ࡱ> FHE @ bjbj)) (:KzKz\\\\\\\p4 4 4 4 P Lp VXXXXXX$Rf|\  |\\ "\ \ VVr\\ Pn 4 .<0,iipp\\\\i\\ u x ||pp 4 pp4 Text Structures Directions: Identify and record the text structure of the following passages from chapter 1 of Chew on This. Also list the signal words that helped you determine the text structure. passage numbertext structureSignal words from passage that helped you identify the text structureWhat is the main idea of the article? (one-two complete sentences)1 2 3 4 5 6  Extension: Choose a passage in the text that you feel is organized by a particular text structure. Copy it here, write the text structure, and highlight any signal words within the passage. When copying directly from the text, remember to use quotation marks and list the page number. Text Structure:____________________________________ Passage: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ page___ Passage 1 So many drive-in restaurants opened in southern California that they had to compete for attention. Restaurant owners often painted the drive-ins in loud colors and covered them in flashy neon lights, hoping to catch the eye of people driving past at high speed. The owners hired pretty girls to work as waitresses and came up with all sorts of memorable uniforms for them. The young waitresses, known as carhops, were often dressed up like cowgirls, cheerleaders, of Scottish girls in kilts. Carhops werent paid by the hour. They earned money from tips and received a small share of the money their customers spent. The more food and drinks a customer ordered, the more money a carhop earned. As a result, carhops tended to be very nice to their customers and encouraged them to eat and drink a lot. Chew on This, p.20 Passage 2 The McDonald brothers also changed how the work was done in the kitchen. Instead of having one skilled cook who knew how to prepare many kinds of food, they hired a few people to prepare the same thing again and again. Workers in the kitchen became like workers on a factory assembly line, repeating the same simple tasks all day. One person grilled the hamburgers; another person put them in buns and wrapped them in paper; another person made the milk shakes; another person cooked French fries. Skilled cooks were no longer necessary. Workers only needed to learn how to do one thing, not many things. People were easy to hire for these jobs, easy to fire, and unlikely to demand a big paycheck. Richard and Mac had turned their restaurant kitchen into a little factory for making cheap fast food. Chew on This, p.23 Passage 3 After gaining the right to use McDonalds name and the Speedee Service System, Kroc faced a big problem. He didnt have the money to open new restaurants across the United States. And banks wouldnt lend money to high school dropouts and dreamers like him who were trying to create fast food business. The banks thought it was too risky. So Kroc used a new type of franchising deal to get the money. Under one of these deals Chew on This, p.32 Passage 4 The key to a successful franchise can be described in a single word: sameness. Ray Kroc insisted that everything be the same at every one of the new McDonalds restaurants. The signs had to be the same. The buildings had to be the same. The menus had to be the same. And, most importantly, the food had to taste exactly the same. If the fries were lousy at one McDonalds, Kroc worried that it would hurt business at every McDonalds. He had little patience for McDonalds restaurant owners who tried to do things differently, who would not conform to his rules. We have found outthat we cannot trust some people who are nonconformists, Kroc once said. We will make conformists out of them in a hurry. The organization cannot trust the individual; the individual must trust the organization. Chew on This, p.32 Passage 5 Led by McDonalds, the fast-food industry spread across the United States. The southern California way of life was no longer so unusual. The federal government was building the interstate highway system, encouraging people to travel by automobile. Other cities began to rely on cars instead of trains, and new suburbs grew throughout the country, just as they had in Los Angeles. Between 1960 and 1973, the number of McDonalds restaurants increased from 200 to almost 3000. Gasoline shortages in 1973 gave the fast-food industry a brief scare, as many people worried that Americas love affair with the automobile was about to end. When that crisis passed, McDonalds began to open restaurants in downtown city centers as well as suburbs. One by one, the founding fathers of the fast-food businesses sold their companies or retired. An industry that had started in the 1950s with a series of small, local fast-food chains became dominated in the 1908s by multinational corporations. Family-owned restaurants found it hard to compete with these giants and began to disappear. Chew on This, p.35 Passage 6 Two men played a central role in turning Americas children into the targets of major advertisers: Ray Kroc and Walt Disney. The two had a great deal in common. They were both from Illinois. They were born a year apart, Kroc in 1901, Disney in 1902. They knew each other as young men, serving in the same ambulance corps during World War I. They both left Illinois to create whole new industries in southern California. And they both had a powerful desire to control things, make them orderly, and always keep them clean. Osscasionally that trait led to odd behavior. Walt Disney sealed the windows of his animation studio shut so that employees couldnt change the indoor temperature. Ray Kroc was so worried about cleanliness at McDonalds that sometimes hed scrub the holes in his mop wringer with a toothbrush. 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