ࡱ > J M I bjbj 40 = = = = = Q Q Q Q m < Q * * * * * * * * $ <, . x 7* = 7* = = L* Z = = * * ( | ) Q R ( ) b* 0 * ( V/ 0 d V/ $ ) V/ = ) l 7* 7* d * V/ : CHAPTER 25: CELLULAR RESPIRATION / METABOLISM
Cellular respiration converts the energy stored in food to energy stored in ATP.
Cellular Respiration is an aerobic process.
During Cellular Respiration, a cell exchanges 2 gases with its surroundings.
Cellular Respiratory equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + about 38 ATP
NOTE: Cellular Respiration transfers hydrogen + carbon atoms from glucose to oxygen to form water + CO2
The reason for this is because oxygen is an electron grabber. It attracts electrons very strongly. Sugar molecule has several carbon-hydrogen bonds (Carbon + Hydrogen bonds have less pull on electrons). So, Carbon Hydrogen Bonds are replaced by C-O + H-O bonds. As electrons fall toward oxygen energy is released.
3 Main Stages Of Cellular Respiration:
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Electron Transport + ATP Synthase
Stage 1: Glycolysis
Takes place outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Cell splits a 6-carbon glucose in half. The result is 2, 3-carbon molecules each with one phosphate group.
Each 3-carbon molecule transfers electrons and hydrogen to carrier molecule called NAD+. Converts NAD+ to NADH [NAD+ is Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide--------------------it is a coenzyme that is found in all living cells. It carries electrons it gets converted from NAD+ to NADH (accepts electron = reduced)]
Summary: Original Glucose molecule is converted to 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid.
2 ATP have been spent, 4 ATP have been produced.
Stage 2: The Krebs cycle
*Remember: Glycolysis produces 2 Pyruvic acid molecules, but they do not take part in Krebs cycle. Instead they diffuse into mitochondria, each 3 carbon Pyruvic acid loses CO2. The resulting molecule is then converted to a 2-carbon compound called Acetyl Coenzyme A (this goes to Krebs cycle)
Krebs Cycle:
Acetyl COA joins a 4-carbon acceptor molecule.
The reaction in this cycle produces:
2 more CO2 molecules/1 ATP molecule (per Acetyl CoA molecule)
NOTE: Each Pyruvic Acid molecule is converted to one Acetyl CoA molecule.
Since, each turn of Krebs cycle breaks down one Acetyl CoA molecule(cycle turns twice. (So, produces total of 4 CO2 + 2ATP)
Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase Action:
The final stages of cellular respiration occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria.
1st, the carrier molecule NADH transfers electrons from original glucose molecule to electron transport chain. Remember, electrons move from carrier to carrier with in the inner membrane of mitochondria eventually pulled to O2 at end of chain.
Now, O2 and electrons combine with Hydrogen ions forming H2O.
Each transfer in chain releases energy. This energy is used to pump H+ across membrane.
Mitochondria have protein structures called ATP synthase. The hydrogen ions pumped by electron transport chain rush back downhill through ATP synthase. The ATP synthase uses energy from flow H+ ions to convert ADP(ATP
This process can generate up to 34 ATP molecules per original glucose molecule.
Steps:
NADH transfers electrons from sugar to electron transport chain.
Electron transport chain releases energy that is used to pump H+ ions across inner membrane.
Oxygen combines with electrons and H+ ions, forming water.
The H+ ions flow back through an ATP synthase, causing it to spin.
The ATP synthase generates ATP from ADP.
Adding up the ATP molecules:
Glycolysis Produces: 4 ATP molecules, remember it uses 2 ATP initially, Net gains 2 ATP.
Krebs cycle produces: 2 ATP (one for each 3 carbon pyruvic acid molecules)
ATP synthase produces: 34 ATP
*NOTE: most ATP production occurs after glycolysis and requires O2. Without O2, most of your cells would be unable to produce much ATP and cannot survive for long without fresh supply O2.
Ferentation:
When sprint lungs cant supply enough O2 to meet your muscles need for ATP. So muscles cells use another process called Fermentation (makes ATP without O2). It makes ATP entirely from Glycolysis (1st stage of cellular respiration)
NOTE: Glycolysis does not use O2
So fermentation produces a Net gain of 2 ATP, it is enough for short bursts of activity-such as a sprint to catch a bus. It also produces a waste product called: Lactic Acid. This temperory buildup in muscle cells contribute to feeling of fatigue.
After body consumes O2(Breathe heavily) =converts Lactic Acid to Pyruvic Acid.
Fermentation in microorganisms:
Yeast, when kept is anaerobic environment; they are forced to ferment sugar. As a result produce alcohol as waste product. Also releases CO2 (this is what makes beer bubbly)
Some fungi and bacteria( Produce Lactic Acid during Fermentation. Used to transform milk into cheese and yogurt (sharpness or Sour flavor of yogurt and cheese due to Lactic Acid).
- . + 0 8 L Q
% h k l m n q z { ùڪڔڔ hw hL hk hk 5h hk 5 h* 5 hw 5h h 5>* h h10 5>* h* 5>* h>
hr{y h>
h10 5h h10 h h10 5h h ) 5 hj 5h h 5 4 . / K L
`gd $
& F
h ^h` a$ gdr{y $ a$ gdr{y $
& F
hh ^h` a$ gdr{y $a$gdj
% 3 B g h i j k l m n o p q `gd 6 7 t
u
8h^8`hgd
& F
| ]|^` gd
& F
^` gd
& F
^` gd
& F
X ^` gd s
@ M | } o p R T V D E
X Y c Ͽ h" h" 5>* hC. 5>* h" hC. 5>* h} 5>* hC. h" h 5h h 5>* h h>cC h>cC H*h j h h h>cC 5h>cC h hk 5 h 5h hk hw B*ph 5
? @ M | } + ,
& F gd ^`gd
& F gd P Q E F
& F
h ^h` gd>
& F
(h ^h` gd>
& F
`h ^h` gd>
T / X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c &
& F
hh ^h` gd"
& F
h^gd" gdC.
& F gd ' 3 F G H M j # 4 e f M N ٸ寨 j h" h h 5h" h 5hC. hC. H*h" h" 5>* hC. 5>* h" h" hC. 5h" h" 5 h 5h" hC. 5>* hC. #& ' E F G e f 5 6
& F
h ^h` gd"
& F
h ^h` gd" gdC. 2 1h:pw / =!"#$% ^ 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 v v v v v v v v v 6 6 6 6 6 6 > 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 h H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 0 @ P ` p 2 ( 0 @ P ` p 0 @ P ` p 0 @ P ` p 0 @ P ` p 0 @ P ` p 0 @ P ` p 8 X V ~ _HmH nH sH tH V ` V N o r m a l $dh 1$ 9D H$ a$ CJ _HaJ mH sH tH D A D D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t p i p T a b l e N o r m a l :V 4 4
l a $dh 1$ 9D H$ a$ tH ( k ( N o L i s t H H ) B a l l o o n T e x t CJ OJ QJ ^J aJ PK ! [Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(Iw},-j4 wP-t#bΙ{UTU^hd}㨫)*1P' ^W0)T9<l#$yi} ;~@(Hu* Dנz/0ǰ $ X3aZ,D0j~3߶b~i>3\`?/[G\!-Rk.sԻ..a濭? PK ! ֧ 6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/} (h"O
= C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_ 6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/Se е PK ! ky theme/theme/themeManager.xml M
@}w7c(Ebˮ CAǠҟ7՛K
Y,
e.|,H ,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+&
8 PK ! P theme/theme/theme1.xmlYOo6w toc'vuر-Mn iP@I}úama[إ4:l ЯGRX^6؊>$ !)O^rC$y@ /yH*)UDb`}"qۋJחX^)I`nEp)liV[]1M<OP6r=zgbIguSe bORD۫qu gZo~ٺlAplxpT0+[}`j zA V2Fi@qv֬5\|ʜ̭NleXd sjcs7f
W+Ն7` g ȘJj|h(KD-
dXiJ؇(x$( :;˹! I_TS 1?E ??ZBΪmU/ ?~xY'y5g&/ɋ>GMGeD3Vq%'#q$8K )fw 9:ĵ
x}rxwr:\TZaG*y8IjbRc|XŻǿI
u3KGnD 1NIBs
RuK>V.E L+M2#'fi ~V vl{u8z H
* :( W ☕
~JTe\O*tHGHY }KNP*ݾ˦ TѼ9/#A7qZ $*c?qUnwN%Oi4 =3ڗP
1Pm \\9Mؓ2aD];Yt\[x]}Wr|]g-
eW
)6-rC Sj
id DЇAΜIqbJ#x꺃 6k#ASh&ʌt(Q% p%m&]caS l=X\P1Mh9MVdDAaVB[݈fJíP|8 քAV^f
Hn- "d>znNJ ة>b&2vKyϼD:,AGm\nziÙ .uχYC6OMf3or$5N HT[XF64T,ќM0E)`#5XY`פ ;%1U٥m;R>QD DcpU'&LE/pm%]8firS4d 7y\`JnίI R 3U~7+#m qBiDi*L69mY&iHE=(K&N!V.KeLDĕ{D vEꦚdeNƟe(MN9ߜR6&3(a/DUz<{ˊYȳV)9Z[4^n5!J?Q3eBoCM m<.vp IYfZY_p[=al-Y}Nc͙ŋ4vfavl'SA8|*u{-ߟ0%M07% < ҍ PK !
ѐ ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM
0wooӺ&݈Э5
6?$Q
,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{ P8g/ ]QAsم(#L[ PK- ! [Content_Types].xmlPK- ! ֧ 6 + _rels/.relsPK- ! ky theme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK- ! P theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK- !
ѐ ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK ]
0
& 8 @ 0 (
B
S ? ( 2 ^ f z % / ; B c f n v
7
?
+ 3 o y W ^ F K ( * - 3 3 3 3 3 3 n q Y
c
f f n q Y
c
G f f kĕ B 2Q 7AZX _^P k_4 ln4 & ^`B* CJ OJ QJ aJ o( ph h H ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o p p^p`OJ QJ o( h H @ @ ^@ `OJ QJ o( h H ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o ^`OJ QJ o( h H ^`OJ QJ o( h H ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o P P^P`OJ QJ o( h H 8 & ^`B* CJ OJ QJ aJ o( ph h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 p p^p`OJ QJ o( h H 8 @ @ ^@ `OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 ^`OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 P P^P`OJ QJ o( h H 8 & ^`B* CJ OJ QJ aJ o( ph h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 p p^p`OJ QJ o( h H 8 @ @ ^@ `OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 ^`OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 P P^P`OJ QJ o( h H ^`o( .
^`h H .
pL p^p`Lh H .
@ @ ^@ `h H .
^`h H .
L ^`Lh H .
^`h H .
^`h H .
PL P^P`Lh H . 8 & ^`B* CJ OJ QJ aJ o( ph h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 p p^p`OJ QJ o( h H 8 @ @ ^@ `OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 ^`OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 P P^P`OJ QJ o( h H 8 & ^`B* CJ OJ QJ aJ o( ph h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 p p^p`OJ QJ o( h H 8 @ @ ^@ `OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 ^`OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ o( h H 8 ^`OJ QJ ^J o( h H o 8 P P^P`OJ QJ o( h H _^ l k k_ 7A B Nܩ Nܩ Nܩ Nܩ Nܩ k w G >5# ) C. 10 >cC L j r{y } " * }E >
x @ { { W { { h @ U n k n o w n G * T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5 S y m b o l 3. * A r i a l ; W i n g d i n g s 5. * a T a h o m a ?= * C o u r i e r N e w A B C a m b r i a M a t h " q h " " ! 24 2Q HP ? 10 2 ! x x C E L L U L A R R E S P I R A T I O N : T h e K a r a i n F a m i l y $ Oh +'0 (
H T `
l x CELLULAR RESPIRATION: The Karain Family Normal 2 Microsoft Office Word @ F# @ @ (@ ( ՜. +,0 h p
The Karain Family " CELLULAR RESPIRATION: Title
" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 : ; < = > ? @ B C D E F G H K L O R o o t E n t r y F N D a t a
1 T a b l e ! z/ W o r d D o c u m e n t
40 S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( 9 D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 A M s o D a t a S t o r e + W S N U 0 F N 1 Z = = 2 + I t e m
P r o p e r t i e s U C o m p O b j
y
F' Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document
MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 9q