ࡱ> ]_\!` bjbj\\ .0>>,DDDD P4 x_l^^^^^^^$`hLc_%%%_2_&&&%^&%^&&oZl^ /D&[*^H_0x_\c&(cT^c^@jp&j!^#__&x_%%%% dD DD,( World History I SOL Review Ancient Rome Geography Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea. Romes location was an advantage because It was a natural crossroads for trade, cultural exchange, and conquest The seas surrounding the Italian Peninsula and the Alps provided them protection from invading forces Religion Roman mythology was based on Romes polytheistic religion. Roman mythology explained natural phenomena and life events. Roman mythology influenced Roman culture, politics, and arts which still influences modern western culture. Roman gods and goddesses were based on Greek mythology. Important Roman gods and goddesses were: Jupiter chief god Juno patron goddess of women Diana goddess of the moon Apollo god of the sun Minerva goddess of wisdom Venus goddess of love Social Structure and Achievement: The Roman Republic contained three classes: Patricians nobility and few in number Plebians most of the population, including landowners, townspeople, merchants, and small farmers Slaves people forced into service, usually from conquests (prisoners of war) Citizenship was held by all patrician and plebian men, and was given to a few foreigners. All citizens could vote, had to pay taxes, and serve in the army. During the republic, two consuls were elected by the Assembly to serve for one year only. They had the power to veto. The Senate and the Assembly were made up of patricians. The plebians will gain rights later in the Republic when the tribune represents them. The written code of laws in Rome was called the Twelve Tables. Wars with Carthage The Roman Republic and Carthage, located on the coast of North Africa, competed for trade and power in the Mediterranean Sea. The Roman Republic fought three wars against Carthage, winning each one. Hannibal of Carthage invaded the Roman peninsula crossing the Alps (with elephants). With the defeat of Carthage, Rome controlled the Mediterranean Basin and began its conquest of Western Europe. The Mediterranean Basin included parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia. Continued conquests by Rome led to The spread of Greco-Roman culture Expanded trade Changes in the character of the Roman army Great wealth for Rome End of the Republic After the Punic Wars, the conditions of the farmers worsened because Large landowners used slaves Small landowners could not compete. Lost their land, and migrated to cities There was unemployment in cities Julius Caesar had led Rome in the conquest of Gaul, and part of the British Isles. Julius Caesar was named dictator for life by the Senate and then he was assassinated in 44BC. Augustus Caesar (also known as Octavian) became the first emperor of Rome after defeating those that murdered Julius Caesar. Reasons for the decline of the Roman Republic: Spread of slavery on the farms and large estates The migration of small farmers to cities and the resulting unemployment Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar Devaluation of Roman currency and inflation Failure to provide for rules of succession of leaders Pax Romana (the peace of Rome) The Pax Romana was two hundred years of peace following the leadership of Augustus Caesar. The economic impacts of the Pax Romana were: Established common currency, or uniform system of money (helped trade) Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads Promoted prosperity and stability The social impacts of the Pax Romana were: Returned social stability (stable class system) Increased emphasis on the family The political impacts of the Pax Romana were: Created a civil service system Developed a uniform rule of law that became the foundations for law in Western Europe Christianity Origins of Christianity Had roots in Judaism Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the messiah Basic Christian beliefs are as follows: Monotheism belief in one God Jesus is the son of God Life after death All people are equal before God New Testament contained accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus Christianity was established by Writings and teachings of apostles and missionaries Religious assemblies Paul Jesus apostle Christianity was in conflict with the Roman Empire because Monotheism in conflict with polytheism Persistence of early Christians led to persecution (mainly by the emperor, Nero) Constantine converted to Christianity and ended persecution. Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Impacts of the Church of Rome (Christian Church) in the late Roman Empire Church became the source of moral authority Loyalty to the church over loyalty to the emperor Church became main unifying force of Western Europe Contributions of Roman Empire Romans adopted and expanded Greek achievements in religion, philosophy, architecture, arts, and science. The most important contributions were: Art/architecture: the Pantheon (temple to all gods), Coliseum, and forum Technology: aqueducts and roads Science: Ptolemys map with the earth at the center of the universe Language: Latin and Romance languages Literature: Virgils Aeneid Religion: Roman mythology and Christianity Law: Twelve Tables and Innocent until proven guilty Medicine: emphasis on public health with public baths and medical schools Causes of the fall of the Roman Empire (476AD) Economy: high cost of defending the empire and devaluation of Roman currency (inflation) Military: army membership changed as barbarians were allowed to join (lack of discipline) Moral decay: people lost faith in the empire and families began to fall apart Political problems: no set laws of succession (led to frequent civil wars) Invasions: barbarian attacks (by Germanic tribes from the north) Diocletian divided the empire into eastern and western regions. Emperor Constantine built a new capital at Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire survived until 476 AD when it ceased to have a Roman emperor. 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