Likewise, I dont like the film we saw last night has the relative clause we saw last night modifying film, so the object of the main sentence (I dont like) is the film we saw last night, and not the film only. Adverbial clauses are complementos circunstanciales. There are different types: time clauses, (CCT), place (CCL), manner (CCM), comparison, reason or cause (CCC), purpose (CCF), result (consecutivas), conditional, concession. Clauses can be finite or non-finite. In other words, they may have a finite verb (a verb with a subject in a tense) or a non-finite verb (an infinitive, a present participle [-ing] or a past participle, no subject). NOTE: Square brackets indicate the clause, underlined word(s) indicate the link in finite clauses and the non-finite verb in non-finite. Type of CLAUSEFINITE CLAUSESNON-FINITE CLAUSESNoun clauses[What you said] was great > subject (Infinitive, Present participle) [To give up at this stage] would be a pity > non-finite noun clause, infinitive, subject [Closing the factory] would mean unemployment for all > non-finite noun clause, gerund, subjectAdjectival Clauses or Relative ClausesWe bought the house [which you had rented] > object, part of the object!(Infinitive, Present and Past Participles) I have something [to tell you] > non-finite adjectival clause; infinitive The thieves took two bags [containing $2,000] > present participle I couldn't read the instructions [given in the manual] > past participleAdverbial Clauses*I shall see you [when we return] > time adverbial(Infinitive, Present and Past Participles, Perfect Participle) [To speed up the process] she bought a computer > non-finite adverbial clause, infinitive of purpose [While travelling by air], she was taken sick [Given time], she'll do the job extremely well [Having finished their task], they went out for a drink *TYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES [link example] CONNECTORSTIME Ill show it to you [when you come back]; or [When you come back], Ill We could do it [whenever you like]when, whenever, while, as, since / ever since, after, before, until/till, as soon as, then, during, the sooner, no sooner...than, hardly... when, immediately, the moment, the minutePLACE I am always meeting her [where I least expect her]where, wherever MANNER He solved the problem [as one might have expected]as, as if, as though COMPARISON He writes [as incoherently as he speaks] Her stepmum treated her more kindly [than any real mum would have done]as (as...as, not so...as, as much...as), more/-er....than..., less...thanREASON OR CAUSE He stole the money [because he was out of work] [Since we haven't seen him], we must assume he isn't coming [Having heard nothing from her], we assumed she wasn't coming (reversible + ,)because, as, since, for (sometimes: if), seeing that Alternative linkers: so, thereforePURPOSE She spent most of her time studying [so that she might later get a better job] [To speed up the job], she bought a computer (it can be reversed)so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest, Non-finite purpose: to-infinitive (specific), for + -ing (general), in order to, so as to, for +noun/pron+ to-infRESULT The boy was so exhausted [that he fell asleep on the bus] Weapon production is now increasing so much [as to constitute a major problem] so so+ adj/adv + that such + (adjective+) noun + thatCONDITION** [If I were rich], I would go on a world cruise (It can be reversed) We could leave now [provided we called her first]if, unless, whether whether...or not, as/so long as, provided that, supposing, on condition thatCONCESSION [Although she is over eighty], she's still very active (reversed; ,) Alternative link: in spite of the fact thatalthough/though, even though, even if, while, no matter, however + adj/adv, whatever, wherever, whenever, as + "be" **CONDITIONAL SENTENCES can be: General (pres.+pres.), Real/Likely or Reales/Probables (pres + will), Hypothetical/Unlikely or Hipotticas/ Improbables (past+would), or Impossible (Plusc.+would have V-ed). CLAUSES: CLARIFYING USE AND MEANINGPRIVATE  TEMPORAL SINCE AND REASON SINCE I've been living here since I left my parent's home ( desde que What have you been doing since we last met? ( desde que She took her raincoat since it was raining ( puesto que, ya que Since you have no money, you can't come ( como, puesto que Note: Reason since is equivalent in meaning as reason as. [As it was raining..., as you have no money...] TEMPORAL WHILE AND CONCESSIVE WHILE She made some tea while I was tidying up the room ( mientras que We stayed indoors while it was raining ( mientras que [=during the time that] While* I agree on that, I still think you've been rude ( aunque [=in spite of the fact that; although] Renting a house is expensive while* buying it is cheap ( mientras que [=whereas, in contrast] PURPOSE SO THAT AND RESULT SO We paid him immediately so that he wouldn't complain ( para que They took the plane so that they could get there early ( para que We paid him immediately, so he left contented ( y as, We know her well, so we can tell her your story ( y as, por eso CONDITIONAL IF AND CONDITIONAL UNLESS They'll send it to you if you make a request ( si We'll get lost unless I can find the compass! ( a no ser que TEMPORAL AS AND REASON AS Show your ID cards as you approach the entrance, please ( cuando, a medida que As we rushed along the busy street, Helen tripped! I went to a supermarket, as I needed some whipped cream ( puesto que, como As you are ready, could you help me with this? *Some educated native speakers consider this is a perverted use of while. While should be only used for time (during the same time as, at the same time as). For contrast we are meant to use whereas. A note on THAT Conjunction: I realized [that...], and in Indirect speech: she said [that...], you believed [that...], etc. Apposition clauses: they are introduced by that (conjunction), following the noun to which the clause stands in apposition. (Often accompanying the noun fact.) e.g. The FACT [that you haven't enough time] is no excuse (S: The fact that ... time); She didn't like the COMMENT [that she was heavy] Adjectival or relative clauses: that is here, like who or which, a relative pronoun. How can you work out whether it is a relative pronoun or a conjunction? a) She denied the rumour that/which was circulating b) She denied the rumour that she was ill In a) we could write that or which. The clause says something about the rumour, and rumour is the antecedent of the relative pronoun that. In b) that introduces the rumour itself, like an equal sign. that she was ill is in apposition to rumour. We could say She denied she was ill. A note on WHEN, WHERE In a noun clause. e.g. Please tell me [where you put it] In an adverbial clause (time, place). e.g. I'm always meeting her [where I least expect her] In an adjectival clause. e.g. Do you remember the place [where we first met]? 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