ĐĎॹá>ţ˙ KMţ˙˙˙J˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ěĽÁ7 đżobjbjUU "(7|7|o˙˙˙˙˙˙l     $ĺDňN N N N N › › › dDfDfDfDfDfDfD$×E ÷G‚ŠD› y "› › › ŠDˇN N +ŸDˇˇˇ› ^N N dDˇ› dDˇˇ˝2Đ?đdDN B ’}x–éÇě ů ŔA2dDľD0ĺDňAryH˙ ¸yHdDˇŮThe Periodic Table Chapter 6 Organizing the Elements Chemist used properties of elements to sort them into groups. One of the first periodic tables organized the elements in increasing order of atomic mass. Periodic Law- Elements with similar chemical properties appear at regular intervals when listed in order of increasing atomic number. In the periodic table elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids Metals are located to the left of the stair step line. Metals are shiny, conduct heat and energy Metals are ductile – can be drawn into a wire. Metals are malleable – they can be hammered into shape. Metals have high densities. Metals have high melting points. Nonmetals right of the stair step line. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and energy Nonmetals have low density many nonmetals are gases at room temperature. Nonmetals have low melting points compared to metals. Metalloids, also called semimetals, have properties of both metals and nonmetals. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At are all semimetals. Classifying the elements The periodic table displays the symbols of the elements along with information about the structure of their atoms. Group Names on the Periodic Table. Columns on the periodic table are called groups and families Alkali metals – group IA except hydrogen (see page 162-163 text book) Alkaline Earth metals – group IIA Chalcogens – group VIA Halogens – group VIIA. These are the most reactive Noble Gases – group VIIIA These are the least reactive Representative elements – all the columns with an “A.” They are called the representative elements because they display a wide range of physical and chemical properties. Transition metals – all the middle area Elements can be sorted into noble gases, representative elements, transition metals, or inner transition metals based on their electron configuration. (See chart p.166) Periodic Trends Atomic Radius within a group increases as the atomic number increases. Group on the periodic table is a column. Period on the periodic table is a row. Atomic radius within a period decreases as the atomic number increases. As you go across the table the size decreases. Ions are atoms that have either a negative or positive charge. This happens when an atoms gains or loses electrons. When an atom loses an electron the ion is said to have a positive charge and is called a cation. When an atom gains an electron it is said to have a negative charge and is called an anion. Cations are smaller than the atoms since they have fewer electrons. Anions are larger the atoms since they have more electrons. Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Ionization energy (IE) decreases as you go down the periodic table, this is because as you get electron further away from the nucleus its attraction to the nucleus decreases, so the electron can be removed easier. Ionization increases as you go to the left from the right. He has the highest I E Fr has the smallest I E Electron affinity – amount of energy given off when atom gains an electron. When atom has an extra electron it is called an anion. Cl + e- ( Cl- + energy Electron affinity increases as you go up and to the right. Cl has the highest electron affinity Electronegativity The ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons to itself. Defined as the difference between ionization energy (IE) and electron affinity (EA) I E – E A  2 Increases as you go up and to the right. F is the most electronegative. When ions have the same number of electrons they are said to be isoelectric (isomers). Example: F- and Na+. In this case both ions would have 10 electrons. Diatomic Elements. Some elements exist as a compound in nature. These are elements that are bounded to an element of same type. They are H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2. There are a total of 7. Questions Identify each element as a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal. gold ___metal__ silicon __metalloid____ sulfur __nonmetal___ barium __metal___ 2. Identify each property below as more characteristic of a metal or a nonmetal. a gas at room temperature ___nonmetal__ brittle ___nonmetal___ malleable ___metal___ poor conductor of electric current ____nonmetal___ shiny ___metal___ 3. Where are the alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals, the halogens, and the noble gases located in the periodic table? Alkali metals column 1 Alkaline Earth metals column 2 Halogens column 17 also numbered 7A Noble gases column 18 also numbered 8A 4. Which element in each pair has atoms with a larger atomic radius? (circle the correct element) a. sodium or lithium b. strontium or magnesium c. carbon or germanium d. selenium or oxygen 5. Which element in each pair has a higher electronegativity value? a. Cl or F b. C or N c. Mg or Ne d. As or Ca 6. 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`„˜ţo(.„„˜ţĆ^„`„˜ţ.’„ŕ„L˙Ćŕ^„ŕ`„L˙.„°„˜ţĆ°^„°`„˜ţ.„€„˜ţĆ€^„€`„˜ţ.’„P„L˙ĆP^„P`„L˙.h„„˜ţĆ^„`„˜ţ.h„Ř „˜ţĆŘ ^„Ř `„˜ţ.h„\ „˜ţĆ\ ^„\ `„˜ţo(.h„x„˜ţĆx^„x`„˜ţ.h„H„˜ţĆH^„H`„˜ţ.’h„„L˙Ć^„`„L˙.h„č„˜ţĆč^„č`„˜ţ.h„¸„˜ţƸ^„¸`„˜ţ.’h„ˆ„L˙Ćˆ^„ˆ`„L˙.„p„0ýĆp^„p`„0ýo(. „Ř „˜ţĆŘ ^„Ř `„˜ţ‡hˆH. „¨ „L˙ƨ ^„¨ `„L˙‡hˆH. „x„˜ţĆx^„x`„˜ţ‡hˆH. „H„˜ţĆH^„H`„˜ţ‡hˆH. „„L˙Ć^„`„L˙‡hˆH. „č„˜ţĆč^„č`„˜ţ‡hˆH. „¸„˜ţƸ^„¸`„˜ţ‡hˆH. „ˆ„L˙Ćˆ^„ˆ`„L˙‡hˆH. „„˜ţĆ^„`„˜ţo(. „ „˜ţĆ ^„ `„˜ţ.’ „p„L˙Ćp^„p`„L˙. „@ „˜ţĆ@ ^„@ `„˜ţ. „„˜ţĆ^„`„˜ţ.’ „ŕ„L˙Ćŕ^„ŕ`„L˙. „°„˜ţĆ°^„°`„˜ţ. „€„˜ţĆ€^„€`„˜ţ.’ „P„L˙ĆP^„P`„L˙. „„˜ţĆ^„`„˜ţo(. „ „˜ţĆ ^„ `„˜ţ.’ „p„L˙Ćp^„p`„L˙. „@ „˜ţĆ@ ^„@ `„˜ţ. „„˜ţĆ^„`„˜ţ.’ „ŕ„L˙Ćŕ^„ŕ`„L˙. „°„˜ţĆ°^„°`„˜ţ. „€„˜ţĆ€^„€`„˜ţ.’ „P„L˙ĆP^„P`„L˙."ƒWŚ<{XHoso*ŇzŻF U6btŮĐ*Ópmř6ŔZ‰Ä-4[1˝/š @ÓmT U6™÷ š4œ[Š8ˇJŘ|ÝGŒB:D˜˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ćReSn¤đV&OJ^J˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙äÖ        ^uBŮ   *ą.í    ^uBŮî­`                ¸ž¤64(´m        Pv×        ሠ       ^uBŮ        Fú Fú      L¤ ‹      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ŔF ‰x–éÇN€1Table˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙yHWordDocument˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙"(SummaryInformation(˙˙˙˙:DocumentSummaryInformation8˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙BCompObj˙˙˙˙jObjectPool˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ ‰x–éÇ ‰x–éÇ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ţ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ţ˙ ˙˙˙˙ ŔFMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8ô9˛q