ࡱ> WYV5@ bjbj22 8HXX@@@@@@@TLlTG,h`````'''+++++++$-R0Z+@''''+@@``/,!!!'v@`@`+!'+!"!A!V~)@@@B*`T - v) *,0G,)x[0 [0B*TT@@@@[0@B*''!'''''++TT!TTRELATIVE CLAUSES 1. DEFINITION Relative clauses are SUBORDINATE clauses that FUNCTION as an ADJECTIVE within the sentence. Compare: I like the yellow t-shirt.  art. adjective noun S V O I like the t-shirt thats on the shop window. art. noun relative clause = adjective S V O 2. INTRODUCTORY WORDS RELATIVE PRONOUNS who / whomque / quien (persona)The boy who is speaking is my brother.thatque (pers., cosa, animal)The book that you need is on the second shelf.whichque (cosa, animal)The book which you need is on the second shelf.whosecuyo / cuyosThe man whose car was stolen lives next to me. RELATIVE ADVERBS whenen (el) queRemember the day when we met?whereen (el) queThis is the house where Joe was born.whypor la queTell me the reason why you did it. 3. TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSE Compare: The passengers who had visas had no trouble at the frontier. (DEFINING) The passengers, who had visas, had no trouble at the frontier. (NON-DEFINING) DEFINING The relative clause gives essential information to IDENTIFY, define or classify the noun. So, only the passengers with visas had no trouble; the others had. Defining relative clauses can be introduced by any type of introductory word and there are certain circumstances in which we can omit the pronouns THAT, WHICH, WHO. A PRONOUN AS SUBJECT OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. When THAT, WHICH, WHO function as subject of the subordinate clause they cannot be omitted. Remember that subjects are essential in English. Ex: I need someone who can speak English. noun S V O S V O Other examples: This is the horse which won the race. Take the magazines that are on the table. B PRONOUN AS OBJECT OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. When THAT, WHICH, WHO function as object of the subordinate clause they can be omitted. Ex: I dont like the things (that) you say to me. art noun DO S V IO S V O Other examples: This is the horse (which) I am training. You can take the magazines (that) I was reading. C PRONOUN + PREPOSITION. The relative clause may be introduced by a preposition + THAT, WHICH, WHO. In this case we have three possibilities: PREPOSITION + PRONOUN The man from whom I bought this ring has disappeared. The box in which he puts his things is not safe. PRONOUN + PREPOSITION AT THE END The man who I bought this ring from has disappeared. The box which he puts his things in is not safe. OMIT THE PRONOUN The man I bought this ring from has disappeared. The box he puts his things in is not safe. NON-DEFINING The relative clause gives extra information about the noun, its a comment. Therefore, all the passengers had visas and so, they had no trouble at the frontier. Non-defining relative clauses introduced by any type of introductory word except for THAT, which is never used. Pronouns can never be omitted. Non-defining relative clauses can be easily identified because they are separated by commas from the rest of the sentence. The relative pronouns WHO, WHICH, can function as subject / object of the relative clause: Patrick, who lives next door , is a famous journalist. S V CCL Patrick, whom/who I saw yesterday , is a famous journalist. IO S V CCT Non-defining relative clauses can also be introduced by preposition. It may appear at the beginning or at the end of the relative clause. My car, for which I paid so much, is broken. 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