ࡱ>  ` bjbj 8t####<$n,,,,,\&\ \GIIIIII$hjmi%P4 \%%m,,$%R%R%R%.,,G%R%G%R%R 7,+ %K#S4 0ձb \o6\t7\7]v}Ts%RqD\M]]]mmQ(]]]%%%%##  U.S. History I 2004-2005 Angela Chiang The Shaping of North America 225 million years ago-Pangaea supercontinent 10 million years ago- Rocky Mountains exist Appalachians exist Continents are separated 2 million years ago- an Ice Age envelopes the planet and the water level lowers 35 000 years ago- the Bering Land Bridge appears animals cross, followed by nomadic Asian hunters 10 000 years ago- the Ice Age ends nomadic people create civilization 10 000 years ago-1492 AD, the population grows to 72 million *only 7-10 million live in North America (South America has better conditions for farming) Powerful Civilizations Aztecs Incas Mayans Iroquois Over 2000 languages created Religion Culture Farming techniques People who came to America before 1492: -Scandinavians led by Leif Erickson (Newfoundland) -Nomadic Asian hunters -Irish -Africans -Chinese [1492] Columbus discovered the New World (arrived at Hispaola/ Haiti) brought 20 people back-only two survive the ship ride was sent to get more for slavery in mines (creates slavery) Europeans bring smallpox into the Americas [1492] Haitis population totals 3 million [1512] Haitis population totals 12 000 Columbuss discovery affects the futures of three groups: Europeans migrate to the Americas Native Americans dealt with harshly Africans source of labor leads to mass enslaving Explorers Amerigo Vespucci [sails for Spain in 1499] [sails for Portugal in 1501] Writes vivid accounts of the East coast of North and South America Mapmakers base their maps on his accounts hence America Vasco Nunez de Balboa [sails for Spain in 1513] First European to set eyes on the Pacific Ocean Says All land that touches the Pacific is Spains Basis for Spanish claims in America Ferdinand Magellan [sails for Spain from 1519-1522] First to circumnavigate the globe Hernando Cortez [sails for Spain in 1519] Crushes the Aztecs (attack and smallpox) Claims Mexico for Spain Ponce de Lon [sails for Spain in 1513] Explores Florida lays claim of Florida for Spain Looking for gold Francisco Coronado [sails for Spain in 1540] Searches for the fabled cities of gold First European to see the Grand Canyon First European to see herds of buffalo John Cabot [sails for England in 1497] Italian explores the East coast of New England Basis for English claims in the Americas Giovanni de Verrazano [sails for France in 1524] Hudson River and areas of NYC Henry Hudson [sails for the Dutch in 1608?] Hudson Bay and Hudson River Claims Manhattan for the Dutch Jacques Cartier [sails for France in 1534] Explores parts of Canada and claims area for France Hernando de Soto [sails for Spain from 1539-1542] First European to see the Mississippi River Settling the New World Spain Reasons for exploration: Gold Glory God Goods Lay claim to: New Mexico West coast of South America Florida All of Central America Texas Arizona California [1565] settled the first permanently occupied settlement in the Americas -St. Augustine, FL [1588] Spanish Armada is defeated marks the decline of the Spanish Empire encomienda system and hacienda system places Native Americans in state of slavery France Lay claim to: Canada Areas around the Mississippi [1608] First French settlement Quebec New France [1750] <60 000 people live in New France Why wont people live in New France? Poor farmland Isolated Subject to Native American attacks only French Catholics allowed keep the discontented in France England [1558] Elizabeth I comes to the throne of England wants to expand the navy Spread Protestant Plunder and attack Spanish ships Gets seadogs to do the work (pirates) Sir Francis Drake is knighted for his success Settling Sir Walter Raleigh [1585] attempts to settle at Roanoke people didnt like it and came back [1587] tries again Virginia Dare is the first child from Britain born [1590] supply ship is sent to Roanoke Island no one is found the Lost Colony of Roanoke one word found Croatoan Joint stock company Group of people invest money together [1606] Virginia Company of London receives charter for a colony [1607] Jamestown, VA is settled 104 males looking for gold [1608] 40 are left John Smith takes control of Jamestown if you dont work, you dont eat [1609] a terrible winter hits resorts to cannibalism [1610] out of 400 settlers, 60 are left [1612] John Rolfe perfects the growing of tobacco and begins the tobacco craze one of the first cash crops grown [1619] House of Burgesses created -first legislative assembly in America First slave ship shows up in America with 19 African slaves Types of Colonies Royal Colony -king/queen has total control over the colony Proprietary Colony (most popular form) -king/queen picks a representative (friend/trusted) to run the colony -that representative picks a governor and sets up laws Self-governing Colony -the colonists control the colony -least popular form Southern Colonies 1. Virginia [1607] Jamestown began as proprietary [1624] (King James disgusted by tobacco) becomes a royal colony tobacco-based economy plantation system develops -indentured servants pay back debts after 7-10 years of service, given own land -African slaves demand for land -push westward -angers the Native Americans this all creates an aristocratic society (wealthy) lack of cities in the South 2. Maryland [1634] founded by Lord Baltimore tobacco-based economy plantation system aristocratic society created because: -make profit -safe haven for Catholics as times goes on Protestants outnumber the Catholics Act of Toleration [guarantees rights to all Christians] But Death Penalty if Jewish/atheist do not recognize Jesus as the Lord 3. South Carolina [1670] proprietary supposed to work in connection with the West Indies (sugar cane) supply station for the West Indies principal crop is rice plantation system 4. North Carolina [1691, formally 1712] population outcasts from South Carolina and Virginia pride themselves on being outlaws and outcasts (rich plantations owners pushing them off) hospitable to pirates resistant to authority [1691] break away informally [1712] officially becomes a colony 5. Georgia the Buffer Colony [1733] by James Olgethorpe (last colony founded) protects South Carolina against Spanish Florida population the Charity Colony -drunks -criminals -outlaws -very poor produce silk and wine prohibits alcohol granted some religious toleration try to get slavery outlawed failed in 1750 it was made legal New England Colonies 1. Massachusetts [1620] Plymouth Separatist Puritans [1609] move to Holland-dont want children to be Dutchified 102 settlers on the Mayflower supposed to land in Virginia instead, land in Massachusetts Miles Standish and William Bradford Make the Mayflower Compact Pledge allegiance to the king Combine themselves into a civil body politic Obey laws of the new government 44 survive the first winter William Bradford becomes governor 30 times Massachusetts Bay Colony [1629] One of the most successful settlements in America Founded by non-Separatist Puritans John Winthrop is the governor Industries: Fishing Ship-building Fur-trading Jon Winthrop Wants the Massachusetts Bay Colony to be an example a city upon a hill MBC- The Bible Commonwealth is extremely religious Dissenters in Massachusetts Anne Hutchinson Challenges the Puritan way Put on trial claims to have spoken with God Kicked out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Goes to Rhode Island, then New York killed by Natives Roger Williams Challenges to break away from the Church of England Escapes to Rhode Island founds his own colony 2. Rhode Island [1636] by Roger Williams colony known for religious toleration strongly independent not well-liked by the other colonies other colonies call Rhode Island the Lords Debris made up of people that no one wants self-governing colony 3. Connecticut [1635] by Reverend Thomas Hooker self-governing created the Fundamental Orders a document that creates a democratically controlled government 4. New Hampshire [1623] good for fishing and trading the overgrowth of the Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes an official colony in 1679 The Middle Colonies 1. New York After Hudsons explorations in 1608 Dutch start settlement along the Hudson Called New Netherlands Manhattan was called New Amsterdam Problems for the Dutch Poor leaders only decent one was Peter Stuyvesant More concerned with profit No democracy No freedom of religion Poorly run Constantly attacked by Native Americans Surrounded by the English [1664] Charles II gives the land of NY to the Duke of York (James) after threatening the Dutch with an invasion, Dutch give up the land Dutch legacy Sleighing Golf Waffles Easter eggs Santa Claus Skating Bowling Harlem Brooklyn Chief crop is wheat 2. Pennsylvania [1681] The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) Persecuted by England William Penn emerges as a leader William Penn Idea to create land for Quakers [1681] founds Pennsylvania one of the best-advertised colonies Characteristics of Pennsylvania Peaceful [Native Americans move in] Liberal Freedom of worship Disliked slavery Against military service Chief crop is wheat Well-planned cities Very successful colony 3. New Jersey [1702] [1664] Duke of York gives parts of NJ to Berkeley and Carteret (proprietors) sold land to the Quakers split land into East and West Jersey gave land back to crown becomes royal colony [1702] 4. Delaware [1638] by the Swedes taken over by the Dutch after the Dutch leave in 1664 Delaware controlled by Pennsylvania Early Native American and Colonial Wars colonial militia a practice learned from Europe each colony creates their own unit able-bodied men ages 16-60 why? English provide no money for colonial defense (exception of Georgia) Militia meet every few weeks for training Militia Day turns into a party and meets annually Anglo-Powhattan War [1610-1614] Jamestown New governor Lord de la Warr Declares war against the Native Americans [1614] Pocahontas marries John Rolfe better relations The First Tidewater War [1622] Native Americans attack white settlers kill of Jamestowns population John Rolfe is also killed The Second Tidewater War [1644] Opechanough takes over Powhattans renews attack against white settlements Opechanough is killed and Native American Confederacy dissolves Native Americans are pushed further west Pequot War [1636-1637] New England Colonies Results in the killing of 500 Pequot Indians in Connecticut end of the Pequots King Philips War [1675] New England Colonies Metacom (King Philip) After being forced to pledge allegiance to the English crown Vows revenge starts the Native American Confederacy After killing many settlers captured, quartered, and killed Halts the western boundary at New England Colonies for 40 years First large-scale military action by the colonial militia Bacons Rebellion Displays colonial anger and hatred to Native Americans Displays colonial hatred toward the Southern Aristocracy Nathaniel Bacon Gathered 1 000 men Vows to kill all Native Americans Gets called an outlaw Gets so angry Burns down the settlement of Jamestown Dies as Jamestown burns Reveals the growing social gap between small farmers and plantation owners Colonial unity [1643] New England Colonies the New England Confederation first time to have colonies working together for a better cause created by the Massachusetts Bay Colony Rhode Island is not included The Southern Plantation Economy Plantation owners constantly want land Near the end of the 1600s, price of tobacco falls dramatically So the plantation owners continue to grow more tobacco/cash crops *more land needs more labor Indentured servants Contract usually ran for seven years Voyage would be paid for At the end of the contract, receive freedom dues Small piece of land Tools Animals Clothes Eventually the plantation owners stopped giving freedom dues Headright System [Virginia and Maryland] Gives to each plantation owner 50 acres of land for every indentured servant brought into the colony Hit the Appalachian Mountains pause and indentured servitude dies Need another source of labor end of the 1600s, indentured servitude dies out Market for jobs gets better in England Royal African Company [1698] loses its monopoly on the sale of slaves Bacons Rebellion leads plantation owners to fear the small farmer Slavery [1670] 2 000 slaves in Virginia [1750] slaves represent 50% of the population in Virginia The Middle Passage -the forced voyage of slaves from Africa to the Americas -7.5 million from Africa to Americas, 400 000 to the 13 colonies -slaves were sold into slavery by the kings and princes of tribes Conditions Dark Dirty Overcrowded put 600 in a ship built for 300 Disease Smelly Death Suicide Humiliated not seen as people but as property 20%-50% would die during the voyage upon arrival, slaves were unloaded and sold at slave auctions -Charleston, SC -Newport, RI -New York City, NY -Philadelphia, PA Once sold, slaves were subject to slave codes -slaves were not allowed to marry -illegal to teach a slave to read or write -slaves had no legal rights -punished severely for any wrongdoing -slave owners took ownership of the children Worst place to be sold into slavery was SC-life expectancy the lowest Lonely Rice fields brought diseases Virginia and Maryland -expect a longer life span -slave population grows much best place to be sold as a slave were the Northern Colonies -work in the cities -learn a skill -earn money -possible to be able to buy their freedom Slavery in the Colonies Resistance Everyday resistance Worked slowly Break tools Leave gates open Try to run away (not easy) Occasional revolts [1712] NYC Nine white deaths, 21 executed [1739] the Stono Rebellion 20 slaves uprising deaths of 80 whites GA militia captures the 20 slaves Sets the heads of the executed on mileposts for warning Colonial Social Structure Aristocrats, Merchants, Planters, Lawyers, Officials, Clergymen, Professional men Small farmers (largest group) Manual workers hired hands, lesser tradesmen Indentured servants, jailbirds Slaves Life in the Colonies Family Life Mother (Woman) Most important person in the family Has children - average of 10-11 children (about 3-4 die before adulthood) Raises children Cook Clean Sew, make clothes Help on the farm Father Work on the farm Work in shop Children Help out on the farm Male Learning trade from the father Help on the farm Female Help around the house Learn how to be a mother [1700] population 250 000 [1775] population 2.5 million average age of a colonist is 16 *if live in the North, live about 10 years longer than South (average lifespan is 70) Education Only males were given formal education New England has a well set-up of formal education For every town with 50+ families, a school is required Southern Colonies taught at home by a tutor Education in the colonies was not reserved for only the elite Goal of School Learn to read (especially the Bible, be a better Christian) Learn to write Colonial Colleges (only taught religion and languages eventually replaced with more modern classes) Harvard [1636] William and Mary [1693] Yale Princeton University of Pennsylvania Brown Columbia Rutgers [1766] Dartmouth Journalism [1704] first successful colonial newspaper [1733] John Peter Zengor Case -writes criticisms of governor of NY -Governor of NY sues him for libel for writing about him in the news -court agrees to have Zengor not guilty for writing the truth -becomes the basis for freedom of press Art Colonies are very behind the rest of the world John Goddard designs desks John Smibert paints family portraits Science Benjamin Franklin The colonies greatest inventor, scientist, thinker, writer and good guy Some inventions Lightning rod Electrical battery Bifocals Odometer Stove Library Volunteer fire department Wrote Poor Richards Almanac (second most popular in colonies, behind the Bible) Comes up with arithmetic puzzles (ex. Magic Square) Immigration in the Colonies Scots-Irish From Scotland Make up 7% of the colonies population by 1775 Spoke English Known as frontier people Settle from Pennsylvania to the Carolinas Germans Make up 6% of the colonies population by 1775 Tended to settle in Pennsylvania Kept to themselves and kept their own culture and language Inventions Conestoga Wagon -cloth tops -big wheels Replace the musket with the more accurate rifle Improved the iron stove French Huguenots [1685] Edict of Nantes is repealed persecution of the Huguenots famous descendant is Paul Revere, the silversmith Africans Forced to immigrate to the colonies 400 000 by 1775 90% of 400 000 in the Southern Colonies Religion As population rises, importance of religion goes down Late 1600s, people begin to question accepted Christian ideas (ex. Calvinism) Result: Church creates the Half-Way Covenant Allows people to join church even if they have not officially converted Results in increased church membership but taints the purity of the church Salem Witch Trials Salem, MA [1692] A group of girls begin to experience fits of rages The girls blame the rages on women who bewitched them Start a massive witch hunt 174 people are put on trial 19 women are executed (hung) 1 man is executed (pressed to death) 2 dogs are executed Governor Phips puts an end to the witch hunt after his wife is accused The Great Awakening [1730s to the 1740s] A religious revival that sweeps across the nation Preach about: The emptiness of material goods Fury of divine wrath The need for repentance Preachers give very dramatic performances George Whitefield The Great Awakener Jonathan Edwards writes Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Gatherings of 20 000+ people By the mid-1740s the Great Awakening dies out Effects: -Stimulated the founding of more colonial colleges (Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth) -Revival that encompasses all of colonial society becomes the first shared colonial experience -Undermines the power of the older clergy -Makes religion more accessible to people Church Membership of the colonial period [by 1775] Congregationalists 575 000 people out of Puritanism Anglicans 500 000 people Church of England Presbyterians 410 000 people similar to the Congregationalists German churches 200 000 people Found in Pennsylvania Dutch-reformed 75 000 people Quakers 40 000 people Baptists Roman Catholics 25 000 people Maryland Methodists Jewish 2 000 people Ruling over the Colonies  James I [1603-1625] Does not like the colonies Hates tobacco Charles I [1625-1649] Beheaded in 1649 Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate [1649-1660] Very strict Charles II is restored [1660-1685] Decides to take a more hands-on approach to the colonies Tries to harness colonial trade [1675] Lords of Trade supposed to control colonial trade [1685] Charles II dies James II [1685-1688] (Charles IIs brother and also the Duke of York) Continues to place restrictions on colonial trade -especially the North, who are growing very independent creates the Dominion of New England to combat the New England Confederation to enforce the Navigation Acts Navigation Acts [1650-1733] Rooted in mercantilism a nations power depends on its wealth Acquire gold and silver Favorable balance of trade (exports up, imports low) Acquire colonies All ships trading in Europe must be built in England or the colonies 75% of crew had to be English or colonial All European nations wishing to trade with the colonies must first stop at England (taxed twice) England creates a list of enumerated articles (what colonies supposed to trade with England) Colonists, instead of heeding these laws smuggling (esp. NYC), bribes Dominion of England Led by Sir Edmund Andros Ends town meetings in MA, NJ, NY, RI, and CT Restrictions on schools, newspapers, courts Taxes without authority of colonial representative William and Mary/Glorious Revolution [1688-1707] Relaxes the rules of the colonies Known as the period of salutary neglect Results: Control over the colonies is relaxed, but the English officials stay Colonists begin to resent the English officials Wars of North America England east coast, parts of Canada Spain Florida, Central America, Southwest North America France Canada, along the Mississippi River (pop. 60 000 only) (Russia) Native Americans are everywhere Thirteen Colonies east coast King Williams War [1689-1697] French soldiers and Native American Allies attack frontier settlements in NY Colonial militia invades Canada and fails Queen Annes War [1702-1713] Deerfield Massacre French and Native American allies attack Deerfield, MA Killed 50, captured 111 colonists War of Jenkins Ear/King Georges War [1744-1748] Caribbean French and Native Americans attack frontier settlements Colonial militia captures a French fort at Louisbourg At the mouth of St. Lawrence Bay At the end of the war, England gives Louisbourg back to the French Angers the colonies The French and Indian War The French and Indian War Dispute between France, Virginians, Pennsylvania over the Ohio River Valley France begins building a line of forts throughout Ohio Valley [1752] VA sends 21-year-old surveyor, George Washington, to tell the French to leave French refuses [1754] 150 VA militiamen head to Fort Duquesne, led by George Washington -marching to the fort, Washington encounters a small French fort and attacks it -Washington and the militia build Fort Necessity -French surround them after ten hours, Washington surrender [July 4, 1754] -returns to VA The French and Indian War soon merges into the Seven Years War   SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT  [1755] 1 400 British soldiers, led by General Edward Braddock and 950 VA militiamen led by George Washington, march to Fort Duquesne -Braddock plans on fighting European-style -On the way to the fort, French powers attack the troops taken by surprise -23 French deaths, 900 English deaths (including Braddock) -Washington rallies the British soldiers and the colonial militia and leads them to retreat emerges as a hero six times Washington was almost killed two horses shot from under him four bullets through his jacket A Torch lighted in the forests of America set all of Europe in conflagration. Voltaire [1754] The British called together a meeting of all colonies in Albany, NY Purpose: the renewed alliance with the Iroquois Benjamin Franklin draws political cartoon in the PA Gazette Join or Die snake Not advocating a revolution Need to join the colonies to survive The Albany Plan of Union Each colonial leader refused to sign the agreement failed But an important first step towards colonial unity [1755-1757] British are badly beaten by the French despite the fact that the British outnumber the French 20:1 [1758] William Pitt becomes prime minister of Great Britain and takes over the war effort 1. Replaces the older generals 2. Gives the colonies money for raising troops 3. Turns the fighting over to the colonial militia Tide of the war changes to Britain -capture Fort Louisbourg (control over St. Lawrence River) -capture Fort Duquesne (renamed Fort Pitt) - [1759] General Wolfe and the British defeat General Montcolm and the French at the Battle of Quebec on the plains of Abraham just outside of Quebec Britain wins - [1760] Britain takes Montreal - [1761-1763] Limited fighting between British and Spain -Spain loses Cuba and Florida Peace of Paris [1763] France cedes all of Canada and land between the Mississippi and the Appalachians to Britain France cedes land west of Mississippi to Spain Britain keeps Florida France keeps two islands off Newfoundland exclusively for fishing Britain gives the sugar islands (West Indies) back to France Cuba is given back to Spain Significance of the French and Indian War France is out of North America Colonies no longer view the British as invincible Colonial militia gains experience George Washington emerges as a leader for all colonies Colonies gain familiarity with each other Problem in the colonies: Travel Many places, roads are not existent or are not passable Roads were so bad that people would write out wills before going on long trips (ex. PA to NY) Stopped by taverns at night Become the center of political discussion Road to the Revolution Colonial Situation [1763] Spanish and French menace is gone Colonies can move west More American than British subjects British Situation [1763] Have control over the largest empire of the world Largest debt in the world (140 million pounds worth) Believed in mercantilism George III [1760-1820] comes to power As the French leave [1763] Tell Native Americans British are going to take over land and kill them Native Americans decide to do something about this led by Chief Pontiac Pontiacs Rebellion Native American Confederacy attacks, defeats 8 of 11 British forts in Ohio Valley Kill over 2 000 colonists British are eventually able to put down this rebellion But this changes the development of the Ohio River Valley Proclamation Line of 1763 Restrict colonial settling to east of the Appalachian Mountains Convinced the Ohio River Valley is not safe for settling Colonists are outraged They just fought the French and Indian War Settle the area anyway Britain places 10 000 British soldiers inside the colonies for protection of the settlers Sugar Act [1764] passed by George Grenville -replaces the Molasses Act 6 pence tax on sugar -now places a 3 pence tax on sugar -the colonists would bribe officials for one pence to smuggle the sugar into the colonies -colonists get outraged claim, no taxation without representation Stamp Act [1765] passed by George Grenville -tax on all paper products -colonists outraged boycott British products so successful that trade drops 13% in Britain Sons of Liberty are formed led by Samuel Adams Terrorize stamp tax agents Call a Stamp Act Congress 9 of 13 colonies meet in NY to discuss the Stamp Act [1766] Britain repeals the Stamp Act passes the Declaratory Act Britain can impose any taxes and laws that they desire Quartering Act [1765] Requires colonies to pay for provisions and build housing for British soldiers Townshend Acts [1767] Passed by Charles Townshendhead of the British treasury Champagne Charlie Taxes tea, lead, paint, glass Enforces Navigation Acts Result: John Dickenson writes Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania Boycott British goods Riot against customs officials (esp. Boston, MA) MA sends a circular letter that urged colonies to stick together [1768] British imports to America drop 40% [1768] British soldiers are moved from the frontier to Boston 1 700 strong guard customs officials property and custom officials -became a colonial pastime to taunt them -British soldiers are often profane and drunk -high unemployment British took jobs on the waterfront Work for less money than the colonists British are taking away jobs from the colonists The Boston Massacre [March 5, 1770] 5 colonists die including Crispus Attucks, a runaway, one of the first to die 10 British soldiers arrested and put on trial, including Captain Preston John Adams defends the soldiers Say they are acting in self defense Only two are accused guilty of manslaughter branded on hand Samuel Adams Comes up with the term Boston Massacre Revolutionary stirs up the crowd by propaganda Paul Revere Creates an engraving on the Boston Massacre eventually reproduced picture Uses propaganda that effectively arouses the colonists leads to outrage The image is reprinted throughout the colonies Road to the Revolution [1770-1775] After the Boston Massacre Tensions between the two sides die down Townshend Act is repealed [1772] Samuel Adams forms the Committee of Correspondence spreads propaganda very successful Tea Act [1773] The British East India company is bankrupt Parliament gives the company exclusive trading rights to tea in the colonies Colonists pay less for tea The company stays in business Britain collects the taxes Smugglers lose out on financial gains calls this an outrage Claim the East India company has a monopoly on tea Colonies agree and refuse to accept any tea from the company The tea sits in colonial harbors for days Boston Tea Party [December 16, 1773] Colonists of Boston dress up as Mohawk Indians and board the ships Dumped 342 chests of tea in Boston Harbor worth $90 000 Organized by the Sons of Liberty and Samuel Adams Very orderly, very quiet Tea party in Princeton burn chests of tea and an effigy of the MA governor Tea party in Annapolis, MD ship is also destroyed Britain is not pleased Britains Response Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts (by the colonists) Boston Port Act closes the Boston port Administration of Justice Act send British officials who have committed a crime are sent to Britain for the trial Massachusetts Governor act ends the MA legislative Quartering Act if do not provide shelter, British soldiers will reside in colonial homes Quebec Act extends the Canadian border to the Ohio River gives protection to Catholics Outrage VA, NY, MA, and PA wanted it for farmland [September 5, 1774] first meeting of the Continental Congress meet at Philadelphia at Carpenters Hall 12 of the 13 colonies send delegates (except GA) 56 delegates Radicals Samuel Adams John Adams Patrick Henry Conservative John Jay (NY) John Dickenson George Washington (very conservative) Actions: Create the Declaration of Rights and Grievances by John Adams Outlines the colonies problem with British rule Create a Non-Importation Association Calls for a boycott of British goods more enforced [October 6, 1774] if things do not work out meet again May 1775 Lexington and Concord Concord, MA (minutemen) MA militia begun preparing for war store weapons British decide to destroy the weapons arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock [April 1775] British decide to march to Concord Paul Reveres Ride With William Dowes and Samuel Prescott Went to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that the British are coming to arrest them Paul Revere is arrested during the ride The ride is silent stop by while telling colonists about the British [April 1775] When the British get from Boston to Lexington 70 minutemen standing in the field at Lexington When told to move by the 700 British soldiers, a shot was heard The Shot heard Round the World 7 minutemen killed, 8 injured When British get from Lexington to Concord The larger force of minutemen push the British back at the North Bridge British begin to march back to Boston On their retreat colonists hear of the Lexington skirmish swarm the retreating British guerilla warfare 273 British soldiers are killed, wounded, or missing [May 10, 1775] meeting of the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia all 13 colonies show up Accomplishments name George Washington as head of the Continental Army Create privateers American pirates Fort Ticonderoga Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen capture the British fort of Ticonderoga Acquire more weapons Battle of Bunker Hill [June 1775] British controls Boston MA militia 1 500+ capture and fortify Breeds Hill 3 000 British soldiers led by General Howe decide to attack the hill on the 3rd try, capture the hill Americans had too little ammunition Significance 1000 British soldiers killed 1/8 of all British soldiers who die in the war die in Bunker Hill [June 1775] Continental Congress sends King George III the Olive Branch Petition -asks king to stop fighting -asks king to work out differences King doesnt even read it -goes to Prussia and hires 30 000 Prussian soldiers Hessians -Britain needs soldiers, Prussia needs money Colonies decide to invade Canada want to make it the 14th colony Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold are sent to attack Quebec By the time Arnold gets there, he is tired and weakened The attack fails miserably [October 17, 1775] the British burn the town of Falmouth in Maine [January 1776] British burn Norfolk, VA Thomas Paine writes a pamphlet Common Sense -outlines why the colonies should break away from Britain -uses simple, easy-to-understand arguments -one out of every five colonists reads or has read to them -Common Sense becomes the Declaration of Independence for the Common Man -leads to discussion throughout the colonies [March 1776] George Washington and MA troops defeat the British at Dorchester Heights and force the British to flee [June 1776] Richard Henry Lee of VA Proposes the 13 colonies break away from Britain and declare independence Committed treason The debate over independence will continue for about a month The document Declaration of Independence is formally accepted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 Written by Thomas Jefferson at 33 years of age Declaration was written to rally support at home from the top social classes, to gain support from Europe and to appeal to other British colonies in the Americas Borrows many ideas from John Locke [early 1776] Americans send a diplomat (Silas Drone) to France Secretly arranges for France to send gunpowder to the colonies King Louis XVI Also sends Marquis de Lafayette comes to the colonies and joins the Continental Army The American Revolution [1775-early 1777] +?Great BritainVs.American Colonies+?+7.5 million (11.5 million in all British Isles)Population2.5 million (400 000 are slaves)+50 000 British regulars 30 000 Hessians 50 000 Loyalists Thousands of Indians Professional ArmyArmyColonial militia (not well-trained or disciplined) Continental army (7000-8000 at its largest, not well-trained at first)+Has an established system Has money, has resourcesMonetary FundsNo established system Continental Congress prints money Each colony prints own $ No gold to back up money inflation & hyperinflationKing George III Lord NorthLeadershipGeorge Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin (good at obtaining allies)+Some knowledge from French and Indian War Native Americans 3 000 miles away from homeKnowledge of LandTheir homeland Extremely knowledgeable about the land militia and guerrilla warfare++Well-supplied army (at times, difficult for British army to get provisions, unless Loyalists help out) Colonial merchants get more money from the BritishSuppliesExtremely ill-supplied Not enough uniforms, shoes, guns First 2 years of war, colonies receive 90% of ammunition from France+Strongest Navy in the worldNavyNo Navy privateersFighting far from home Not fighting for themselves fighting is their jobIntangiblesFighting on their home turf Fighting for a cause-freedom No one major city Can fight a defensive war 1/3 Patriots (MA, CT, VA) 1/3 Loyalists/Tories (80 000 flee to Britain, property seized NY, NJ, PA, SC,GA) 1/3 Neutral+[early July 1776] 35 000 British soldiers land on Staten Island without a shot being fired Loyalist city is taken without a fight led by General William Howe Move on to Long Island Battle of Long Island The Continental Army fares terribly forced to flee to Manhattan The British chase the Continental Army out of Manhattan [September 1776] retreat to NJ Continental Army constantly being attacked General Howe stops and passes up the chance to end the war -leaves 3 000 Hessians at Trenton and goes up to NYC Alexander Hamilton (19 years old) Leads cannon fire against the British from across the Raritan River With the British on their heels Americans barely manage to escape to Pennsylvania in December 1776 Situation for the Continental Army [December 1776] Nothing but defeat Enlistments of Army almost up Militia beginning to melt away Continental Army has not been paid, low in supplies Morale is at its lowest Thomas Paine The Crisis all colonists can understand it helps to inspire the continental soldiers Washington has The Crisis read to them He then takes a loan and pays his soldiers Devises a plan to attack the British on December 26, 1776 *famous Washington Crossing Delaware painting by Emmanuel Levtze [1851] [December 26, 1776] Battle of Trenton Washington surprises 1 500 Hessian soldiers and easily defeats them in the middle of the night [January 3, 1777] Battle of Princeton Leave the campfires burning trick the British into thinking he was still at camp -silenced the cannons, silent orders Washington surprises the British Army and scores another major victory Boosts morale of the country More people join the Continental Army Re-enlisting Both sides go into winter quarters Americans go into Morristown British go to NYC, NY The American Revolution [1777-1783] British develop a plan to cut of the N.E. Colonies from the rest by capturing Albany led by General Johnny Burgoyne led by Colonel St. Leger led by General William Howe converge to Albany -good plan, if successful Errors: St. Leger was defeated before he even gets started -Benedict Arnold and militia forces turn St. Leger back Howe takes his army to Philadelphia first -Continental Army tries to turn Howe back but was defeated in Brandywine Creek and Germantown -British take Philadelphia -Howe decides to stay in Philadelphia Ben Franklin Its not that Howe has captured Philadelphia; Philadelphia has captured Howe. As Burgoyne travels from Canada to Albany, the colonial militia attacks him Eventually Burgoyne and the Continental Army led by Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates meet at the Battle of Saratoga Battle of Saratoga [October 1777] Turning point in the war Burgoyne is surrounded and forced to surrender his entire army to Gates Benjamin Franklin In France negotiating with Louis XVI and French officials After Saratoga [February 1778] French decide to form an official alliance with the colonies The French Alliance brings: Navy Supplies Manpower more soldiers Money Britain is now fighting against two countries [1778] Winter of 1777-1778 Continental Army spends the winter at Valley Forge Baron van Steuben (Prussian drill master) Trains the Continental Army creates a well-disciplined army Henry Clinton replaces General Howe British move the army from Philadelphia to NYC Battle of Monmouth (NJ) George Washington and Continental Army cut off the British 96F-100F heat [June 1778] 100 American and British soldiers die of heat exhaustion battle ends in a draw Significance: After this battle 1/3 of Hessian soldiers desert the British Last major battle in the North British begin to concentrate on the South [1779] Spanish joins alliance with U.S.A. [1780] Catherine the Great (of Russia) forms the Armed Neutrality the rest of Europe is passively against the British Holland joins the U.S., French, Spanish alliance British capture Charleston, SC U.S. is defeated at Camden, SC Benedict Arnold becomes a traitor caught trying to sell plans to the British at West Point fights the rest of the war as a British general Then, the U.S. is able to turn the war around to their side. Battle of Kings Mountain American militia defeat 1 500 Loyalists Battle of Cowpens Americans get another victory Nathaniel Greene (head of American forces in the South) uses the hit-and-run strategy against the British. Francis Swamp Fox Marion leads American militia in attacks upon the British. George Rogers Clark captures a number of British forts along the Ohio River. [1781] Battle of Yorktown Cornwallis leads the British army to Yorktown, VA At Yorktown U.S. is planning on waiting for the British supply ship George Washington realizes that Cornwallis walked into a trap Marches Continental Army 300 miles to Yorktown Joined by Rochambeau and Lafayette French Army De Grasse French Navy They trap Cornwallis at Yorktown [October 19, 1781] Cornwallis surrenders his entire force of 7 000 soldiers During the surrender, the British band plays The World Turned Upside Down Lafayette doesnt like the song makes the band play Yankee Doodle Dandy [1782-1783] last two years of the war are fought mainly between Loyalists and militia Problems for the U.S. Throughout the War Lack of supplies High Inflation/hyperinflation Inept Congress Soldiers go unpaid for months at a time Low morale 1/3 of the country actually support the Revolution African Americans and the Revolution present at almost every major battle, fighting for both sides 14 000-20 000 for the British because they granted the slaves freedom 5 000 for the colonies Washington grants freedom to slaves who fight war leads to increase calls to abolish slavery the Quakers are the first to free their slaves Women in the Revolution Camp followers Served as cooks, launders, nurses Some actually fight in the war Ex. Molly Pitcher Stay home and run the household/businesses Birth rate declines during and after the war Marks the early beginning of the call for equal rights for women (ex. Abigail Adams) Overall women were still expected to be subordinate and follow traditional roles for women Education improves for girls Treaty of Paris [1782] The Whigs come into power in Britain and begin negotiating with the colonies American delegates Benjamin Franklin, John Adams John Jay begins negotiating directly with Britain [1783] Terms 1. Britain recognizes American independence and set the boundaries at the Great Lakes, Mississippi River and the northern border of Florida 2. Spain takes Florida 3. Both Britain and U.S. can use the Mississippi River 4. Britain keeps Canada 5. U.S. can fish off of Newfoundland 6. The U.S. agrees to urge the individual states to give back Loyalist land 7. The U.S. government agrees to allow British merchants to collect debts from individual states The treaty makes no mention of Native Americans Officially signed on September 3, 1783 How did Britain lose? Poor Generals Ex. General Howe, General Cornwallis The World is turned against Britain France, Spain, Holland, Russia, Armed Neutrality Distance Difficult to get supplies at times Not fighting for a cause Not successful at North American warfare Difficult to control and capture the Americans A number of powerful cities (capturing one city will not bring the entire downfall of the Americans) Overconfident Post-War Situation (State Constitutions) Articles of Confederation Ratified in 1781 only ratified after the states agreed to drop western land claims State governor has very limited power fear of having too much power Central Government One branch legislative (congress) Designed to be weak Powers Wage war Make peace Postal service Sign treaties Coin money Set standards for weights and measures CANNOT tax the biggest flaw of the Articles States Each state has one vote in Congress In order to change the Articles needed unanimous decision by the states States made their own tariff laws confused trade difficult States were asked to collect taxes give to the central government The Articles are a good first step towards creating a strong, stabilized government First leader of the U.S. under the Articles is John Hanson The one success under the Articles is setting up the Northwest Territory Northwest Territory North of the Ohio River, East of Mississippi, West of Appalachians Land Ordinance of 1785 -Splits the Northwest Territory into different sections each 640 acres set aside plots for certain things (homes, education, and businesses) Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Sets rules for becoming a state -once the white male population reaches 5 000, set up a legislature -once the white male population reaches 60 000, apply for statehood No slavery! Problems in the U.S. [1783-1787] Inflation both government and the states print money Small farmers are in debt banks seize crops and land Too much sovereignty between the states Government is heavily in debt World hates the U.S. Great Britain stop trade between West Indies and the U.S. try to get Allen brothers to annex Vermont to Britain keeps forts on U.S. soil refuse to send a minister to the U.S. Spain -claim land north of Florida -influence Native Americans against the U.S. opportunity to own N. America -close the Mississippi to trade with the U.S. France -restrict trade with the U.S. -pirates in N. Africa seize U.S. ships and sailors -demand repayment of war loans Shayss Rebellion Daniel Shays (MA small farmer) gathers 1 200 small farmers He tries to seize an arsenal of weapons in Springfield, MA MA governor orders out the militia kills four and ends the rebellion -this incident highlights the need for change in the U.S. [Summer 1786] five states attend a convention in Annapolis, MD to discuss changes to the Articles of Confederation Alexander Hamilton makes a constitutional convention of all 13 states [Summer 1787] Constitutional Convention meet in Philadelphia 55 delegates from 12 states show up Rhode Island does not attend -decide to scrap the Articles and write a new constitution Personalities George Washington (VA) chairman of convention and is in his 50s Benjamin Franklin (PA) elder statesman of convention 81 years old James Madison (VA)-Father of the Constitution 36 years old many ideas Alexander Hamilton (NY) favors a strong central government and is an economic genius 31 years old Gouverneur Morris (PA) serves as principle draftsman of the Constitution Who is NOT there? Thomas Jefferson John Adams Thomas Paine John Hancock (governor of MA) Samuel Adams Patrick Henry (against the new constitution-I smell a rat!) in favor of states rights Constitution A Bundle of Compromises Virginia Plan Large State Plan proposed by Virginia  -propose a bicameral legislature with representation based on population New Jersey Plan Small State Plan proposed by New Jersey  -propose a unicameral legislature with equal representation The Great Compromise -proposed by Connecticut -creates a bicameral legislature One based on representation Senate (two senators for each state) One based on population House of Representatives 3/5 Compromise slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for purposes of representation in Congress Electoral College Responsible for electing the president -delegates at Convention did not trust the American public with electing the president Slave Trade Georgia and South Carolina want to continue the slave trade -agreed to continue the slave trade until 1807 U.S. Constitution Three branches executive, judicial, and legislative Executive-President Commander in Chief Appoint officials Negotiate treaties Veto laws Term of four or eight years Judicial-Supreme Court Decide on cases that affect the people of the U.S. Decide on the constitutionality of laws Term for life or until retirement Legislative-Congress Senate (term of six years, indefinitely) House of Representatives (term of two years, indefinitely) Make laws Regulate commerce Approve Presidential appointments Tax Can declare war Checks and Balances branches have power over one another Separation of Powers each branch has individual powers Elastic Clause gives implied powers to the three branches of government (Article 1 Section 8) Ratification of the Constitution [September 17, 1787] Constitution is written 39 members of the Convention sign the Constitution 9 of the 13 states must ratify the Constitution before it becomes a working document Federalists Vs.Anti-federalistsSupport ConstitutionSupport states rightsFavor a strong central governmentFear a strong central government favored a bill of rightsSome people: George Washington Thomas Jefferson James Madison Alexander Hamilton Benjamin FranklinAgainst a standing army Some people: Patrick Henry Samuel AdamsDelaware ratifies Constitution [December 1787] Pennsylvania New Jersey Georgia Connecticut Massachusetts Maryland South Carolina New Hampshire [June 21, 1788] Not on list Virginia New York North Carolina [November 1789] Rhode Island [May 1790] The Federalist/ The Federalist Papers written to convince New York to ratify the Constitution by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay George Washington The President Won by a unanimous vote, not one vote against him, even with re-election John Adams Vice President Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury Henry Knox Secretary of War Problems States are in debt Government is in debt Worthless paper money World wants the U.S. to fail Division in the country between Federalists and Anti-federalists The country has been resisting authority Sectional differences Political differences Need to create stability Launching a New Government [April 30, 1789] George Washington takes the Oath of Office in NYC, the first capital of the U.S., in Federal Hall *Capitals 1st New York City, NY -2nd Philadelphia, PA -3rd Washington, D.C. Washingtons Biggest Challenge: to create stability -pass the Bill of Rights [1791] drafted by James Madison appease the Anti-federalists first 10 Amendments of the Constitution Freedom of speech, press, religion Right to bear arms No quartering of soldiers Unreasonable search and seizure Right to protect from self-incrimination Fair and speedy trial and public trial by peers (jury) Suits of Common Law Double Jeopardy (same crime cannot be tried twice) Protects from cruel and unusual punishment Rights enumerated to the people Rights given to the states -Judiciary Act of 1789 organizes judicial branch Supreme Court One Chief Justice (John Jay was the first Chief Justice) Five Associate Judges (now there are nine) Organizes the court system in the U.S. Creates office of the Attorney General (Edmund Randolf was the first)  -Stabilize economy Alexander Hamilton develops a two-part plan Pay off national debt at par -buy back government bonds at face value-issue new bonds and pay interest -wants the confidence built in the U.S. government Assumption Plan -wants federal government to assume the states debt ($25 million) Thomas Jefferson is a direct rival against this plan, along with James Madison The Dinner Jefferson and Madison agree to support Hamiltons plan if Hamilton agrees to support the plan to move the capital to an area closer to VA -Raise money after Hamiltons plan the national debt is now $75 million [1789] Congress passes an 8% tariff on imported products Excise Tax a tax placed on certain products sold in U.S. esp. whiskey (7/gallon) -National Bank Alexander Hamilton wants to create a Bank that would: Be a private institution Be a safe deposit for government money Print money Loan money to government and businesses Debate over National Bank Hamilton vs. Jefferson Hamilton Loose Construction of the Constitution Jefferson Strict Construction of the Constitution argues that it is the states job to create banks Hamilton wins Congress passes the Bill Washington signs the Bank Bill into law In Philadelphia, PA Charter for 20 years Capital of the Bank is $10 million 1/5 of this money is owned by the government Challenges for the U.S. [1790-1796] Whiskey Rebellion Western Pennsylvania Farmers get angry at the tax on whiskey and rebel against it Refuse to pay the tax Tar and feather the tax collectors Place Liberty Poles in towns Washington is appalled at the revolutionaries in western Pennsylvania Calls 13 000 state militia to march to PA and put down the rebellion Significance displays power of the central government Rise of Political Parties Hamiltonians Federalists represent the merchant class and businessmen Jeffersonians Democrat-Republicans represent the rural class -George Washington runs for a second term as President because he feared an election in 1792 would tear the country apart The French Revolution [1789] Tennis Court Oath [July 14, 1789] Fall of the Bastille [1792] France becomes a republic [1793] Louis XVI beheaded [July 1793-1794] Reign of Terror Federalists appalled at the bloodshed of the French Revolution Democrat-Republicans see the Reign of Terror as a necessary evil towards democracy and freedom [1793] France declares war on Austria France declares war on Great Britain -Franco-American Alliance of 1778 was an alliance forever George Washington issues Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 U.S. would remain neutral in the affairs of Europe Argues that the U.S. needs 20 years before they can fight another war Trouble with Britain Britain still occupied forts on the frontier on U.S. soil Britain was seizing U.S. ships and U.S. sailors (impressment) Britain was selling guns to the Native Americans [1794] Battle of Fallen Timbers General Mad Anthony Wayne defeats N. Americans in the Ohio Valley Results in the signing of the Treaty of Greenville cedes all Native American land in the Ohio Valley to the U.S. George Washington sends John Jay to Great Britain to negotiate a treaty Jays Treaty Great Britain agrees to leave the forts on U.S. soil Great Britain agrees to repay U.S. merchants for seized ships U.S. agrees to repay debts owed to British merchants The public hates the treaty, especially the South One positive aspect keeps the U.S. out of war Problems with Spain Closed Mississippi River to U.S. in 1784 Disputed land on the northern border of Florida Spain is encouraging Native Americans to attack frontier settlements -Results in Pinckneys Treaty [1795] open the Mississippi River to the U.S. settle Florida border at the 31st parallel agree to stop influencing Native Americans [1796] George Washington decides to NOT run for a third term -sets a precedent presidents can run for a maximum of two terms -issues his Farewell Address published in newspapers around the country Domestic issues warns against political parties Foreign issues [1797] Washington leaves Philadelphia and returns to Mount Vernon, VA [1799] George Washington dies Election of 1796 FederalistsDemocratic-RepublicansJohn AdamsThomas JeffersonAlexander Hamilton had too many opposers 71 electoral votes68 electoral votes John Adams wins second President of the U.S. Thomas Jefferson becomes vice president [1804] 12th Amendment agreeing president and vice president Presidency of John Adams Foreign Issues The French are very angry at the U.S. for signing Jays Treaty thought that U.S. and Great Britain were going to sign an alliance so the French begin to seize U.S. ships XYZ Affair U.S. sends three diplomats to France to negotiate a treaty with the French foreign minister, Talleyrand Three French officials (XYZ) ask for a $250 000 bribe just to talk to Talleyrand U.S. diplomats are outraged and return home Many people in the U.S. begin calling for war against France; led by Federalists The Half-War with France [1798-1800] A naval war between U.S. and France in the Atlantic Ocean U.S. creates the Marine Corps U.S. increases the size of army and navy Convention of 1800 Going against the wishes of his party, Adams sends diplomats to France to negotiate peace Napoleon does not want to fight signs a peace agreement with the U.S. -The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 is officially ended -this is the last alliance the U.S. signs for about 130 years Domestic Issues Federalists want to limit the power of the Jeffersonians [1798] pass the Alien and Sedition Acts four laws end in 1801 Naturalization Law -extends the time it takes to become a citizen from five to fourteen years Alien Acts (two of them) -gives the power to the President to arrest and deport foreigners Sedition Acts -restricts freedom of speech and freedom of the press The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions VA by James Madison KT by Thomas Jefferson Argue that the states have the right to nullify a law passed by the federal government Strengthen the idea of states rights Election of 1800 Federalists nominate John Adams Democrat-Republicans nominate Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson defeats John Adams in electoral votes but ties with Aaron Burr -When there is a tie, the House of Representatives decides who wins After 35 votes, Jefferson is agreed to be the 3rd president (57 years old at the time) Aaron Burr Vice President James Madison Secretary of State Albert Gallatin Secretary of Treasury Thomas Jefferson Background Author of the Declaration of Independence Expert violinist From VA Author of the Kentucky Resolution Secretary of State under George Washington Vice President under John Adams Governor of Virginia Served in the House of Burgesses Minister of France In favor of states rights Architect designed University of Virginia designed Monticello (on the back of the modern nickel), which he worked on from 25 years of age to his 80th year of age Inventor Philosopher Slave owner owned 150 to 200 slaves during his lifetime Jefferson on Slavery Was a slave owner, but thought that slavery was morally wrong Does not free his slaves upon his death except for the Hemmingss family (had an adulterous affair with one of his slaves Sally Hemmings) Economics Introduces a budget Works to reduce the national debt Gets rid of the excise tax Leaves the rest of Hamiltons plan intact, surprisingly Freedom of Speech Allows the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire in 1801 Passes a new naturalization act five years in the U.S. until citizenship In favor of freedom of speech Judicial Branch [1803] Marbury vs. Madison Supreme Court rules that they have the final say whether a law is constitutional or not judicial review increases Supreme Courts power Jefferson disagrees with this thought that the states should have this right to determine the constitutionality of laws Military Does not like the large standing army Reduces the Army to 2 500 War with the Barbary Pirates The Barbary pirates from the Barbary States from North Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli) Made their living through piracy Many countries gave protection money to the Barbary States to keep their ships and men safe [1801] the Pasha (rule) of Tripoli demands more money from the U.S. Jefferson refuses to pay Pasha chops down flagpole of U.S. = WAR [1801-1805] U.S. engages in war against the Barbary Pirates Stephen Decanter frees prisoners and explodes the ship [1805] U.S. and Tripoli sign a peace agreement [By 1830] all of the Barbary States sign a peace agreement Significance: Gives U.S. navy more experience had success Gives U.S. navy confidence and a reputation Gives U.S. some respect from the rest of the world The U.S. begins to enter world affairs Louisiana Purchase [1801] Napoleon convinces the king of Spain to sign the Treaty of San Ildefonso -gives the area of Louisiana (west of Mississippi) back to France [1830] Thomas Jefferson and James Madison send Robert Livingston and James Monroe to France to negotiate the sale of New Orleans Supposed to offer no more than $10 million for New Orleans At the same timeNapoleon has problems Santo Domingo (Saint Dominique) in Haiti [1792] Toussaint LOverture leads rebellion on island and takes control by 1801 [1802] Napoleon sends 20 000 soldiers on the island -mosquitoes yellow fever/malaria ravishes soldiers France about to go to war with Great Britain -Napoleon needs money So Napoleon decides to sell Louisiana [April 30, 1803] France agrees to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million Jefferson decides the benefits of owning the land outweigh the constitutional technicalities (loose constructionalist idea) Submits Louisiana Purchase Treaty to Congress approves the sale on December of 1803 The only opposition to the Louisiana Purchase came from the Federalists fear of decreasing power U.S. just doubled its size added about 800 000 square miles of land comes to about 3-4 per acre one of the greatest bargains in history To explore the land send Lewis and Clark The Corps of Discovery (Lewis and Clark expedition) Locate Native American tribes Creates a very accurate map of Louisiana Discovered various routes Discovered species of plants and animals Opens area to settlement *Zebulon Pike (explorer) explored southern Louisiana The Duel -By the early 1800s, the Federalist power was only found in the Northeast -Some Federalists (upset by loss of power) want to split the union and have the northeast to leave the union to save the power tell this plan to Alexander Hamilton (head of the Federalists) Hamilton is disgusted Aaron Burr goes along with the plan and decides to run for governor of NY -wants to win NY -have NY to be part in the north east secession Hamilton turns against Burr and begins writing articles and essays against him -Burr is so outraged; he challenges Hamilton to a duel -Hamilton accepted [July 11, 1804] Burr and Hamilton meet in Weehawken, NJ Hamilton is quicker, but shoots over Burrs head did he mean to miss? The next shot is from Burr [July 12, 1804] Hamilton dies of a gunshot wound to his stomach Burr destroys his political image/career Burr flees out west Hated by the public Was arrested but was found not guilty for trying to sell the West Returns to NY and continues to practice law until his death  Federalist Party dies a slow death Thomas Jeffersons accomplishments in his first term: Louisiana Purchase War with the Barbary Pirates brings respect to the U.S. Doubles foreign trade Lowers national debt by $25 million Started paying British merchants for pre-revolutionary war debts People are quickly populating the western side of the Mississippi River Adding more states 17 states by 1803 adding more territories Slave state? Free State? -becomes a growing problem Election of 1804 Thomas Jefferson is easily re-elected There were only 14 votes against him Thomas Jeffersons Second Term [October 1805] Lord Nelson defeats the French navy at Battle of Trafalgar [Late 1805] French armies led by Napoleon defeat Russian and Austrian forces at the Battle of Austerlitz Britain controls the seas while France controls the land the Europe Britain creates the Orders in Council [1806] -forbids any neutral country from trading with a country under Napoleon unless they stop at Great Britain first France creates the Imperial Decrees -French navy will seize any ship that is heading for Great Britain In addition, the British continue to impress U.S. soldiers The Chesapeake Incident [1807] The Chesapeake is a U.S. ship Stopped by the H.M.S. (His/Her Majestys Ship) Leopard looking for deserters Captain of the Chesapeake refuses the search The Leopard opens fire into the side of the Chesapeake (kills 3, injures 18) Chesapeake makes it back into the U.S. the people are outraged Jefferson passes the Embargo Act Halts trade with the rest of the world Negatively affects the U.S. economy -unemployment rises (Northeast is the most affected) nicknamed O Grab Me Act -Affects farmers (prices for crops drop) -Foreign trade drops from $135 million [1806] to $25 million [1808] Very unsuccessful But jumpstarts the building of industry (self-dependence) in the Northeast [March 1, 1809] Jefferson repeals Embargo Act and replaces it Non-Intercourse Act [1809] Opens trade to the world but not with Great Britain or France [March 4, 1809] James Madison becomes President James Madison Background Fourth President Father of the Constitution Author of the Federalist Papers Virginia Resolutions Democratic-Republican Secretary of State under Jefferson From Virginia 54 and 100 lbs George Clinton Vice President James Monroe Secretary of State Albert Gallatin Secretary of Treasury Biggest Problem is TRADE Non-Intercourse Act is set to expire after one year Macans Bill No. 2 opens up trade with everyone (including Great Britain and France) if Great Britain or France repeals their trade restrictions, the U.S. will halt trade with the other -Napoleon seizes the opportunity-says he will lift the Imperial Decrees [August 1810] - [November 1810] Madison agrees to halt trade with Great Britain -Madison has indirectly aligned the U.S. with France -Napoleon has no intention of lifting the Decrees continues to seize U.S. ships -Napoleon has set the U.S. and Great Britain on the path to war [1810] Congressional Election -brings new, inexperience leaders to Congress War Hawks eager to fight a war of their own led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina want more land want to get rid of Native American menace in the west want to secure U.S. maritime rights mostly from the west and the south Native Americans Tecumseh and Prophet Shawnee chiefs - create a N. American Confederation -intend to rid the Ohio Valley of white settlers William Henry Harrison governor of IN territory attack N.A. at Prophetstown Battle of Tippecanoe Indians strike first Harrison defeats them crushes the confederation -discovers that the British supply N. Americans with guns through Canada Madison declares war on Great Britain [July 1, 1812] The northeast is opposed to war -many New England states send gold to Great Britain -many New England states send supplies to Canada -governors of New England states refuse to allow militia to serve outside state borders War Hawks want Canada and Florida War of 1812 Problems for the U.S. at the start of the war: small army of only 7 000 men lack of money small navy of 16 ships lack of unity Invasions of Canada Lake Erie Battle of Thames Battle of Plattsburgh Washington D.C. Baltimore Battle of New Orleans Invasion(s) of Canada -U.S. lands a three-pronged attack on Canada in 1812 fails miserably and loses Detroit -several more attempts in 1813, all fail Lake Erie [September 1813] -Oliver Hazzard Perry builds a fleet of ships to fight against the British -Defeats the British at Battle of Put-In Bay We have met the enemy, and they are ours first U.S. success in the war Battle of Thames [1813] -because of British defeat on Lake Erie, the British are forced to retreat from Detroit back to Canada -William Henry Harrison catches the British and defeats them killed Tecumseh Battle of Plattsburgh [September 11, 1814] -before the battle, 14 000 experience British soldiers are sent to North America Plan to take control over New York and get northeast to secede -Thomas Macdonough 30 years old leads U.S. naval forces on Lake Champlain against the British Emerge victorious (with ships/slaughterhouses) Washington D.C. -Britain lands forces on the Potomac River and begin marching to D.C. -met at Bladensburg by U.S. militia forces but U.S. is easily defeated -British march into Washington D.C. burn down the Capitol building, Library of Congress, Presidents House Madison and members of government are chased into surrounding hills Dolly Madison saves portrait of Washington Baltimore [September 1814] -following D.C., the British move on to Baltimore, MD -U.S. puts up a heavy resistance at Fort McHenry and halts the British offensive -British are forced to retreat from Baltimore Francis Scott Key writes the Star-Spangled Banner Battle of New Orleans [January 1815] -Andrew Jackson Defeated Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend in 1814 Defeated British in Pensacola, FL Promoted to Major General -Jackson guesses that the British are going to attack New Orleans -begins to organize for the defense of the city [December 23, 1814] British make an initial attack but quickly retreat [January 8, 1815] British return to New Orleans with 7 500 men lead a full frontal attack -a terrible decision by British officers 2 000 British die/injured 13 U.S. soldiers killed, 60 wounded Great victory for the U.S. even if fought two weeks after treaty was signed Propels Andrew Jackson to the status of war hero Treaty of Ghent [December 24, 1814] Signed in Belgium All land acquired in the war is returned to its original owner Return to status quo War ends in a draw Treaty makes no mention of: -impressments -seizure of ships -influencing of Native Americans U.S. slogans Before war On to Canada! After war Not one inch of territory ceded or lost. What does the war accomplish? Ends Native American resistance in Ohio Valley End to Federalist party -Hartford Convention Federalists from five northeastern states meet in Hartford to discuss amendments to the Constitution end to the Virginian presidents Lessen the power of the South and West Protect U.S. commerce Send proposals to Washington D.C. [January 1815] Proposals are shunned-Federalist party withers away Respect for the U.S. Second war for American Independence? National unity emerges -this period becomes known as the Era of Good Feelings Post-War Period Nationalism pride in ones country National Anthem Slogans a Rebuilt Capital redesigned the entire capital city People begin to view themselves as Americans Respect grows for American literature Washington Irving Rip Van Winkle Sleepy Hollow James Cooper Last of the Mohicans Noah Webster the dictionary The American Systemdeveloped by Henry Clay, supposed to strengthen the U.S. Strong banking system (helps the Northeast) Protective tariff (helps the Northeast) Internal improvements (helps South and West) money to help build roads and improved transportation in the U.S. Madisons Accomplishments after the War of 1812 [1816] creates the second National Bank [1816] Tariff of 1816 is passed 20% tax on value of imported goods increases army to 10 000 Madisons Failure after the War of 1812 vetoes the Bonus Bill would have given $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements James Monroe Monroes presidency is called the Era of Good Feelings His first two years will be successful after 1819, Monroe is plagued with problems Background: Fifth president Co purchaser of Louisiana From Virginia Minister to France Served in the Revolutionary War Judicial Nationalism increasing power of the judicial and federal -led by John Marshall and the Supreme Court CaseWhat Happened?DecisionSignificanceCohens v. Virginia [1821]Cohens sold lottery tickets in VirginiaCohens were found guilty of illegally selling lottery ticketsMarshall asserted the right of Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state courts in anything involving the federal governmentDartmouth College v. Woodward [1819]NH wanted to change a charter given to the college by King George III in 1769Marshall ruled that the original charter must standKept states power limited Constitution ruled over othersMcCulloch v. Maryland [1819]MD attempted to destroy a branch of the Bank of U.S. by taxing its notesMarshall declared the bank constitutional (implied powers) denied the right of MD to tax the bankStrengthened federal rights and denied state rightsGibbons v. Ogden [1824] steamboat caseNY attempted to grant to a private concern a monopoly of water-born commerce between NY and NJMarshall reprimanded NY the Constitution conferred on only Congress the control of interstate commerceMinimized states rights while supporting sovereign powers of the federal governmentEra of Good Feelings Pre-1819 -land agreements with Great Britain Rush-Bagot Agreement Neither country will place warships on the Great Lakes Mr. Allen- No boom-boom on the Great Lakes Treaty of 1818 Sets the 49th parallel as a border between U.S. and Canada The U.S. and Great Britain agree to share Oregon for ten years The U.S. can use fisheries in Newfoundland -Florida Spain was dealing with revolutions in Chile, Venezuela and Argentina Spain was not able to deal with problems in Florida U.S. sends Andrew Jackson to deal with these problems Instruction to NOT touch Spanish cities Despite this, he takes over two cities Jackson hangs two Englishmen By 1818 had conquered all of Florida Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams suggests to an angry Monroe to get FL -Adams-Onis Treaty For $5 million, the Spanish decide to sell Florida to the U.S. after James Monroe gave them an ultimatum 1819-1824 -Panic of 1819 a depression takes hold in the U.S. in 1819 caused by an over-speculation of Western lands affects the West the most -Missouri Compromise [1820] [1819] eleven free states, eleven slave states Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state Henry Clay the Great Compromiser develops a plan to appease Missouri enters as a slave state Maine enters as a free state 3630 line is created for the Louisiana Purchase area all lands north of it will be free, all lands south of it will be slave This brings into public discussion the issue of slavery settles the issue for 30 years In the early 1820s, European nations are working together to restore monarchies    Great Britain does not join-going to threaten its economy -asks U.S. to join an alliance against European nations that would prevent European expansion into Latin America Great Britain has economic interests in Latin America John Quincy Adams does not want the U.S. to sign an alliance with Britain U.S. would not be able to expand into Latin America in the future -Monroe Doctrine (written by John Quincy Adams) Nonintervention of Latin America by any European nation Non-colonization of Latin America by any European nation -delivered to Congress in December 1823 Problem U.S. does not have a strong navy to support doctrine Solution Great Britain does unwillingly backs up the doctrine Election of 1824 The Corrupt Bargain One party the Republicans Candidates: Andrew Jackson Old Hickory Hero of New Orleans Conquered Florida Defeated Native Americans at Horseshoe Bend From Tennessee support from the Southwest Born in SC orphaned at the age of ten Slave owner Senator and congressman Viewed as a common man Henry Clay the Great Compromiser Leader of the War Hawks Missouri Compromise Representative of Kentucky in Congress Speaker of the House of Representatives Support from the West John Quincy Adams Secretary of State under Monroe From Massachusetts Son of the second president, John Adams Support from the Northeast William Crawford Secretary of Treasury under Monroe From Georgia Broad national support Results: Jackson 99 Electoral votes Adams 84 Electoral votes Crawford 41 Electoral votes Clay 37 Electoral votes Total of 261 votes Jackson does not have the majority House of Representatives decides from the top three contenders *note Henry Clay is the Houses speaker* Crawford is paralyzed from a heart attack Clay hates Jackson thinks he is a barbarian [January 1825] The House votes and on the first ballot, John Q. Adams is named president [3 days later] Adams names Clay the Secretary of State Jackson and his supporters are outraged and call it Corrupt Bargain Jackson is so angry that -he resigns from his seat in Senate -spends the next four years working to get Adams and Clay out of office John Quincy Adamss Presidency Elected by less than 1/3 of the population Has Corrupt Bargain surrounding his presidency Awkward socially Cold towards people Odd person -has nationalistic plans Wants to build roads Wants to increase army and navy Wants to build a national university Wants to build observatories -but the country has fallen out of the nationalistic mood Wants to be friendly to the Native Americans -the states do not listen Tariff of 1828 Tariff of Abominations [1828] Jacksons supporters in Congress are willing to give one more black eye to Adams Create a tariff with ridiculously high rates The tariff actually passes Angers the South -SC argues that they have the right to nullify the tariff -John C. Calhoun, the vice president, writes The South Carolina Exposition Displays the growing sectionalism in the U.S. Election of 1828 Democratic-Republicans Andrew Jackson National-Republicans John Quincy Adams The election focuses less on issues and more on mudslinging Results: Jackson 178 Electoral votes Adams 83 Electoral votes After the election, Jacksons wife dies [December 24, 1828] from a broken heart -when Jackson married Rachel, her previous marriage was thought to be over but was not -the mudslinging during the election included this issue John Q. Adams becomes a representative from MA and participates in the House of Representatives for 17 years This election changes the type of person that will be president in the future When Jackson is inaugurated, tens of thousands of common citizens show up at D.C. Jackson opens the White House to the public Inaugural Brawl The New Democracy Expanded Suffrage Suffrage the right to vote Before the 1820s, many states had property requirements to vote By 1828, most states have dropped those requirements allows more people to vote People white males Twice as many vote in 1828 (1 155 000) than in 1824 (326 000) Methods of Voting Begin changing to paper ballots Easier to vote during the 1820s Political Parties Party tickets form in the 1820s Conventions begin -First to do so was the Anti-Masonic Party [1831] -hotels begin to be built New Candidates Appeal to the common man Andrew Jackson Davy Crockett semi-literate Congressman for Tennessee Andrew Jackson-Jacksonian Democracy The Spoils System Giving government jobs to political supporters To the victor, goes the spoils Jackson believes - government jobs should be open to everyone (if you support Jackson) Jackson wants to get Adams and Clay supporters out of the government Replaces 20% of all government workers The Peggy Eaton Affair Secretary of War John Eaton marries Peggy ONeale Her father owned a hotel in D.C. she reportedly slept with many of the men there The women of D.C. refuse to accept Peggy Jackson sides with the Eatons Jackson refuses to meet with his regular Cabinet after incident instead, he meets with the Kitchen Cabinet Martin Van Buren uses the incident to get in the good graces of Jackson allows Van Buren to become president in 1837 Jackson and Calhoun (vice president) become bitter enemies The Growth of Sectionalism Sectionalism-pride/support for one section of the country Webster-Hayne Debate [1830] Debated for nine days in Senate over the right of a state to nullify a law Webster (MA) is arguing for the union Hayne (SC) is arguing for states rights and for nullification -displays the growing divide between the states Jackson remained silent on the issue of nullification The Southern Congressmen/Senators want to get Jackson to publicly support the idea of states rights and nullification Jefferson-Day Dinner [April 13, 1830] Jefferson-Day Dinner Jackson is tipped off beforehand of the plan for Jackson to publicly support nullification When it is Jacksons turn to toast the dinner, Our union, it must be preserved! Calhoun claims states rights first, union secondresigns from the vice presidency [1832] Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren, becomes the Vice President The Nullification Crisis [1832] Congress passes a new tariff lowers the tariff rates from 1828 South Carolina is still NOT pleased -the state legislature of SC calls a convention Nullify the Tariff of 1832 Threaten to secede from the union if the federal government tries to use force to collect tariff dues Jackson is very angry sends a small military force to SC Enter Henry Clay Compromise Tariff of 1833 -lowers tariff rates over the next 10 years to 20%-25% The federal government passes the Force Bill -allows the President to use military force to collect custom dues SC accepts the Compromise Tariff of 1833 but nullify Force Bill -In the end both sides felt that they won Jackson and the Native Americans [By 1830] U.S. population reaches 13 million Settlers want the Native American land Jackson wants to move all Native Americans to the west of the Mississippi [1830] Congress passes the Indian Removal Act -during the 1830s, 100 000 Native Americans moved off their ancestral lands and into Indian Territory (Oklahoma) -Move of the Cherokee Trail of Tears 4 000 Cherokee die Resistance Seminole Indians -many flee to the Everglades and spend seven years resisting Black Hawk Wars -Native Americans from Indiana and Illinois, led by Chief Black Hawk -fought against the removal -One of the most notable resistance actions Jackson and the Bank [1832] Henry Clay convinces the Head of Bank of U.S. (Nicholas Biddle) to apply to renew the charter for the Bank (due to expire in 1836) Clay, who wants to run for president, wants to make Jackson look bad over the bank issue Many Jackson supporters were openly hostile to the bank If he signed it alienate his supporters If he vetoed it appear to be a foe of sound banking Jackson vetoes the bill to renew the charter Election of 1832 Appearance of a third party the Anti-Masonic Party Jackson easily defeats Clay Jackson calls the victory a mandate and decides to destroy the Bank of U.S. Jackson fires two Secretary of Treasurys Then, Roger B. Taney becomes Secretary of Treasury, who agreed with the plan Stop depositing federal money into the bank of U.S. Instead, deposit the money into pet banks By 1836, the Bank of U.S. is out of money and closes its doors Jackson dislikes paper money for the sale of lands issues the Specie Circular -calls for the sale of lands to be conducted with gold and silver only Result: halts the rapid sale of land in the West almost immediately Legacy of Jackson Leads the common man into politics the President can make government policy Increases the power of the presidency uses the power of veto 12 times Election of 1836 Democrats Martin Van Buren Secretary of State Vice President Whigs (used to be National Republicans) nominate several candidates to halt a majority Martin Van Buren wins Election of 1840 Democrats Martin Van Buren in spite of the failed presidency, still nominated Whigs William Henry Harrison (68 years old?) Hero of Tippecanoe Hero of Thames Not very involved in politics no enemies Portrayed as: living in log cabin, poor farmer, drank hard cider common man image In reality: lives in a mansion (16 rooms), one of the wealthiest families of VA, drank whiskey Tippecanoe and Tyler Too song John Tyler of VA not a Whig Harrison wins 2.3 million votes cast On his inauguration day, shows up without a jacket or hat on a cold D.C. day Gives a 1 hour 55 minute long speech Catches pneumonia and dies 31 days later John Tyler takes over as president Reform 1800-1860 Religion Late 1700s, religion had become liberal in the U.S. [1800] a religious revival sweeps across the nation called the Second Great Awakening Charles Finney leads this movement 25 000 go to see him -marks a split between the major religions over the issue of slavery  Presbyterians  Methodists  Baptists Utopia-a perfect society During 1800-1860 over 40 utopias are created in the U.S. Robert Owen Father of Socialism founds New Harmony, Indiana fails Shakers founded by Mother Ann Lee in 1840 Oneida, NY [1830s] believe in complex marriage believe in selective breeding produce silverware (1881-turn into a corporation) Mormons [1830] Joseph Smith claims to receive golden plates from an angel the golden plates become the book of Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Believe in polygamy [1844] Smith and his brother are killed Brigham Young takes over and takes the Mormons on a trek to the Great Salt Lake (Salt Lake City, UT) Thrive through new farming techniques (irrigation) and good luck Education In the early days of U.S., education was reserved for the wealthy Public education was almost nonexistent Public education grows between 1825-1850 Small, one-room schools Many different age/reading levels Horace Mann Begins to change public education in the 1800s Increases length of school year (3 months to 6 months) Increases teacher salaries Increases state funding Increases teaching schools By 1860, there are over 300 high schools in the U.S. Mental Illness [Early 1800s] viewed as a crime Dorothea Dix begins to travel around the country and visits mentally ill patients -travels over 60 000 miles -submits a report to the MA state legislature -helps to bring about change Womens Rights Movement End to slavery Temperance moderation in the use of alcohol Right to be heard Leaders: -Lucretia Mott -Elizabeth Cady Stanton -Susan B. Anthony -Elizabeth Blackwell (first woman to graduate from medical school) -Lucy Stone -Sojourner Truth [1848] Seneca Falls, NY A womens rights conference takes place Write the Declaration of Rights of women Stanton asks for the right to vote Other movements: Science John Jay Audubon leading ornithologist Arts leading architect Thomas Jefferson (died 1826) Painters begin to paint landscapes [1839] early photographs called the daguerreotype is invented Literature the Transcendentalist Movement Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau - Walden Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass Other writers: Edgar Allan Poe, Louisa May Alcott, Herman Mellville Developments in Transportation Railroads Fast and reliable Cheaper than canals Not frozen in winter defied terrain and weather [1828] first railroad [1860] 30 000 miles of railroad track poor brakes iron braces standardized parts 1840s craze Canals Erie Canal Clintons Big Ditch Control tides (level of the water) Allows ships to get through Industry and value of the land increases Gives rise to cities because it sped up industrialization Canal craze in the 1830s Steamboats Robert Fulton invents the steamboat Clermont Fultons Folly Defy wind, wave, tide, currents Doubled the carrying capacity James Watt perfects the steam engine Roads Lancaster turnpike (first turnpike of the U.S.) Attracted trade Western = $$ 1790s and became successful National Road (MD to IL) Communication Pony Express Cable Telegraph (invented by Samuel B. Morse) Clipper ships (fast) Iron steamers in Britain The Industrial Revolution Great Britain is the first to industrialize in the mid-1700s Samuel Slater 21-year-old British mechanic Remembers the plans for a textile mill and illegally brings them to the U.S. Slater and Moses Brown build the first textile mill in Rhode Island [1791] -Problem: cotton is expensive to grow -Solution: Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin [1793] -can remove the seeds 50 times faster than by hand Significance of the Cotton Gin: Ties the South to cotton Renews slavery in the South Creates an industrial giant in the North Factory System in the Northeast Long hours and low wages Unsanitary conditions Unsafe conditions Child labor At first, workers are forbidden to join unions [1842] Supreme Court rules in Commonwealth vs. Hunt that labor unions are not illegal -this eventually brought improved conditions for workers National Economy  North Factory System (finished products)  South Cotton (fuels the factory system) West Wheat, corn, other food products (food for all) -The United States begins its path to becoming an industrial giant Lowell System By Francis C. Lowell brought all processes of production under one roof -industrial cities; built around the factory and work -women are employed, along with children Interchangeable parts Idea of Eli Whitney Mass producing parts for a product Fuels the factory system Farming equipment Metal plough is invented by John Deere Cyrus McCormick invents the mechanical reaper Abolitionist someone who is against slavery Frederick Douglas leading abolitionist -Runaway slave newspaper North Star outspoken William Lloyd Garrison Newspaper the Liberator Theodore Dwight Weld Maysville Road Veto Andrew Jackson vetoes a federally funded road, internal improvement -did not think that internal improvements needed federal funding Population Growth in the United States [1810] 7 239 881 people [1810] one in seven Americans lived west of the Appalachians [1840] 17 069 453 people [1840] one in three Americans lived west of the Appalachians [1860] 31 433 321 (immigrants and high birth rates) Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Des Moines, St. Louis, Memphis, Louisville, Omaha [1790] Philadelphia and NYC have populations over 20 000 [1860] 43 cities have populations over 20 000 Life in the West Lonely lack of communication and interactions A tough life, a crude life Boring Poorly fed, poorly dressed, poorly housed Diseases Wrestling was the dominant form of entertainment Immigrants the Irish and the Germans Irish Potato famine [1845-1850] Millions died of starvation blight destroys many, many potatoes Escape political persecution Irish tended to settle in port cities of the Northeast (NYC and Boston) -Can get jobs readily available -lacked the money to move out of the cities Irish are Roman Catholic not well-liked Political bosses would greet the Irish as they stepped off the bots -gave coal, food, held with the law, jobs -all in turn for votes/political support Persecution? NINA No Irish Need Apply Germans Tended to settle in the West Generally had more money than the Irish could buy land Amish -the most enduring group of Germans -close themselves off from the rest of the world (corrupted) -no electricity Contributions -Conestoga Wagon -Kentucky Rifle -Christmas tree -idea of kindergarten (childrens garden) Supported public education Manifest Destiny Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions John L. OSullivan (1845) -the belief that the U.S. should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific Before U.S. acquires the land in the west, many settlers moved on on their own Trails: Santa Fe Trail California Trail Gila Route Mormon Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Wagon trains Generally, settlers would gather in Independence, Missouri, and join 50-100 other wagons Why? Support Protection Guidance Companionship Wagon 8 feet high 10 feet wide Conestoga Wagon Drawn by oxen 2 mph/15 miles per day The Trip 5 to 6 months long The wagon trains became moving communities Set up laws Appointed officials Tried criminals Had marriages Had funerals Texas [1821] Mexico revolts against Spanish rule and declares independence [1823] Mexican government gives a huge tract of land to Stephen Austin. Austin promised to settle the land along with 300 other Americans The only promise the Americans had to make was to become Roman Catholic and to Mexicanize Thousands of Americans begin to steadily populate the area in Texas Examples: Davy Crockett, James Bowie inventor of the Bowie knife, Sam Houston soldier, lawyer, congressman, governor of TN Some criminals move to Texas as well G.T.T. Gone to Texas [1830] Mexico outlaws slavery tell Americans to stop bringing more slaves -Americans largely ignore this -Many Americans are angry with Mexican soldiers stationed in Texas [1833] Stephen Austin goes to Mexico City to settle disputes with Mexican government -the Mexican government jails Austin for eight months [1835] Santa Anna (leader of Mexico) creates an Army to send to Texas [1835] 30 000 Americans are living in Texas [1836] Texas declares its independence Lone Star Republic Sam Houston takes control of the Texan Army Texas Revolution The Alamo [March 6, 1836] -6 000 Mexican troops surround 200 Texans at the Alamo -After 13 days of battle everyone inside the Alamo is killed, including Davy Crockett, James Bowie, and Colonel Travis (head of Alamo Forces) Texans use this as a rallying cry, Remember the Alamo! The Goliad [March 27, 1836] -400 Texans are killed after they surrender Remember the Goliad Battle of San Jacinto -Houston and the Texan army lead Santa Anna and the Mexican army on a chase through Texas -As the Mexicans stop for a siesta, Houston turns the army around and attacks the Mexican forces and defeats them -Santa Anna signs an agreement recognizing the independence of Texas, with the Rio Grande as the border Texas has their independence, and they name Sam Houston as the President of Texas John Tyler From Virginia (also a senator from Virginia) He was the Vice President under Harrison first VP to ascend to the Presidency because of death Whig (in actuality, a Democrat) Henry Clay and Daniel Webster leaders of the Whig Party had hoped to control Harrison and the presidency But Tyler will continue to go against Clay and the Whig Party -vetoes two bills to create a National Bank -opposes the Whig Platform -all of his Cabinet members resign, except for Webster -kicked him out of the Whig Party Three Major Developments of Tylers Presidency A Third War with England War with words between England and the U.S. [1840s] [1837] Caroline Affair -a small uprising in Canada -some Northern states send supplies aboard the Caroline to the rebellion [1841] New York apprehends a Canadian who was suspected of burning the Caroline -was acquitted and issues cool down The Webster-Ashburton Treaty [1842] There was a small war that breaks out in Maine between Maine lumberjackers and some Canadians over the border called the Aroostook War Lord Ashburton of Great Britain and Daniel Webster (secretary of state) negotiate a treaty Split the land, sets a border in Canada The U.S. receives a small portion of land in Minnesota Oregon Fever [By 1846] 5 000 people had moved to the area south of the Columbia River Many Americans begin calling for the northern border to extend to the 54 40 line 54 40 or fight! Election of 1844 The major issue is that of expansion Whigs Henry Clay -writes a series of letters in which he appears non-committal on the issue of Texas -many anti-slavery groups turn against Clay -small party in NY Liberty Party votes for a third-party election Democrats James K. Polk a dark horse candidate -on a platform of expansion -wants to annex Texas -wants California -wants the 54 40 line -was the governor of Tennessee -Speaker of the House Polk is elected President Even though Polk is elected, Tyler is not done yet -Tyler claims that the people have mandated that the U.S. annex Texas [February 1845] Tyler gets a joint resolution pass in Congress Texas is officially annexed Rules: Texas can only be split into a possible four states Move the 36 30 line up north (get the Texas border) James K. Polk (the 11th President) Speaker of the House for four years Governor of Tennessee Firm believer in Manifest Destiny Extremely hard-working, serious Of moderate intelligence Goals: wants a lowered tariff succeeds Walker Tariff [1846] -lowers tariffs to 25% wants to restore the Independent Treasury succeeds [1841] Whigs ended the Independent Treasury system [1846] a new Independent Treasury system is established the settlement of Oregon succeeds [1846] Great Britain and the U.S. agree to extend the 49th parallel to the Pacific Ocean wants to acquire California Leads to the Mexican War The Mexican War California in 1845 13 000 Spanish-Mexicans 75 000 Native Americans Missions line the coast Less than 1 000 Americans Polk wants to buy California from Mexico Problems: Mexico is angry that the U.S. annexed Texas Mexico owes the U.S. $3 million in damages the dispute over the southern border of Texas -U.S. wanted the border at the Rio Grande -Mexico wanted the border at the Nevees River Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico to offer $25 million for California -Mexico refuses to listen to the offer -Polk tries to force Mexico into a war Sends 4 000 U.S. troops under Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande [April 25, 1846] Mexican forces killed 16 American soldiers Polk goes before congress, asks for a declaration of war, and gets it [May 1846] Santa Anna (who was exiled to Cuba) tricks Americans, returns to Mexico and assumes control of the Mexican Army People of the War Zachary Taylor Old Rough and Ready -wins at Monterrey and at Buena Vista -becomes an instant hero at home Winfield Scott Old Fuss and Feathers -despite having inadequate supplies, he wins at Vera Cruz and moves to Mexico City Stephen Kearny -takes forces among the Santa Fe trail and captures Santa Fe, then, California John C. Frmont the Pathfinder -leads a revolt in California -overthrows the Mexican government and sets up the Bear Flag Republic After the U.S. captures Mexico City, the U.S. and Mexico enter negotiations [February 2, 1848] U.S. and Mexico sign the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Mexico drops claims to Texas U.S. buys Mexican Cession for $18 million [1853] Gadsden Purchase U.S. buys the area south of the Mexican Cession for $10 million Originally, this region was thought to be the best place for a transcontinental railroad Sum up Manifest Destiny Greatly expands the U.S. through the Mexican War California Nevada New Mexico Utah Arizona Settle the Oregon territory along the 49th parallel Annexation of Texas Gadsden Purchase Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles Maine What does Manifest Destiny do? Provides military experience for future Civil War leaders Latin America begins to look at U.S. with some fear Provides U.S. military with respect from the world The U.S. must answer the slavery question for the new territory that is gained The South and Slavery The system of slavery was dying out in the U.S. by the late 1700s [1793] Cotton gin is invented leads to an increase in cotton production in the south of the worlds cotton production comes from the South of U.S. exports is cotton 75% of Great Britains cotton comes from the South South nicknamed King Cotton -leads to a renewal of slavery in the United States [1850-1860] 1 733 families own 100 slaves or more in the South 90 000 families own 10-99 slaves each 255 268 families own 10e" slaves Total  1.75 million people own slaves 8.5 million is the population of the South of Southern whites do not own slaves -the hope of one day owning a slave that leads this group to believe in the institution of slavery Slavery 4 million slaves in U.S. by 1860 Slave trade ended in 1808, but illegal trade continued through the Civil War Conditions for slaves depended on the owner and where the slaves worked Fugitive Slave Act Angers Northerners Why? Heavy fines and jail terms for anyone caught helping runaways In some cases, Northerners could be forced to assist in the capture of runaway slaves The presence of slave-catchers in the North Reactions of the North step up the use of the Underground Railroad -Harriet Tubman, despite having a large bounty on her head, helps 300+ slaves Underground Railroad a series of trails and safe-houses that led slaves to freedom Some northern states pass personal liberty laws -makes it illegal for officials to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act [1852] Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is published In its first year, it sells 300 000 copies Millions are sold by 1861 A book that displays the cruelty and harshness of slavery Makes millions of Northerners turn to anti-slavery [1854] The Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton Helper Argues that slavery is harmful for Southern non-slaveholding whites -uses statistics to prove his point Free African Americans -250 000 in the North and South each Abolitionism to abolish slavery Theodore Dwight Weld William Lloyd Garrison wrote the Liberator The American Colonization Society [1817] buys piece of land in Africa Liberia Sojourner Truth free slave who ran away Frederick Douglas founds the newspaper the North Star a runaway slave Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad frees 300 slaves Slaves resisted slavery by: Running away Revolts: -Denmark Vesey [1822] -Nat Turner [1831] California [1848] Gold is discovered at Sutters Mill in California -starts the Gold Rush [1848-1849] people from all over the U.S. and the world swarm into California very few actually strike it rich sang O, Susanna - O, Susanna/dont you cry for me/Ive gone to California/with a washbowl on my knee Election of 1848 DemocratsWhigsFree Soil PartyLewis CassZachary TaylorMartin Van BurenAn expansionist Sympathetic to the South Believed in popular sovereignty -let people of a territory vote for free or slaveNo political experience No political platformAnti-slavery Wilmot Proviso -proposed by David Wilmot (PA) no slavery be allowed in the areas acquired from Mexico Zachary Taylor wins! By 1849, California has a population of 80 000, and they apply for statehood as a free state  15 free states  15 slave states worried about the free states getting the favor in the Senate -reject California as a free state  Daniel Webster argues for compromise  William Seward says that slavery is wrong by a higher law  John C. Calhoun Enter Henry Clay with a plan Compromise of 1850 California is admitted as a free state The territories of Utah and New Mexico will be decided by popular sovereignty The slave trade in D.C. is banned Slavery is still legal in D.C. a strong Fugitive Slave Act is passed required Northerners to assist in the capture of runaway slaves Texas cedes land to New Mexico for $10 million Zachary Taylor is against the compromise and has threatened to veto it -Taylor dies in July of 1850 -Millard Fillmore takes over as President In September 1850, Fillmore signs the compromise into law Clays compromise merely postponed the problem Henry Clays Legacy Election of 1844 Election of 1824 the Corrupt Bargain Missouri Compromise War Hawk (before the War of 1812) Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1850 Election of 1832 Speaker of the House Congressman Senator From Kentucky Served as negotiator at Treaty of Ghent American System Election of 1852 DemocratsWhigsFranklin PierceWinfield ScottDark horse candidate From New Hampshire Lawyer Served in Mexican WarHero from Mexican War Whigs split between the North and the South 254:42 Franklin Pierce wins Significance marks the end of the Whig party Pierces Presidency There is still a feeling of Manifest Destiny in the U.S. in 1854 Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Japan and opens them up to trade William Walker attempts to take over Nicaragua Clayton-Bulwer Treaty the U.S. and Great Britain agree NOT to have exclusive rights over a canal in Central America Pierce wants to acquire Cuba offers Spain $100 million Spain refuses [1854] Pierce asks U.S. ministers in Great Britain, France and Spain to develop a plan to acquire Cuba -the three ministers meet in Ostend, Belgium and develop the Ostend Manifesto -it states that the U.S. should offer $120 million for Cuba and if Spain refuses, then the U.S. should take it by force -The Ostend Manifesto leaks out the Northerners are outraged -forces Pierce to drop any idea of acquiring Cuba Kansas-Nebraska Act [1850s] many people want to build a transcontinental railroad -the Prize is to be selected as the eastern terminus (starting point) Stephen A. Douglas -senator from Illinois -Little Giant -wants Chicago to be selected to be the eastern terminus -stands to benefit politically and financially from this Kansas-Nebraska Act Douglas develops the act passes in 1854 the territories of Kansas and Nebraska are created and popular sovereignty will be used to decide the slavery issue Repeal the Missouri Compromise Line (36 30 Line) Results from the Kansas-Nebraska Act Angers the North -they openly ignore the Fugitive Slave Act Destroys the Missouri Compromise Splits the Democratic Party Northern Democrats, Southern Democrats Destroys Compromise of 1850 Gives rise to the new Republican Party brings groups together (former Whigs, some Democrats, abolitionists) -forms in 1854 -grows out of Wisconsin and Michigan -anti-expansion/anti-extension of slavery The Know-Nothing Party -anti-foreigner -anti-Catholic -Nativist party believed that only people native to the country belong Bleeding Kansas -pro-slavery men from the South and anti-slavery groups from the North begin moving into Kansas -Two governments are set up in Kansas Shawnee Mission pro-slavery government Topeka anti-slavery government -violence breaks out -John Brown ardent abolitionist -leads followers to Pottowamie Creek and kills five pro-slavery men [1856-1861] civil war breaks out in Kansas Bleeding Sumner -growing debate in Congress over the violence in Kansas [1856] Charles Sumner of MA gives a speech The Crimes against Kansas -insults pro-slavery groups -insults senator Andrew Butler from SC Congressman Preston Brooks of SC takes offense at the speech [May 22, 1856] Brooks takes a cane and beats Sumner in his Senate office over the head until the cane breaks -hurt him so much that he had to go to Europe for 3 years for intensive surgery -Brooks resigns, but was re-elected 1856-1858 Election of 1856 DemocratsRepublicansKnow-Nothing PartyJames BuchananJohn C. FrmontMillard FillmorePA lawyer No abolitionist view Untainted by the Kansas-Nebraska Act First homosexual presidentHero from the Mexican War the Pathfinder non-extension of slavery Free speech, free press, free soil, free man, Frmont Buchanan wins 15th President Dred Scott Decision [March 6, 1857] Supreme Court rules on the Dred Scott case -Dred Scott was a slave who was suing for his freedom The Decision Chief Justice is Roger B. Taney -Dred Scott is a slave, and slaves are not citizens of the U.S. -so, Dred Scott cannot sue Supreme Court rules that free territories violate the fifth Amendment -the government cannot deny a U.S. citizen of his property (i.e. slaves) -so, the Supreme Court says that the Missouri Compromise was never legal Significance: Slavery is legal in every territory. Back to Kansas [1857] Lecompton Constitution a constitution written in Kansas that legalizes slavery [1858] There is a vote on the constitution it is rejected Despite this, Buchanan submits this constitution to Congress with the idea of slavery being legal Douglas fights against it and the Constitution is defeated in Congress believes in popular sovereignty costs his support in the South Kansas does not become a state until 1861 Panic of 1857 -caused by over-speculation in western lands and railroads -gold in California -overgrowth of grains The Panic mostly affects the North it has little effect in the South -there is still a high demand for cotton in Europe Many in the North call for changes Free homesteads 160 acres of free land invested Higher Tariff Lincoln-Douglas Debates Stephen DouglasAbraham LincolnLittle Giant idea of popular sovereignty Senator from IllinoisNot well-known at the time Congressman from Illinois Lawyer Honest Abe 6 4 lanky, awkward-looking Debate over the 1858 senate position from Illinois Lincoln is of the Republican Party for the non-extension of slavery Douglas is arguing for popular sovereignty Freeport Doctrine Douglas states that slavery cannot exist in a territory if laws are not passed to protect it -this angers the South Douglas wins the election Lincoln gains national fame from the debates John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry [1859] wants to start a slave revolt in the South Thinks that if he had enough support, he could go to the South and take over the U.S. arsenal Dispense weapons to slaves to kill their masters Harder than he thought there was not enough communication Others thought he was crazy not enough support [October 1859] Brown and 17 followers seize U.S. weapon arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA 7 killed, 10 wounded U.S. calls on Robert E. Lee to capture Brown Brown is captured and later hanged Significance North some people regard Brown as a hero South comes to believe all abolitionists are crazed lunatics willing to do whatever it takes to get what they want one final break between the North and the South Election of 1860 Northern DemocratsSouthern DemocratsConstitutional UnionNew RepublicansStephen DouglasJohn C. BreckinridgeJohn BellAbraham Lincoln1.3 million popular votes 12 electoral votesVP under Buchanan 850 000 popular votes 72 electoral votesWanted to keep the peace 600 000 popular votes 39 electoral votes1.8 million popular votes 180 electoral votes  Lincolns Platform: Free Soil non-extension of slavery Northern manufacturers higher tariff Immigrants keep immigration Northwest Pacific railroad West Internal improvements Farmers free homesteads Lincoln becomes president the votes are split in the other three groups The South does not like this. The Souths Response to the Election of 1860 [December 1860] South Carolina is the first state to cede from the Union  Mississippi Florida [January 1861] Alabama Georgia  Louisiana [February 1861] Texas They form the Confederate States of America, of which Jefferson Davis is the president James Buchanan does nothing! -Buchanan doesnt find anything against cession in the Constitution James J. Crittenden tries to keep the union together Crittenden Amendments (Lincoln is against the amendments) Reinstates the 36 30 line to the Pacific Ocean Once a territory becomes a state, it can either be a slave state or a free state -Fails to pass in Congress [April 1861] only two forts in the South still fly the U.S. flag Fort Sumter Charleston, SC needed supplies if Lincoln supplied the fort, the Confederacy could consider it an act of war if Lincoln doesnt supply the fort, the fort would have to be surrendered -Lincoln sends a letter to Davis to warn him so that war is not implied -but the South still considers it an act of war anyway [April 12, 1861] the Confederacy opens fire on Fort Sumter -34 hours pass, the fort falls no one is killed After Fort Sumter  Virginia Arkansas North Carolina Tennessee Delaware Maryland Kentucky Missouri Significance: the Civil War has begun North (Union)VS.South (Confederacy)22 million 800 000 (constant influx of immigrants)+Population9 million (5 million are white, 3.5-4 million are slaves)22 000 miles of Railroads+Railroads9 000 miles of Railroads109 500-110 000 factories 1.2 million workers+Industry and Manufacturing20 600 factories 111 000 workers of nations finances $189 million in banks+Finance of nations finances $47 million in banksMajority of farmland Many small farms of food+FarmingOne big farm of COTTONAbraham Lincoln Plagued by ineffective leadersLeadership+Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson7 different leaders of army Navy blockade Anaconda PlanIntangibles+Can fight a defensive war Fight on home turf Fight for way of life Foreign help?Background to the Civil War Border States Missouri Delaware Maryland Kentucky West Virginia What is so important about the Border States? The Border States would have doubled the manufacturing capacity of the South Would have added 2.5 million whites Control over the Ohio River and its tributaries Lincolns goal Bring back the South/Reforge the Union [In the beginning of the war] (Has to keep the Border States) How does Lincoln keep the Border States? Martial Law suspends haebeus corpus (have a right to a trial) Supervised Voting helped keep the Republicans in power Cracks down on certain newspapers Foreign intervention (Britain) Why would they? 75% of Great Britains Cotton comes from the South Britain is openly sympathetic to the South and against Northern Democracy Why dont they? The public of Great Britain read Uncle Toms Cabin and was against slavery The South was too productive in pre-war years Great Britain had a 1 years worth of cotton on hand in 1861 A poor wheat harvest in Great Britain forced them to rely on Northern U.S. wheat Union Blockade Great Britain never enters the war. Raising Money and Troops Union and Raising Money [1861] U.S. passed an Income Tax 3% rate on anyones paycheck of over $100 [1862] U.S. issues greenback money paper money that is not backed by gold or silver -prone to inflation depending on how the war was going at the time Government sells bonds a loan to the government paid interest on the loan The U.S. passes the National Banking System -works until 1913 Government passes the Marill Tariff Act -increases tariff rates Confederacy and Raising Money Issue bonds Issue paper money blue backs Union and Raising Troops Beginning of war, Union Army filled with volunteers -so many that people were turned down [1863]: volunteers running out [March 1863] Union calls for a draft 20-45 years old and three years of service Four day draft not in New York City How does one avoid the draft? -find a replacement -pay $300 Poor people fighting a rich mans war Confederacy and Raising Troops South calls for conscription April 1862 Avoid draft if you had e"200 slaves Civil War    Outlines the South (doing well in the beginning, reach a plateau, and then they start to lose) First Battle of Bull Run [July 21, 1861] Manassas Junction, VA Union expected this to be a very short war only expected this battle influential people come and watch Confederates start to retreat, but Stonewall Jackson tries to rally the Confederates results in a Confederate victory Significance: proves this will not be a short war Battle of the Iron-sides [Monitor vs. Merrimac (VA)] iron-plated ships [March 1862] five days results in a draw Significance: changes naval warfare no more wooden ships Capture of New Orleans by David Farrogut [April 1862] Peninsula Campaign Confederate victory Second Battle of Bull Run Confederate victory Battle of Antietam First battle fought on the Union side [September 17, 1862] Antietam Creek, MD bloodiest day of the Civil War battle ends in a draw 23 000 casualties political victory for the Union Great Britain decides not to interfere Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation -states that slaves in areas of rebellion (Confederacy) are free -does not anger the Border States -Confederacy does not listen Fredericksburg, VA [December 1862] Confederate victory Chancellorsville, VA [May 1863] Confederate victory, but Stonewall Jackson was killed Jackson was killed by his own men, who mistook him to be a Union soldier Battle of Gettysburg [July 1-3, 1863] (PA) goes back and forth for three days on the third day, Confederate general George Pickett leads an unsuccessful charge at Union lines Picketts Charge battle ends Significance: marks beginning of the end for the Confederacy Battle of Vicksburg [July 4, 1863] Gives Union control of the Mississippi River Named Ulysses Simpson Grant head of the Union Army -believed in total war -did not believe in defeat -actually fought in battles March to the Sea [1864 November 1865 April] William T. Sherman leads it Total destruction through his path Re-election for Lincoln [November 1864] Capture of Richmond [April 13, 1865] Appomattox Courthouse [April 9, 1865] (not a battle) Grant and the Union Army corner Lee at Appomattox, VA Lee surrenders everything to Grant Significance: marks the end of the Civil War Election of 1864 North Democrats split War Democrats supported Lincoln Peace Democrats did not support Lincoln -Copperheads were the extreme faction of the Peace Democrats -led by Clement L. Valandingham -dropped in the Confederacy Republicans Lincoln Union Party (War democrats + Republicans)Peace DemocratsLincolnGeorge McClellanmillion popular votes 217 electoral votesGeneral for the Union 1.8 million popular votes 22 electoral votes African-Americans in the Civil War following the Emancipation Proclamation, Africans were accepted into the Union army 216 000 African Americans join the Union military 54th Massachusetts 22 win the Medal of Honor paid less, treated as laborers, forced to fight in segregation Women in the Civil War Clara Barton Union nurse founded the Red Cross Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad and Union spy Dorothea Dix superintendent of Union nurses Foreign Problems Trent Affair -Union arrests two Confederate officials on board a British ship -Alabama British built ship panned by the British subjects offered by: -sinking 64 Union ships Irish-Americans on several occasions a small group of green aimed to attack the Union France in 1863 -France installs Maximillian on the throne of Mexico -at end of war, Union threatens France -France pulls support, and in 1867, Maximillian is killed Civil War in Conclusion 600 000 Americans were killed during war 400 000 are wounded -Union 400 000 die -Confederation 200 000 killed Nation loses an entire generation Civil money cost approximately $15 billion South is destroyed The infrastructure will have to be rebuilt There are two positives- Democracy survives Slavery is ended forever in the U.S. Reconstruction -Rebuilding and reforming of the country after the Civil War Rebuild parts of the South What do we do with the former slaves? Jobs for soldiers Convert factories back to a peacetime economy How do we deal with the South? Punish or forgive? Who decides the course of Reconstruction? The President, Congress, the people? *Antebellum pre-Civil War* Lincoln -forgive the South Radical Republicans -punish the South -led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner Lincolns Plan Johnsons Plan Congress Plan Military Reconstruction Lincolns Plan [began in 1863] 10% Plan after 10% of a states population took an oath of allegiance, that state could be readmitted to the Union Southern States had to abide by the 13th Amendment [1865-abolished slavery] Radical Republicans pass the Wade-Davis Bill (vetoed by Lincoln) 50% had to take an oath of allegiance Stronger requirements for the registration of the 13th Amendment [April 14, 1865] Lincoln attends the play Our American Cousin at Fords Theater in D.C. [April 15, 1865] 7:22 AM Lincoln dies John Wilkes Booth was eventually captured and killed by federal troops [March 1865] Freedmans Bureau (expires in 1872) served as a type of welfare agency for former slaves provide clothing, temporary shelter and try to locate jobs have some success but are plagued by some problems What was most successful? EDUCATION taught over 200 000 former slaves to read and write Johnsons Plan (by Andrew Johnson) -wartime governor of Tennessee -semi-literate -racist -forgiving to the South for the wrong reasons (from the South himself) 10% Plan pardons Confederate office holders Southern states are forced to nullify the acts of secession Have to ratify the 13th Amendment (abolish slavery) Repudiate Confederate debts -the South take advantage of Johnson What happens? The Southern States pass Black codes, intended to keep the African Americans under slavery Barred African-Americans from serving on a jury Barred African-Americans from renting land African-Americans could be punished for idleness This forces African-Americans into certain jobs (like working on farms) Result: Sharecropping Another form of slavery African-Americans work on Southern farms and work for part of the profits African-Americans are liable for debts By December 1865, Johnson announces that all Southern states are back in the Union -the Southern states send representatives to D.C. -many of the representatives are former Confederate officers and generals Congress closes the door on these men and takes over Reconstruction Congresss Plan [1866] Civil Rights Bill 14th Amendment Full civil rights for African-Americans Can reduce representatives in Congress if their state blocks African-Americans from voting Disqualifies Confederate office holders from taking office Repudiate Confederate debts the 10% Plan What happens? Johnson encourages the Southern states to vote against the 14th Amendment The Freedmans Bureau is extended even though Johnson tried to veto the bill We see a break between Republicans and Radical Republicans over the best way of Reconstruction Congressional Elections [1866] -Republicans made up 2/3 majorities in both houses Military Reconstruction [1867] -divides the South into five military districts -in each, is led by a Union general and controlled by Union soldiers -punishment to the South -had to ratify the 14th Amendment -had to grant and ratify the 15th Amendment (gives African Americans the right to vote) What happens? Reconstruction of the South is completed by the sword (force) Realities of Reconstruction in many Southern states (AL, FL, MS, SC, LA), African-Americans make up the majority, but do not hold the majority in office Corruption Carpetbagger a term used to describe a Northerner who comes to the South after the Civil War, looking for political power Scalawag a term used to describe a Southerner who supported the Union during the Civil War Reform establishment of adequate schools improved tax system public works programs property rights are guaranteed to women 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments -all are designed to protect African-Americans Formation of Southern Radical Groups -oppose equal rights for African Americans -Ku Klux Klan-forms in 1866 -terrorized African Americans in the South -finally brought under control when Congress passes the Force Acts in 1870 and 1871, but they continue to meet and terrorize African Americans -try to keep African Americans from voting many African-Americans are restricted from voting -poll taxes -literacy test -Grandfather clause Andrew Johnson is openly against Congress and their Reconstruction plans [1867] Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act -makes it illegal for the president to replace an appointed official who was confirmed by Congress [1868] Johnson fires his Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton (from Lincoln) -House of Representatives brings impeachment charges against Johnson -the Senate hears the case and votes on it -Johnson misses being thrown out of office by one vote Result: -would have set a terrible precedent -would have permanently weakened the office presidency -makes Johnson a lame duck president [May 1868] The one bright spot for Johnsons presidency was seen as a terrible move at the time [1867] Russia is looking to sell Alaska -believed that Alaska has been furred out Secretary of State, William Seward, purchases Alaska for $7.2 million -Met with horrible review Americans are extremely upset Sewards Folly Sewards Icebox Election of 1868 RepublicansDemocratsUlysses S. GrantHoratio SeymourCivil War hero Political Novice Waves the bloody shirt during campaignGovernor of NY during the Civil War Against the South Political Moderate Ulysses S. Grant wins -only wins by 300 000 popular votes -newly voting African-Americans gave him the win -votes from Virginia, Mississippi and Texas are not counted, since they were not reconstructed yet Reconstruction continues throughout Grants presidency -as troops pull out of the Southern states, state governments quickly pass back to the hands of the white Democrats -A return to home rule white redeemers -once these home-ruled governments take over, they restrict the rights of African-Americans Grants Administration -has one of the most corrupt presidencies Grants Scandals The Credit-Mobilier Scandal Credit-Mobilier was a railroad company set up by the Union Pacific Railroad Company -they would charge $50 000 for every mile of track built -it only cost $30 000 for every mile of track at the time -to keep Congressmen quiet, the Credit-Mobilier company gives them shares of stock -The Vice President was also bribed Schuyler Colfax -Scandal is broken in 1872 -Grants administration took the major blame for it Salary Grab -Congress votes to double their pay, including a raise for Grant -after the rage of the public, Congress repeals the decision Whiskey Ring -whiskey distillers and members of the U.S. Treasury team up to avoid paying an excise tax on whiskey -it cheats the federal government out of millions of dollars W.W. Belknap Secretary of War -sells $24 000 worth of government supplies to the Native Americans -he then keeps the money for himself -because of this scandal, he eventually resigns Panic of 1873 Caused by the over-speculation of western lands and RAILROADS [1871] Chicago fire [1872] Boston fire Jay Cooke Company Bank fails sold bonds to the Union during the Civil War Leads to a financial panic that lasts for about five years Election of 1876 RepublicansDemocratsRutherford B. HayesSamuel TildenGovernor of Ohio Union General Moderate in political issuesLawyer from New York Brings down Boss Tweed On election night, the electoral count is 184-Hayes, 165-Tilden You need 185 electoral votes to win (the majority) South Carolina, Louisiana, Oregon, and Florida each sent in two sets of electoral votes One for Democrats, one for the Republicans Set up a committee 7 Democrats, 8 Republicans Democrats threaten to filibuster until hell freezes over Compromise of 1877 Democrats agree to let Hayes be elected if: The last federal troops are removed from South Carolina and Louisiana One southerner is on the Cabinet Grant political power/favor to the South Spend federal money on internal improvements The Republicans, by agreeing to this, the Republicans sell out their commitment to equal rights for African-Americans -this is going to lead to segregation After Hayes is sworn in: One month later, he removes federal troops from South Carolina and Louisiana Marks the official end of Reconstruction After Reconstruction Ends -Southern states return to white Democrat control white redeemers -new redeemer governments limit rights for African-Americans -begin to see segregation [1880s] the South begins separating the races in public facilities [1880s] the South passes Jim Crow laws -calls for formal segregation in the South -enforced through fear and lynchings [1896] Supreme Court hands down the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision -Legalizes separate but equal facilities in the United States -For the African-Americans it meant inferior facilities (ex. Schools) -Sharecropping becomes the dominant job for many Southern African-Americans This continues until the mid-1950s Recapping Reconstruction Positives: Internal improvements Union is preserved 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments are all passed Reform -education -tax system -rights for women Negatives Segregation develops Corruption Terror groups Southern states limit the 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments Republicans sell out their commitment to African-Americans The Gilded Age (of Politics) on the surface, the U.S. appears to be glittering, growing, and prosperous in reality, there is economic depression, CORRUPTION, sin, crowds, big business, filth, and crime *gilded covered with gold* Politics industrialization, frontier, growth of cities The Gilded Age Presidents the Forgettable Presidents Ulysses S. Grant (first president during this age) -scandals -depression (Panic of 1873) Rutherford B. Hayes -ends the Reconstruction -His Fraudulency Compromise of 1877 gets him the presidency Problems: Great Railway Strike of 1877 -Hayes calls out federal troops to deal with strikes Baltimore and Pittsburgh Deals with the Panic of 1873 Hayes vetoes the Chinese Exclusion Act -receives backlash and outrage because of this -it is a law that would limit the number of Chinese immigrants -cheap labor in California, gold rush in California Congress passes it the year after Hayes leaves office Election of 1880 The Republicans were split into the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling (does not get the NY Port Collectors job he wanted) -wanted to return to the days of Grant -VP candidate for the Republicans Chester A. Arthur (a Stalwart) Half-Breeds led by James G. Blaine secretary of state RepublicansDemocratsJames GarfieldWinfield HancockA Half-Breed Civil war officer Grew up very poorCivil War general James Garfield wins James Garfield very honest one major flaw he cannot say no [July 2, 1881] tragedy hits a deranged office-seeker, Charles Guiteau, shoots James Garfield Garfield does not die for 11 weeks brought to New Jersey for some fresh shore air [September 19, 1881] Garfield dies Chester A. Arthur -when he becomes president, many Stalwarts (including Conkling) believe that they will receive political positions Arthur surprises them throws his influence into Civil Service Reform (government jobs) Result: Pendleton Act of 1883 establishes a merit system for civil service jobs Sets up a Civil Service Commission Requires that applicants pass an exam for certain jobs [By 1884] Arthur had classified 10% of all government jobs [By 1984] over 90% of government jobs are classified Significance: starts Civil Service Reform Election of 1884 - mudslinging RepublicansDemocratsJames G. BlaineGrover ClevelandFrom Maine leader of the Half-Breeds Secretary of State Linked to corruption on behalf of a Southern Railroad Company Burn, burn, burn this letter During a campaign speech, a Republican candidate calls the Democrat party the Party of Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion -insults the Irish, who vote DemocraticMayor of Buffalo Governor of NY Lawyer Bachelor Linked to an illegitimate child in Buffalo Maa, Maa, wheres my Pa? Grover Cleveland wins Grover Cleveland -First Democrat elected since Buchanan -not an active president -Congress is Republican Pension Legislation is the one area he deals with -tries to clean it up (pension problems) -he vetoes several hundred individual pension bills At the end of his first term, Cleveland wants to reduce the high tariff -there is a huge surplus in the U.S. Treasury Election of 1888 major issue of the election is the tariff RepublicansDemocratsBenjamin HarrisonGrover ClevelandGrandson of William Henry Harrison Little Tippecanoe wants a high tariff during election the Republicans pay voters in some states $20 to vote RepublicanWants a lowered tariff Grover Cleveland wins the popular vote Benjamin Harrison wins the electoral vote Benjamin Harrison His term lasts from 1889 1893 Under Harrison and the Republican-controlled Congress, many legislations are passed Congress is ruled by (Speaker of the House) Thomas B. Reed, The Czar The McKinley Tariff Bill raises the tariff rate up to 48% The Sherman Silver Purchase Act -government agrees to buy 4 million ounces of silver per month and turn it into money The Sherman Anti-Trust Act -makes it illegal to put any restraint on trade The Congress of 1888-1890 The Billion-Dollar Congress -spend a lot of the treasury surplus river and harbor improvements Steamship subsidies Pension Act of 1890 allows more veterans to collect pension Return federal taxes paid by Northern states -deplete the surplus in the Treasury Election of 1892 Republicans Benjamin Harrison Democrats Grover Cleveland wins Populist James B. Weaver Grover Cleveland Cleveland believes in hard money money that is backed up by gold/gold standard During his 2nd term, gold reserves are lowered to about $41 million -threatens to go off the gold standard with such low gold reserves -use money not backed by gold -inflation (acceptable minimum for gold reserves is $100 million) Cleveland asks J.P. Morgan to help raise money for the U.S. -Morgan sells U.S. bonds overseas and acquires $65 million in gold for the U.S. Cleveland also gets the Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed Major depression takes hold in 1893 -Caused by the usual over-speculation of western lands -caused by LOW GOLD RESERVES Labor problems -labor disputes throughout the country Gold vs. Silver should silver be used in the money supply? Election of 1896 central issue is gold vs. silver Democrats/PopulistsRepublicansWilliam Jennings BryanWilliam McKinleyCalls for the free coinage of silver He is a very strong orator Cross of Gold speech Do not crucify mankind upon a cross of goldCongressman from Ohio A Major from the Civil War Runs a front porch campaign lets Bryan talk himself out angers Campaign is run by Marcus Hanna Gold standard, renewed/higher tariff McKinley wins last Gilded Age president Where are the people of power? Why arent they in politics? -They are all in business can make money, empires, and billions tycoons -i.e. the Carnegies, Rockefeller William McKinley The Farmers Revolt -during the Civil War, prices for crops were very high -after the Civil War, farmers experience many problems Crop prices fall Wheat [1873] a bushel of wheat - $1.21 [1885] a bushel of wheat - $0.49 Cotton [1873] a pound of cotton - $0.21 [1885] a pound of cotton - $0.05 Railroad prices are extremely high -farmers had to ship their goods New farm technology was expensive Many farmers only grow one crop -In order to solve their problems, farmers begin taking action form the Patrons of Husbandry -at first, was a social group -then, they form cooperatives in order to buy seeds and machinery in bulk -Granger Laws are passed to protect farmers -Greenback Labor Party is one of the first parties that farmers join [1892] farmers from the west and the south meet in Nebraska and form the Populist Party The Populist Party is exclusively the farmers party Populist Platform Higher taxes placed on the wealthy Government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, telephones Direct election of senators Want free coinage of silver Age of Industry Railroads [1865] 35 000 miles of railroad [1900s] 192 565 miles of railroad most of the growth takes place in the West Transcontinental Railroad -Two companies are chosen Union Pacific Railroad starts in Nebraska and heads west Central Pacific Railroad starts in California and heads east Workers on the Railroad -Chinese 12 000 Chinese workers esp. on the Central Pacific side -Irish Both provide cheap labor Starts in 1865, ends in May 10, 1869 Meet at Promontory Point, Utah Leland Stanford hammers in the golden spike to complete the railroad Significance: Connects the East and the West Travel from the West Coast to the East Coast drops from one month to one week -Four other transcontinental railroads are built: The Great Northern Railroad The Northern Pacific Railroad The Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad The Southern Pacific Railroad Developments in Railroads Steel rails replaced iron rails -stronger, sturdier, safer -promoted by Cornelius Vanderbilt Standard Track Gauge -all rail lines are of the same width Air brakes developed by George Westinghouse Adopted in the 1870s by railroad companies Telegraph help avoid accidents The Pullman Palace Cars first class TIME ZONES -Four time zones are created on November 18, 1883 -Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific Significance of Railroads: Create a true national economy Spurs mining and agriculture in the West Increases immigration railroad companies advertised the sale of land in Europe Makes millionaires ex. Cornelius Vanderbilt Destroys the environment hasten the killing of the buffalo Major Problems with Railway Industries: Railroad owners have too much power Stock Prices were inflated for railroad companies Owners colluded (work together) to keep prices up Very corrupt bribe officials, judges, and politicians A few individuals controlled the entire industry Eventually, the government brings some control to the railroads [1886] the Wabash Case The Supreme Court rules that states cannot regulate interstate commerce [1887] the Interstate Commerce Act First Regulatory Agency in the United States Congress creates the Interstate Commerce Commission, which oversees the railroads Inventions of the Industrial Age [1860-1890] over 440 000 patents are issued in the United States Cash register Stock ticker Typewriter Refrigerated railcar improved the transportation of meat and produce Electric railway invented by Frank Sprague Sewing machine Notables: Telephone [1876] invented by Alexander Graham Bell Frederick W. Taylor -Father of scientific management -studied the movements of coal operators and designs the perfect motions for different jobs Thomas Alva Edison -phonograph -electric light bulb -kinetoscope [pre-cursor of the motion picture] -stock ticker? -Electric chair Edison wanted to use AC electricity to embarrass Westinghouse on a debate; Edison supported DC electricity and invented the electric chair that used AC electricity in the hopes of scaring people Inventions and technology lead to Mass Production on a consumer scale -leads to advertising -Quaker Oats -Heinz Ketchup -Campbell Soup [from Camden, NJ] -Kodak Big Business in the Industrial Age Railroads Leader in this industry are the Vanderbilts Steel -Replaces iron, particularly in railroads -The Bessemer process makes the production of steel cheaper and more popular Leader in this industry is Andrew Carnegie -Controlled of the entire steel industry in the United States -Believed in vertical integration -having control over all of the processes for the industry - (ex. Having control over the ore companies) - [1900] Carnegie sells his steel company for $400 million to J.P. Morgan -develops the Gospel of Wealth -says that wealthy individuals should give money to charity Oil -oil is first used in sub-medicines [seen as a nuisance], then used as kerosene in lamps, then oil is used as gasoline for automobiles Leader in this industry is John D. Rockefeller [1882] Rockefeller organizes the Standard Oil Trust Believes in horizontal integration -having control over the entire industry Controlled 95% of the oil industry Banking Leader in this industry is J.P. Morgan -takes failing companies and re-organizes them [1901] after he buys the steel companies from Carnegie, he creates the U.S. Street Corporation, which was worth $1.4 billion Believes in interlocking directories -places workers from his bank on the Board of Directors of different companies Effects of the Industrial Age Monopolies are created in many industries (especially oil) [1890] Sherman Antitrust Act -forbids any combinations that place a restraint on trade -that act is NOT used to break up monopolies -instead, it is used to restrict the creation of labor unions Effects of the Industrial Age on the South: Relatively unaffected by industrialization agriculture-based economy One industry that does flourish in the South tobacco monopoly The American Tobacco Company is controlled by James Buchanan Duke -Donates $1 million to a university Duke University Second major industry textile mills Effects of the Industrial Age on women: Provides new job opportunities Ex: switchboard operators, typists, some factory jobs -smaller families -wait longer for marriage -independence ex: Gibson Girls: the image of the new, independent woman Effects of the Industrial Age on the worker: -shift in jobs from farming to factory work [By 1900] 2 out of 3 Americans were wage-earners [paid by the hour] Working life was controlled by the whistle Workers faced tough conditions in the workplace -12-16 hour workdays -10 hours were typical -wages were low -conditions were dangerous -Workers lacked power to bring about changes lead to the rise of labor unions Labor Unions: National Labor Union [1866-1872] Knights of Labor [1869-1890s] Include both skilled and unskilled labor Led by Terence Powderly Their downfall begins after the Haymarket Riot in Chicago [1886] American Federation of Labor [1886- ] Led by Samuel Gompers Umbrella Organization Dealt with the bread and butter issues -wanted shorter hours and higher wages Dealt primarily with skilled labor The Cities [1860] no city had over 1 million people [1890] three cities with over 1 million -New York City, NY -Philadelphia, PA -Chicago, IL [1915]NYC has over 3.5 million people -Second largest city in the world (London was #1) The New Look of the City The Skyscraper -usage of steel -Perfection of the elevator perfected by Elisha Otis invented an emergency braking system Mass Transit -electric railcar (Frank Sprague) Department Stores -JC Penny -Macys -Woolworths Begin the age of consumerism Modern Life Indoor plumbing Telephones Electricity Night Life Industrialization - factories Bridges Brooklyn Bridge completed in 1883 designed by John Roebling Problems of the New City Housing many lived in the slums, called tenement housing [1878] the Dumbbell Housing is created -get more air into the apartment, lighter -bathroom in the middle of that floor However, the plan is worse than tenement housing -worse fire hazard -garbage accumulates in the air shafts Sanitation Sometimes, sewers were non-existent Garbage pickup was sparse Roads go un-repaired (potholes) Crime Corruption -in many cities, political bosses controlled the cities and stole from the government -in NYC, Boss Tweed stole over $100 million from 1866-1871 -worked out of Tammany Hall Who are moving to the Cities? Farmers -move to the cities for steady wages in the factories Immigrants [1880-1920] approximately 25 million immigrants come to the U.S. Who is Coming to the United States?Italians Croatians SlovaksGreeks Polish GermansIrish British ScandinaviansRussians JapaneseMiddle Eastern Countries Mexico-Ethnic enclave small communities of the same ethnic background Ex: Little Italy, Chinatown, Little Poland Why are they coming? Religious freedom Political escape from political unrest Jobs Opportunity to make it rich Escape overcrowded cities Land! Education benefit the children Beginning in 1892, an immigrant coming to the U.S. would most likely travel through Ellis Island 70% of all immigrants after 1892 enter through Ellis Island Only 2% are banned from entering 98% of all immigrants get in Beginning in 1886 the Statue of Liberty was given to the U.S. as a gift from France -becomes a welcome sign to the U.S. Who are helping immigrants? Political Bosses -ex. Boss Tweed from NYC Church Esp. Walter Rauschenbush, Washington Gladden two clergymen who help the poor Jane Addams Founds the Hull House in Chicago -English instruction -Counseling -Child care services -Cultural activities Reaction to Immigration Nativists oppose the influx of immigrants at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century Oppose: immigration, organized labor, American Protective Association, wage earners Government Reaction [1882] Chinese Exclusion Act is passed [1882] Immigration Act of 1882 -shuts out the very poor, the insane and the criminals [1885] Contract Labor Law -no employer in the U.S. can pay for an immigrants passage Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species Survival of the fittest is an idea from Thomas Malthus [1920s] Scopes Trial: the Church vs. Darwin Booker T. Washington Founds the Tuskegee Institute Was a proponent for equality for African-Americans Wants gradual equality wants them to learn skills first in order to build equality W.E.B. Dubois Calls for immediate equality First African-American to receive a PhD in Harvard Wanted equal success opportunities immediately The New Colleges Morrill Act [1862] Passed after the South was seceded Granted land for colleges Land Grant Colleges In return provides services (ex. Military training) Hatch Act Extended the Morrill Act Provided federal funds for establishment of agricultural experimentations in connections with colleges Yellow Journalism sensationalist journalism (tabloids) William Randolph Hearst very powerful in the newspaper industry built a chain Joseph Pulitzer first to use color in newspapers big time sales The Frontier Native Americans on the Great Plains By the late 1860s, many Native American groups are fighting each other over the buffalo After the Civil War ends, settlers begin moving out to the west U.S. takes an active position on placing Native Americans in reservations [1851] Fort Laramie Treaty [1853] Fort Atkinson Treaty The previous two treatises: set boundaries for Native Americans paid tribute to Native American tribes set hunting grounds for the Native Americans allows U.S. to build forts and railroads on Native American territory [1864] Sand Creek Massacre (in Colorado) 400 Native Americans (the Sioux) are massacred after surrendering [1866] Sioux War Party kills 81 U.S. soldiers on a Montana trail [1874] Gold is discovered in the Black Hills of South Dakota in Native American territory [1876] Battle of Little Bighorn Custers Last Stand -General George A. Custer and 264 U.S. soldiers are wiped out by the Sioux Significance: -the height of Native American resistance to forced relocation after the war -Last major victory for the Native Americans [1877] Chief Joseph and the Nez Prce Indians surrender [1880s] Geronimo and Apaches eventually surrender to the U.S. Army [1890] the Massacre at Wounded Knee -200 Native American men, women, and children are massacred by the U.S. Army -Native Americans were doing the Ghost Dance (illegal) Significance: -Ends Native American Resistance on the Great Plains The Buffalo -the most important aspect of Native American life on the Great Plains -tribes use the buffalo for everything, everything of the buffalo is used [1865] 15 million buffalo on the Great Plains [1890] less than one thousand buffalo on the Great Plains [1900] less than 50 buffalo on the Great Plains What happened? For Sport tourists would come to the Great Plains and kill buffalo for fun Railroads Railroad workers kill the buffalo for food -shoot the buffalo to keep them off the tracks (might derail the train) White Hunters killed the buffalo for the tongue and hides -Left the carcass to rot shocking to the Native Americans [1881] Helen Hunt Jackson writes A Century of Dishonor -highlights the broken treaties by the U.S. Government [1887] Dawes Act -the U.S. government breaks up the tribal system and gives Native American families plots of land -tries to Americanize Native Americans -places Native American children into white schools Insults the Native Americans, who valued the tribe system Why are people moving west? Land [1862] U.S. Government passes the Homestead Act -gives anyone 160 acres of land who promises to work and improve on the land -Life was not easy on the Great Plains -2 out of 3 Homestead-ers give up and return to the East Problems for farming -No water, rain is scarce -Fencing -Housing Solutions -Housing sod houses -Fencing barbed wire [invented in the 1870s] -Water Dry Farming (deep wells) Irrigation projects Mining People are searching for gold, silver, and other metals Boom Towns towns spring to life with the discovery of metals -after everything is mined out Ghost Town abandoned, left for dead Businesses made money in mining could afford more tools and machinery Cattle Ranching [By 1865] over 5 million cattle wandering through Texas -cowboys would herd the cattle to railroads in Kansas and Nebraska -the cattle would then be shipped to Chicago -Chicago becomes the center of the meat industry Oklahoma -last part of the U.S. to be opened to settlement -opened on April 22, 1889 sooners sneak in before the official opening [1890] U.S. census officially declares the closing of the American Frontier [1893] Frederick Jackson Turner writes the Significance of the Frontier in American History romanticizes the West Early Conflicts and Expansion China Treaty of Whangia gives U.S. most favored nation status and opens four ports -exclusively for the U.S. Japan [1852] Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Japan and opens them into trade Significance: the U.S. is beginning to play a larger role in world affairs Alaska [1867] Secretary of State William Seward buys Alaska from Russia Treaty of Washington [1871] -settles disputes between Great Britain and U.S. from the Civil War Samoa [1889] Germany, Great Britain, and the U.S. form a joint protectorate over the islands of Samoa first time the U.S. is expanding to other parts of the world Chile [1891] two U.S. sailors are killed by a Chilean mob -the two sides come very close to war over this incident -Ultimately, the Chilean government backs down and apologizes Significance: U.S. displays a willingness to go to war over minor issues Venezuela [1895] Great Britain and Venezuela are arguing over land U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney -claims that Great Britain is trying to violate the Monroe Doctrine There is talk of war between Great Britain and the U.S., but eventually, Great Britain backs down and agrees to arbitration Significance: Great Britain recognizes the growing power of the U.S. and decides to make them an ally Hawaii Americans had gained considerable control on the islands of Hawaii [1875] a trade agreement is set up [1887] a naval agreement is reached -allows U.S. to use Pearl Harbor Queen Liluokalani (of Hawaii) wants to restore Hawaii to native Hawaiians [1893] Americans (with help of U.S. Marines) overthrow Queen Lil -Cleveland does not want to annex it -Hawaii remains independent until 1898 Whats Motivating the U.S. towards Expansion? The U.S. is overflowing with goods -expansion leads to more markets The rest of the world is expanding [1880s] Africa is divided amongst the worlds powers [1890s] China is divided into spheres of influence The Yellow Press -Pulitzer and Hearst create news to try to get the U.S. to expand [1890] Alfred Thayer Mahan writes The Influence of Sea Power upon History -Outlines how a country can become a world power TR is influenced Spanish-American War [1895] Cuban rebels begin to rebel against Spanish rule and declare their independence [1896] Spain sends General Valeriano Butcher Weylar to Cuba to restore control -places many Cuban rebels in camps [1897] McKinley begins negotiating a peace between Cuba and Spain [1898] Feb. 11 A New York journal prints a letter by Spanish ambassador Dupey De Lome that calls McKinley: 1) a wanna-be politician 2) a weak bidder for public administration Feb. 15 the U.S. ship The Maine, which was anchored in Havana, Cuba, explodes -the U.S. navy blames the explosion on Spanish mine -it was actually an internal explosion -the public is outraged and begins calling for war Apr. 11 McKinley asks Congress for a declaration of war against Spain -the U.S. goes to war against Spain May 1 Commodore George Dewey crushes the Spanish fleet in Manila, Philippines -immediately makes Dewey a hero June 17 000 U.S. soldiers are sent to Cuba from Tampa, Florida -this staging ground is an absolute mess; eventually the troops are sent to Cuba -Included is a group called the Rough Riders created by Theodore Roosevelt July 1 Rough Riders are involved in battles on San Juan Hill and El Caney -victorious in both July 3 U.S. fleet in Cuba destroys the Spanish fleet July U.S. invades and liberates Puerto Rico Spanish are kicked out Aug. 12 Spain and the U.S. sign armistice Biggest Problem for the U.S. during the war is DISEASE -400 U.S. soldiers die in battle -5 000 U.S. soldiers die from disease -at one point, 80% of the U.S. army had some form of a tropical disease Results of the War Cuba is granted independence by Spain -When Congress passed the declaration of war, they also passed the Teller Amendment, which declared that Cuba would receive their independence from the U.S. U.S. receives Guam U.S. receives Puerto Rico U.S. receives the Philippines for $20 million U.S. Acquisitions 1850-1917 Alaska [1867] purchase from Russia Philippines [1898] from the Spanish-American War (7 000 islands) Guam [1898] from the Spanish-American War Samoa [1899] joint protectorate with just Germany Wake Island [1899] U.S. navy stops there and takes control of the island during the Spanish American War Midway Island [1867] given by Captain Brooks Hawaii [1898] annexed Puerto Rico [1898] during the Spanish-American War What do these acquisitions mean for the U.S.? The U.S. has commitments in locations around the world With more land, there is a louder call in the U.S. for a larger navy Restructuring of the War Department -Elihu Root takes over the War Department and creates a General Staff The rift between the North and the South seems to close after the Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War signals the arrival of the U.S. as a world power Dealing with an Empire Philippines the people of the Philippines had hoped to achieve their independence -The Philippines is directly controlled by the U.S. -they begin to revolt against the U.S. rule [1899-1901] -the Filipino Insurrection -Was much longer and costlier than the Spanish-American War was -the revolt was led by Emilio Aguinaldo William H. Taft -Civil Governor of the Philippines -calls the Philippine people his little brown brothers Cuba -The Teller Amendment gave Cuba their independence, but the U.S. wants some control -made Cuba include the Platt Amendment into their Constitution Platt Amendment: Cuba could not make treaties Cuba could not go into debt U.S. could step in when necessary No foreign powers in Cuba Cuba agrees to lease land to the U.S. for a naval base (only term of the amendment that still survives today) Guantanamo Bay -Colonel William Gorgas and Dr. Walter Reed seek to wipe out yellow fever in Cuba Puerto Rico Foraker Act of 1900 -gives Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government [1917] Puerto Ricans are granted U.S. citizenship -millions of dollars are spent on improving the infrastructure of Puerto Rico Opposition at home Anti-Imperialists: Andrew Carnegie Samuel Gompers William J. Bryan Mark Twain U.S. on the World Stage [1895] China is defeated by Japan and subsequently is split into spheres of influence -Great Britain, Russia, Germany, Japan, France -U.S. and Secretary of State John Hay create the Open Door Policy -give every country the opportunity to trade in China and respect Chinas independence -Russia rejects it [1900] The Boxer Rebellion (the Righteous Fists of Harmony) -an extreme Chinese nationalist group they want to end foreign influence in China -begin attacking foreigners 200 are killed -it is eventually put down by soldiers from: Germany, U.S., Great Britain, France, Japan, and Russia -The Chinese are forced to pay $334 million in damages After the Boxer Rebellion, Hay and the U.S. once again issue the Open-Door Policy -it becomes accepted by the major powers Election of 1900 RepublicansDemocratsWilliam McKinleyWilliam Jennings BryanImperialist Spanish-American War Gold Standard VP candidate Theodore (Teddy) RooseveltAnti-Imperialist Free Silver McKinley wins again [Sept 1901] McKinley attends an expo in Buffalo, NY -Leon Czolgosz assassinates McKinley Teddy Roosevelt becomes President Teddy Roosevelt New York Graduate from Harvard Police Commissioner of New York Assistant Secretary of the Navy Founder of the Rough Riders Governor of New York Vice President Blessed with boundless energy Big game hunter in Africa Outdoors man Adventurer (the first president to fly an airplane, submarine, practice jujitsu, boxing) Speak softly and carry a big stick (TRs foreign policy) Wants to increase the size of the Navy Increases from five to 25 battle ships (steel ships) Keep the balance of power in the far East Russo-Japanese War -Teddy Roosevelt acts as a negotiator helps bring peace -called the Portsmouth Treaty -Teddy Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize for this Connect the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean Roosevelt wants to build a canal in Central America France tried first, but failed miserably (yellow fever) [1901] the U.S. signs a treaty with Great Britain Hay Pauncefote Treaty -replaces and gets rid of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty next problem Columbia owns Panama and does not want to lease the land to the U.S. with U.S. help, Panama revolts against Columbia -Panama declares its independence and signs the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty -allows the U.S. to build a canal [1904] Construction on the canal starts [1906] Yellow fever problem is solved and construction resumes [1914] Canal is finished, costing $400 million Keep Europe out of North America Roosevelt adds the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine -in the case of wrongdoing against a Latin-American country, the U.S. would intervene to exercise its international police power Significance: -Roosevelt adds teeth to the Monroe Doctrine Stop unwanted immigration (particularly in California) Many people in California are angry at Japanese immigration Roosevelt negotiates with Japan The Gentlemans Agreement -Japan agrees to halt the immigration of unskilled workers to the United States Demonstrate U.S. power Roosevelt sends out the Great White Fleet 16 battleships -go in an around-the-world-expedition [1907] the Great White Fleet is well-received around the world Result: Root-Takahira Agreement -U.S. and Japan pledge to abide by the Open Door Policy in China and to respect territorial possessions around the world The Age of Flight Orville and Wilber Wright -two bicycle mechanics from Ohio -become interested in flight -their experiments bring them to Kitty Hawk, NC (sand dunes and wind) [December 17, 1903] The Wright brothers make the first successful flight of a human being The Progressive Era -at the turn of the century, there is a huge movement to right the wrongs and ills of society Goal use the government as an agency of human welfare The Progressives attack: Social injustices Corruption Inefficiency in government services Monopolies An early attack against the trust was led by Henry Lloyd in his book Wealth Against Commonwealth, which attacked the Standard Oil Trust Muckrakers (Roosevelt gives them this nickname in 1906) -journalists of the Progressive Era who attempted to expose crime, corruption, and social injustice Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives [1890] Showed the filth and squalor of living in the slums Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities Magazine series exposing the link between big business and city governments Ida Tarbell Attacked the Standard Oil Company Upton Sinclair The Jungle Highlights the miseries of workers in stockyards and canning facilities -but actually shows the terrible conditions of meat-packing plants As a whole, the Progressive Era was led by middle-class men and women who felt that the government and society was not operating properly for the people. Reforms of the Progressives in Politics Recall allowed the voters of a state to remove elected officials before their term expired it was created to remove officials that were taking bribes Initiative voters could directly propose laws and legislation when the state legislation has not done so Referendum placed laws on the ballots for the voter to give final approval Corrupt-Practices Acts limits the amount of money a candidate could spend on the election Secret Ballots eliminate the different color ballot for different political parties 17th Amendment direct election of U.S. senators is given to the voters and taken away from state legislatures Womens Suffrage many of the liberal western states granted women the right to vote, but universal suffrage does not come about until 1920 Progressivism in the Cities and States Reform in the Cities -some cities appointed commissions on the city manager system Reform in the States -3/4 of all states pass child labor laws -workmans compensation laws were passed -disability insurance is set up in many states -tax laws were changed to place the burden upon the rich -utility commissions are formed to keep rates low -many states pass restrictions on the sale of liquor led by the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) finally achieve their goal in 1919 with the 18th Amendment Reform of the states was led by Robert Lafollette and his Wisconsin Idea Creation of a primary to choose candidates Commission to control railroad rates Competitive Civil Service Exam State supervision of banks Higher taxes for corporations Teddy Roosevelt The Square Deal (domestic policy) Control of Corporations Consumer Protection Conservation of Natural Resources Control of Corporations TR becomes known as a trustbuster breaks up many large companies [1902] 140 000 coal workers go on strike -TR threatens to send federal troops to work in the mines if the two sides do not negotiate -eventually, the two sides come to an agreement Significance: leads to the creation of Department of Commerce and Labor Hepburn Act -strengthens the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission -brings control over railroad rates Northern Securities Case -Northern Securities a railroad company set up by J.P. Morgan and James Hill -TR uses the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up the company [1904] Supreme Court agrees with TR Theodore Roosevelt will go on to break up 40 of these trusts in the U.S. Consumer Protection -Many people were horrified by the meat industry after reading Sinclairs The Jungle Results: The Meat Inspection Act [1906] -any meat product that passes over state lines is subject to federal inspection Pure Food and Drug Act [1906] -requires labels of ingredients for certain products -cleans up pharmaceutical industry Conservation of Natural Resources -Americans are quickly destroying many of the natural resources in the U.S. -TR was an avid outdoorsman and environmentalist -realizes the need to save natural resources in the U.S. Results: Newlands Act [1902] -used money from the sale of western lands for irrigation projects in the west -creates canals and dams in the west Forest Reserve Act [1890] -TR uses this act to save 125 million acres of forestland in the U.S. -National parks are created (ex. Yosemite) -Gifford Pinchot is head of the U.S. Forestry Department along with TR help corporations and nature co-exist [1907] Roosevelt Panic displays the need for a new national banking system [1908] Roosevelt hand-picks his successor William Howard Taft wins the election of 1908 William H. Taft -Secretary of War -Civil Governor of the Philippines -lawyer -judge -352 pounds Tafts Foreign Policy Dollar Diplomacy -encouraged U.S. businesses to invest money into foreign nations that the U.S. had an interest in. The U.S. would then promise military protection of those investments -this leads to increased involvement in Latin America The U.S. uses military intervention in: Nicaragua Panama Cuba Haiti Dominican Republic Mexico Honduras Tafts Domestic Policies Taft was a trustbuster -breaks up 90 trusts during his presidency The Payne-Aldrich Tariff -Taft approved of this tariff despite the fact that it does not lower tariff rates -angers many Republicans, including Theodore Roosevelt -leads to a split in the Republican Party Conservation -saves millions of acres of U.S. land -BUT he angers TR when he dismisses the Head of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot -the Pinchot-Ballinger Argument Theodore Roosevelts new Domestic Policy New Nationalism Calls for strict regulation on corporations Tariff revision Federal income tax National workmans compensation laws Recall and initiative program [1912] Theodore Roosevelt decides to run for President again Election of 1912 RepublicanProgressivesDemocratsSocialistsWilliam H. TaftTeddy RooseveltWoodrow WilsonEugene V. Debs3.5 million popular votes becomes Chief Justice of South CarolinaBull Moose Party 4.1 million popular votes6.2 million popular votes900 000 popular votes Theodore Roosevelt was campaigning for the win but was shot during a speech slowed down Woodrow Wilson wins Woodrow Wilson -Democrat -Professor -President of Princeton University -Governor of New Jersey, but is from Virginia -was a sickly child, racist Domestic Policy New Freedom Called for an end to monopolies Clayton Anti-Trust Act -made interlocking directories illegal -exempted labor unions from anti-trust leg -added more teeth to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 -President could appoint a commission who could investigate industries engaged in Interstate Commerce -supposed to rule out unfair trading practices, unfair competition, false advertising, mislabeling and bribery Banking Reform [1907] reconcentration of money in a few banks become a big problem Idea of Senator Aldrich Result: Federal Reserve Act [1913] -created a Federal Reserve Board appointed by the President -creates twelve Regional Banks -could issue paper money -Federal Reserve Board oversees the twelve Regional Banks -Member Banks belong to the Regional Banks Tariff Reductions [1913] Underwood-Simmons Tariff Bill -reduces tariff rates by about 11% -also created a tax on income over $3 000 Other Adamson Act 8-hour workday for employees on trains in interstate commerce Federal Farm Loan Act and Warehouse Act [1916] -provides long term loans at low rates to farmers Lafollettes Seamen Act of 1915 -required decent living and a living wage on merchant ships Workmans Compensation Act [1916] Foreign Policy Moral Diplomacy -Wilson did not like the aggressivism of The Big Stick Policy and was suspicious of Wall Street and Dollar Diplomacy -Wilson would use the power of the U.S. to influence and spread democracy and use moral sense in deciding whether to get involved in a country or not at first, Wilson is Anti-Imperialist -repeals Panama Canal Tolls Act which allowed the U.S. to move through the canal without paying tolls [1916] Jones Act granted the Philippines partial independence -caused U.S. investors to pull out of China Wilson begins to change his tune [1915] sends the Marines to Haiti [1916] U.S. creates a treaty with Haiti gives U.S. supervision of finances and policy [1916] sends the Marines to the Dominican Republic [1917] U.S. purchases the Virgin Islands from Denmark Moral Diplomacy in Mexico [1913] Civil War breaks out in Mexico General Huerta becomes President [1914] Huerta collapses and Carranza takes over -then, Pancho Villa leads a bandit group and attacks Americans in Mexico -Pancho Villa then attacks New Mexico -Wilson sends General John J. Pershing Black Jack into Mexico in 1916 to capture Villa Wilson enters World War I [summer of 1914] war breaks out in Europe U.S. remains neutral until 1917 -Wilson declares war on Germany -U.S. enters The Great War Indifferent to the colonies, allowing the colonies to grow independent from English rule -Great Britain -Colonies -Iroquois -some other Native American allies Vs. -France -Many Native American allies - (Spain) All in Europe 40% of population of U.S. Supreme Court Federal district courts (13) Circuit Courts (3) Russia Prussia )*7Tkr| } `av/tuQRd}~89HĹĤȤȤȤȤȤȤȤȤĚȤȹȕ hJF>*h hJF5\h h#e5\h#e5CJ\aJhJF5CJ\aJh#ehJFhmnyhk(*h#ehk(*5CJ\aJh5CJ\aJ hhhhCJaJ9*+,-./01234567TU3 d gdk(*$a$gd ! | }  + Q i q | ^gdk(* & F @ ^gd1$ & Fgdk(*gdk(*p^pgdk(*  D p  - U #`aQtugdk(* ?QR!S}~89dgdk(*39@ELZf jkgd8gdk(*  jk g3>r '!(!1"E"J"ظشذذ԰ذhy5CJ\aJhyhL$kh5\h h5\hhBh hG 5\ hxhG h 05CJ\aJhxhG h85CJ\aJ hJF>* h8h8 h8>*hJFh831Z\ =Wi8^8gdJF & FgdJF8^8gd8 & Fgd8gdk(*N,S 0g$L & Fgd8gdG gdJF8^8gdJFH\s gdG 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