ࡱ> U@ Ibjbj ~ALLLLLLL4JJJhT|3(̘̘̘̘V"$F$R/LK̘̘KKLL̘̘KL̘L̘K LL~̘ ?duJ:"03\"C[XCD~LLLLCL~xZ 4(#ZZZlFtFtAttachment J: Resource Recovery This attachment covers the combustion of waste for the purposes of energy generation or emissions control. Description EIC Code CES Number Resource recovery 099-080-0012-0000 83055 Municipal waste disposal 120-122-0242-0000 57281 Landfill Gas Recovery Methane and small amounts of VOCs are by-products of solid waste decomposition. Landfills are the largest source of anthropogenic methane in the U.S. and contribute 35% of the total amount of methane produced by human sources (EPA, 2001a). Landfill gas recovery systems reduce methane and VOC emissions at landfills and/or generate energy from the waste gases. Energy-generating systems generally use landfill gas-fired turbines, while simple disposal systems employ flares. Landfill gas (LFG) recovery is increasing nationwide, with the fastest growth in California (EPA, 2001a). Emission Factors LFG recovery systems produce emissions of combustion by-products. Table 1 lists emission factors that were selected for use. Note that two chapters of EPAs AP-42 guidance document offer emission factors for LFG turbines. The factors from Chapter 3.1 (Stationary Gas Turbines) were selected for use in this analysis because the EPA assigned them higher quality ratings. Table 1. Emission factors for combustion of landfill gas (EPA, 2000; EPA, 1998). Process aSO2 bNOxCOTOCcVOCdTotal PMeLandfill gas Fired Turbinesf18561767655.20.92Flared Landfill gas7.94.075.0126.61.69(10-91.7a Emission factors are expressed in units of lb pollutant/million standard cubic feet (106scf) of landfill gas combusted. b The emission factor for SO2 is based on the EPAs (1998) reported average sulfur content, 46.9 ppmv. c Landfill gases are comprised of more than 98% methane. TOC emissions are assumed to be approximately equal to methane emissions. The TOC emission factor was estimated by applying the reported methane control efficiency (EPA, 1998) to the total mass of methane recovered. In order to convert methane volume to methane mass, the following conversion rate was applied: 42,198 lbs CH4/106scf CH4. d The VOC emission factor was estimated by applying the EPAs (1999; 1998) hydrocarbon speciation profile for LFG (VOC 1.2%, methane 98.7%, ethane 0.1% by weight) and the EPAs reported flare combustion efficiency of 99.2% for NMOC. e According to the EPA (1998) total PM emissions are equivalent to PM10 emissions. f The emission factors for turbines are converted from the reported units of lb pollutant/MMBtu to lb pollutant/106scf by applying the EPAs (2000) average landfill gas heating value, 400Btu/scf. Activity Data A list of facilities that combust landfill gases for energy generation is available from the U.S. Landfill Methane Outreach Program (EPA, 2001c). According to LMOP, only four landfills in CCOS II counties (listed below) currently convert landfill gas to energy. In addition, the Sacramento Air Quality Management District provided information that the Sacramento County Landfill (Kiefer) has landfill gas-to-energy capability. The LMOP database provides estimates of potential methane generation. However for consistency, we will use the estimates of landfill gas generation that were presented in Attachment B (Waste Disposal). The estimates from Attachment B (listed below) agree within 25% of the LMOP estimates. Sacramento City Landfill produces 996 tons CH4/year (uncontrolled) or 47 MMscf/year. Union Mine Disposal Site (in El Dorado) produces 2,331 tons CH4/year (uncontrolled) or 111MMscf/year. Yolo County Central Landfill produces 10,457 tons CH4/year (uncontrolled) or 496 MMscf/year. Sacramento County Landfill (Kiefer) produces 41,464 tons CH4/year (uncontrolled) or 1,966 MMscf/year. Unfortunately, landfill-specific information regarding the installation of flares is unavailable. However, the California Energy Commission (CEC) has prepared a draft greenhouse gas inventory for the State of California that includes an estimate of the statewide quantity of flared LFG: 6.3 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent (15,000 MMscf CH4). At the time of this writing, the CEC inventory is in draft form and is noted Do not cite or quote. However, because the inventory prepareres (ICF Consulting) had access to confidential survey information regarding sales and distribution of flares to landfills, this estimate is taken to be the most accurate currently available. For future updates to the inventory, the technical contact for the CECs greenhouse gas inventory is Mr. Guido Franco of the California Energy Commissions Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program. Emissions from LFG recovery systems are assumed to be continuous and unvarying throughout the year. The statewide quantity of flared LFG is apportioned to the county level according to the total tonnage of waste landfilled in each county over 1990 through 2000. Note that Attachment B presents disposal tonnage estimates for a longer period, 1970 through 2000. However, it was thought that newer landfills, which still are accepting wastes, are more likely to have LFG recovery systems because they are more likely to be subject to a New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) regulation, which was enacted March 1, 1996. This regulation requires air emission reductions at new and existing landfills that currently accept wastes (EPA, 1998). Example Calculations Emissions for gas-to-energy landfills are calculated from the estimated quantity of methane that is captured at these facilities. Methane generation for each landfill was estimated according to the methods presented in Attachment B (Waste Disposal). The EPA(1998) estimates that LFG recovery rates typically vary between 60 to 85 % of the total LFG generation rate. A recovery rate of 85% is assumed for the example below, which was carried out for the Sacramento City Landfill. 47 MMscf/year ( 0.85 = 40 MMscf recovered/year (Sacramento) 40 MMscf recovered/year ( 18 lb SO2 /MMscf landfill gas 2000 = 0.36 tons SO2/year (Sacramento) 40 MMscf recovered/year ( 56 lb NOx /MMscf landfill gas 2000 = 1.1 tons NOx /year (Sacramento) The results of similar calculations for other pollutants and other counties are listed in Table 2. These emissions are assigned to the Resource Recovery emissions source category (CESno.83055). Table 2. Annual missions for landfill gas-to-energy (LFGTE) facilities. Landfill NameCountySO2 (tons)NOx (tons)CO (tons)TOC (tons)VOC (tons)PM (tons)Union Mine Disposal SiteEl Dorado0.852.68.3360.240.04Sacramento County Landfill (Kiefer)Sacramento0.361.13.5150.100.02Sacramento City LandfillSacramento3.81237.11611.10.19Yolo County Central LandfillYolo15471476394.40.77 Statewide emissions from flared LFG are apportioned to counties according to the quantities of landfill wastes disposed at non-LFGTE facilities from 1990-2000 in each county. Emissions from flared LFG are estimated below for Sacramento County. 1,197,236 tons waste landfilled (Sacramento) 271,157,808 tons waste landfilled (California) = 0.0044 Sacramentos proportion of California total waste landfilled 0.0044 ( 15,000 MMscf flared (California) = 66 MMscf flared (Sacramento) 66 MMscf ( 7.9 lb SO2 /MMscf 2000 = 0.26 tons SO2 (Sacramento) Table 3 presents the results of similar calculations for other counties. These emissions are assigned to the Municipal Waste Disposal source category (CES no. 57281). Table 3. Annual emissions due to flared LFG. CountyProportion of State Waste Landfilled*Methane Flared (MMscf)SO2 (tons)NOx (tons)CO (tons)TOC (tons)PM (tons)Amador0.1%15.50.060.030.61.00.01Butte0.7%99.90.390.203.76.30.08Calaveras0.1%18.00.070.040.71.10.02Colusa0.0%3.40.010.010.10.20.00El Dorado0.0%0.00.000.000.00.00.00Glenn0.1%13.00.050.030.50.80.01Mariposa0.0%7.00.030.010.30.40.01Mendocino0.2%32.30.130.061.22.00.03Nevada0.0%5.40.020.010.20.30.00Placer0.1%10.60.040.020.40.70.01Plumas0.0%4.30.020.010.20.30.00Sacramento0.4%65.50.260.132.54.10.06Shasta0.8%124.90.490.254.77.90.11Sierra0.0%1.60.010.000.10.10.00Solano1.6%241.70.950.489.115.30.21Tehama0.2%23.80.090.050.91.50.02Tuolumne0.1%7.80.030.020.30.50.01Yolo0.0%6.30.020.010.20.40.01Yuba0.6%89.00.350.183.35.60.08Alameda3.8%570.62.251.1421.436.10.48Contra Costa2.1%316.11.250.6311.920.00.27Del Norte0.1%8.80.030.020.30.60.01Fresno2.7%404.11.600.8115.225.60.34Humboldt0.4%55.70.220.112.13.50.05Imperial0.6%94.10.370.193.56.00.08Inyo0.1%8.60.030.020.30.50.01Kern3.1%460.61.820.9217.329.20.39Kings0.4%63.50.250.132.44.00.05Lake0.2%27.10.110.051.01.70.02Lassen0.1%10.60.040.020.40.70.01Los Angeles33.1%4906.519.389.81184.0310.64.17Madera0.3%49.30.190.101.83.10.04Marin0.0%5.20.020.010.20.30.00Merced0.8%114.50.450.234.37.20.10Modoc0.0%0.50.000.000.00.00.00Mono0.1%8.40.030.020.30.50.01Monterey0.2%32.70.130.071.22.10.03Napa0.5%74.00.290.152.84.70.06Orange7.3%1077.44.262.1540.468.20.92Riverside5.8%859.93.401.7232.254.40.73San Benito0.2%31.50.120.061.22.00.03San Bernardino5.9%877.93.471.7632.955.60.75San Diego7.7%1140.74.512.2842.872.20.97San Joaquin3.2%471.01.860.9417.729.80.40San Luis Obispo0.9%129.30.510.264.88.20.11San Mateo3.6%536.62.121.0720.134.00.46Santa Barbara1.8%259.81.030.529.716.40.22Santa Clara5.2%764.23.021.5328.748.40.65Santa Cruz0.6%94.30.370.193.56.00.08Siskiyou0.1%12.50.050.020.50.80.01Sonoma0.0%2.60.010.010.10.20.00Stanislaus0.5%75.10.300.152.84.80.06Trinity0.0%4.00.020.010.10.30.00Tulare1.3%188.70.750.387.111.90.16Ventura2.2%322.91.280.6512.120.40.27Total100%15,000593055693913* at non-LFGTE facilities Solid Waste Combustion Waste-to-energy facilities incinerate municipal solid waste (MSW) or biomass waste. Biomass, or green waste, primarily is comprised of wood products. Table 4 lists emission factors for wood residue combustion. Wood heating values, which are in the range 4,500 to 8,000 MMBtu per pound of waste, are available from EPA (2001b). The wood heating values are needed to convert the mass of waste throughput to the units that are required for application of the emission factors in Table 4. Table 4. Emission factors for combustion of wood residue in boilers (EPA, 2001b).a Wood Residue CombustionNOx bSO2COTOCVOCPM cPM10 cUncontrolled0.490.0250.600.060.0380.560.50PM control: fabric filter d0.490.0250.600.060.0380.10.074a The emission factors are in units of lbs pollutant/MMBtu. These can be converted to units of lbs pollutant/ton wood waste by using a conversion rate of HHV ( 2000 MMBtu/ton wood, where HHV is the high wood heating value. HHV depends on the type of waste (bark, shavings, sawdust, trimmings, etc.) and the moisture content (wet or dry). (See EPA, 2001b) b The emission factor for NOx declines to 0.22 lbs/MMBtu when wet wood products are used as fuel. c The emission factors for PM and PM10 are conservatively high. Emissions of PM depend on the type and condition of the wood fuel. Dry wood and wet wood without bark produce less PM emissions. d EPA (2001b) presents many alternative PM emission factors for various control technologies. Fabric filters were assumed for this presentation. If information regarding site-specific controls is available, consult EPA (2001b) to select the most appropriate emission factors case-by-case. MSW incineration is conducted at three facilities that are permitted by the Integrated Waste Management Board (IWMB) and possibly a few additional other facilities in Southern California (USCensus Bureau, 2001). None of these MSW incineration facilities are located in CCOS II participating counties. Table 5 lists waste-to-energy facilities that incinerate green waste. Currently, the IWMB is developing a project to ascertain process rates for these facilities. Mr. Howard Levenson is the contact for the IWMB research project. However, no throughput data currently are available for this emissions source. When the IWMB project is complete, emissions for this source should be estimated by applying suitable emission factors to the quantified waste throughput rates. Emissions for this source should be assigned to the Resource Recovery emissions source category (EIC 099-080-0012-0000; CESno.83055). Table 5. List of facilities that combust wood waste for energy conversion in the CCOS counties (Judd, 2001). CountyCompany NameLocationMailing AddressCityZIP CodeTelephone NumberContact NameAmadorWheelabrator EnvironmentalMartell20811 Industry RoadAnderson96007(530) 378-5615Bill CarlsonButteCovanta EnergyOroville3086 Crossroads Dr.Redding96003(530) 224-3305Paul WoodColusaWadham EnergyWilliams2420 Camino Ramon #101San Ramon94583(925) 244-1100Alex SugaokaMendocinoGeorgia PacificFort Bragg90 West RedwoodFort Bragg95437(707) 961-3272Ron HolenPlacerRio Bravo/ ConstellationRocklin1201 Dove Street #470Newport Beach92660(949) 852-0606Bob EscalantePlacerSierra Pacific IndustriesLincolnPO Box 496011Redding96049(530) 378-8179Bob ElleryPlumasCollins PineChester1618 SW First Ave. #500Portland, OR97201(503) 227-1219Wade MosbyPlumasSierra Pacific IndustriesQuincyPO Box 496011Redding96049(530) 378-8179Bob ElleryShastaBurney Forest PowerBurney35586-B Highway 299 EastBurney96013(530) 335-5100Milt SchultzShastaCovanta EnergyBurney3085 Crossroads Dr.Redding96003(530) 224-3305Paul WoodShastaSierra Pacific IndustriesBurneyPO Box 496011Redding96049(530) 378-8179Bob ElleryShastaWheelabrator EnvironmentalAnderson20811 Industry RoadAnderson96007(530) 378-5615Bill CarlsonShastaWheelabrator EnvironmentalHudson20811 Industry RoadAnderson96007(530) 378-5615Bill CarlsonSierraSierra Pacific IndustriesLoyaltonPO Box 496011Redding96049(530) 378-8179Bob ElleryTuolumnePacific UltrapowerChinese Station8755 Enterprise Dr.Jamestown95327(209) 984-4660Chris TrottTuolumneSierra Pacific IndustriesSonoraPO Box 496011Redding96049(530) 378-8179Bob ElleryYoloThermo Ecotek CorpWoodlandNot Available References EPA (2001a) Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks 1990-1999, Chapter 7, Waste. Report prepared by Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards of the EPA, Research Triangle Park,NC. EPA (2001b) Wood Residue Combustion in Boilers. In compilation of air pollutant emission factors, vol. 1: stationary point and area emission units (AP-42), 5th ed. (January 1995), Chapter 1.6. Report prepared by Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards of the EPA, Research Triangle Park,NC. EPA (2001c) Landfill Methane Outreach Program. Database maintained by the US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,NC, and accessed November 2001 at web site  HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov/lmop/projects/projects.htm" http://www.epa.gov/lmop/projects/projects.htm. EPA (2000) Stationary Gas Turbines. In compilation of air pollutant emission factors, vol. 1: stationary point and area emission units (AP-42), 5th ed. (January 1995), Chapter 3.1. Report prepared by Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards of the EPA, Research Triangle Park,NC. EPA (1999) Volatile organic compound/particulate matter speciation database management system (SPECIATE), version 3.1 (for microcomputers). Prepared by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC October. EPA (1998) Municipal Solid Waste Landfills. In compilation of air pollutant emission factors, vol. 1: stationary point and area emission units (AP-42), 5th ed. (January 1995), Chapter 3.1. Report prepared by Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards of the EPA, Research Triangle Park,NC. Judd, B. (2001) Personal communication. Director of the California Biomass Energy Alliance, Sacramento, California. Telephone (916) 444-8333. Levenson, H. (2001) Personal communication. California Integrated Waste Management Board, Sacramento, California. Telephone (916) 341-6583. US Census Bureau (2001) Censtats databases: county business patterns data. Database maintained by the US Census Bureau, Washington, D.C., and accessed December 2001 at web site  HYPERLINK "http://tier2.census.gov/dbappweb.htm" http://tier2.census.gov/dbappweb.htm. 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""""""#"("-"1"5":";"@"E"K"P"U"Z"_"d"e"k"p"u"z""""""""""""""""""""""""""""## #####$#)#.#2#6#;#<#B#G#K#P#U#Y#]#b#c#j#o#u#z###############################$$ $$$$$"$&$+$,$3$8$?$D$I$N$S$X$Y$c$h$n$s$x$}$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$% %%%%%%%*%0%5%:%?%D%I%J%Z%_%e%j%o%s%w%|%}%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%& &&&&&$&)&.&2&6&;&<&E&J&O&T&Y&]&a&f&g&n&s&w&|&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&'' '''''#'('-'2'7'<'='C'H'O'R'U'Y']'`'a'}))))))))** *** *&*+*0*6*;*@*A*]*b*h*m*r*x*|***9.112C2D2K2X2a2q2v2222222222223333&3:3B3H3W3a3b3i3w3333333333334 44#4$4+4D4L4b4p4v4444444444444455(555;5J5U5V5]5w5~5555555555555 666!60676K6S6Y6h6r6s6z66666666666677 7/7<7=7D7_7f7z7777777777777888#838G8Q8W8f8r8s8|888888888888999999AAAAIS@,<,<J'',<,<'$A@UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z ArialcCG Times (W1)Times New RomanY CG TimesTimes New Roman5& zaTahoma"Ahdjfjf3BKfU 7!w 7!w!24dAAU53QH)?Mw\C:\Documents and Settings\dana.SONOMATECH\Application Data\Microsoft\Templates\STIReport.dotSTI Appendix Title Page  D         Oh+'0@R ( D P \ ht|STI Appendix Title PageTI  I I I STIReport.dotit IR7IRMicrosoft Word 10.0@> @JI@x*Su@du 7GPVT$mK A(   ."System( r0X- -@Times New Roman- )2 ATTACHMENT J: RESOUHCCHHN^CHC2!HC8NH2  RCE RECOVERYHHCHCHNHCHH 2   6@Times New Roman-2 XThis attachment covers the combustion of waste for the purposes of energy generation or =2',,,2N,2,22-!'2,,2N22'222!H,',"2!2,22!22','2!,2,"311,3,!,222!(2 Xemissions control. U,N''22',22!2 2 I - 2 o -'-2  DescriptionH,',!223- @ !- 2 W <-2  EIC Code>CC22-- @ ! - 2   B-2 b CES NumberC=8H2N2,!- @ !b- 2 z -'%2 UResource recovery.C,'22!,,",,23,#1 2 Uo $2 U 099222 2 U) -!2 UJ 080222 2 U -!2 U 00122222 2 U -!2 U 00002223 2 U 2 Ub83055o22222 2 U\ 2 Uh  2 U -'/2 Municipal waste disposalY22,2,H,',2'22', 2 } 2  120222 2 ) -!2 J 122222 2  -!2  02422222 2  -!2  00002223 2  2 b57281o22222 2 \ -'-)2 XLANDFILL GAS RECOVERCHHH<'CCMH8HCINHCH 2 QYH 2  6-G2 (Methane and small amounts of VOCs are byY,2,2,,22'N,,N232'2!HHC',!,40 2 w -!G2  (products of solid waste decomposition. 3!232,'2!'22H,',2,,3N22'222 MX`Landfills are the largest source of anthropogenic methane in the U.S. and contribute 35% of the <,23!',!,2,,"1,'(22!,,2!,22!2231,2,N,2,2,22,H8,22,22!22,22S2!2,P2 X.total amount of methane produced by human sour2,,N2222!N,2,2,2!222,,24022N,2'23"I2  )ces (EPA, 2001a). Landfill gas recovery ,,'!=8H2222-!<,22"1,'!-,22,#02 3 X\systems reduce methane and VOC emissions at landfills and/or generate energy from the waste (0',N'!,23,,N,3,2,,22HHC,N''22',,22!',222!1,3,",,,3,"30!!2N2,H,', 2 Xgases. Energy1,(,'=2,"30 2 -"O2 -generating systems generally use landfill gasr2,3,!,31)0',N'1,3,!,02',,22!1,( 2 -!D2 &fired turbines, while simple disposal !!,23!22,'H2,'N2,2'22',/2  Xsystems employ flares. (0',N',N240!,",'v2  GLandfill gas (LFG) recovery is increasing nationwide, with the fastest <,23!2,'"<8H!",,23,#0'2,!-,'213,22I2,H22,!,','A2 X$growth in California (EPA, 2001a). 1!3H22C,!2!2,!=9H2222,! 2  .-#2 XEmission FactorsCR''28<3,!2,' 2 7 7-^2 7LFG recovery systems produce emissions of combustion by<8H",,22-#0)0',N'2"222,,,N''22'2!,2N32'2230 2 -!2  products. 2!223,'-2 Table 1eC28,2-2  lists e''V2  X2emission factors that were selected for use. Note,N''22!,,2!'2,H-",',,,,2!2!2',H2,82    that two chapters of EPAs AP2,H2,2,2,!'3!=8H"'H8 2  -!2   42 guidance 22122,3,,2 X`document offer emission factors for LFG turbines. The factors from Chapter 3.1 (Stationary Gas 22,2N,22!!-!,N''22!,,2!'!3!<8H2!22,'=2,!-,2!'!!2NC2,2,!22!8,22,#0I,'2 X^Turbines) were selected for use in this analysis because the EPA assigned them higher quality =2!22,'!H-!,',,,,2"2!2',22',2,0''2-,,2',2,=8H,''13,22,N212-!22,02 jX ratings. c!,21' 2 j . 2   - 2 P  -2 s Table 1. =,2,2v2 GEmission factors for combustion of landfill gas (EPA, 2000; EPA, 1998).=N''22!,,3!'!2!,2N22'222!,23!1,'!=8H2222=8I2222! 2 x -@Times New Roman- 2   @Times New Roman-2 n>Process 3.)($$@Times New Roman- 2 >a- 2 > --2 nDW SO3B-2 DW 2 - 2  DW b- 2 , DW  -2  ] R NOBC- 2  ] R x- 2 ( ] R  /2  X M CO=B 2  X M  .-2 } S x TOC9B=- 2 5 S x c- 2 O S x  --2  ~ 2VOCCB=- 2  ~ 2d- 2  ~ 2 .-2 b8Total PM9-(3R- 2 8e- 2 8 -- @ ! O-- @ ! O-- @ !W-- @ !W-- @ !RO-- @ !RW-- @ ![>-- @ ! O>-- @ ! W>-- @ ! OJ-- @ ! WJ-- @ ![W -- @ ! OW -- @ ! WW -- @ !Oc -- @ !Wc -- @ ![R -- @ ! OR -- @ ! WR -- @ !O^ -- @ !W^ -- @ ![M -- @ ! OM -- @ ! WM -- @ !OY -- @ !WY -- @ ![x -- @ ! Ox -- @ ! Wx -- @ !O -- @ !W -- @ ![2-- @ ! O2-- @ ! W2-- @ !O>-- @ !W>-- @ ! O-- @ ! O-- @ !W-- @ !W-- @ !i\-- @ !i\-- @ !i\>-- @ !i\W -- @ !i\R -- @ !i\M -- @ !i\x -- @ !i\2-- @ !i\-- @ !i\--42 %>Landfill gas Fired Turbines8)..-)$3).9--.)#- 2 >f- 2 %> /2 %DW 18.. 2 %DW  .2 % ] R 56.. 2 % ] R  .2 % X M 176... 2 % X M  .2 % S x 765... 2 %+ S x  .2 % ~ 25.2.. 2 % ~ 2 .2 %80.92... 2 %n8 -- @ !-- @ !-- @ ! -- @ !-- @ !-- @ !R-- @ !R-- @ !>-- @ ! >-- @ ! >-- @ ! J-- @ ! J-- @ !W -- @ ! W -- @ ! W -- @ !c -- @ !c -- @ !R -- @ ! R -- @ ! R -- @ !^ -- @ !^ -- @ !M -- @ ! M -- @ ! M -- @ !Y -- @ !Y -- @ !x -- @ ! x -- @ ! x -- @ ! -- @ ! -- @ !2-- @ ! 2-- @ ! 2-- @ !>-- @ !>-- @ !-- @ !-- @ !-- @ !-- @ ! -- @ !i-- @ !i-- @ !i>-- @ !iW -- @ !iR -- @ !iM -- @ !ix -- @ !i2-- @ !i-- @ !i-(2 >Flared Landfill gas3)).8)-.-)$ 2 > .2 DW 7.9.. 2  DW  .2  ] R 4.0.. 2  ] R  .2  X M 75.0..- 2 " X M  -2 ~ S x 126.6 .... 2 M S x  --2  ~ 21.69...@Symbol- 2 I ~ 23-2 | ~ 210-.- 2 q ~ 2-- 2 q ~ 29- 2 ~ 2 .2 81.7.. 2 W8 .- @ !;-- @ !;-- @ !R;-- @ !;>-- @ !;D-- @ !;W -- @ !;] -- @ !;R -- @ !;X -- @ !;M -- @ !%;S -- @ !;x -- @ !;~ -- @ !;2-- @ !;8-- @ !;-- @ !;-- @ !qA-- @ !qA-- @ ! -- @ ! -- @ !-- @ !-- @ !R-- @ !R-- @ !qA>-- @ ! >-- @ ! >-- @ ! J-- @ ! J-- @ !qAW -- @ ! W -- @ ! W -- @ !c -- @ !c -- @ !qAR -- @ ! R -- @ ! R -- @ !^ -- @ !^ -- @ !qAM -- @ ! M -- @ ! M -- @ !Y -- @ !Y -- @ !qAx -- @ ! x -- @ ! x -- @ ! -- @ ! -- @ !qA2-- @ ! 2-- @ ! 2-- @ !>-- @ !>-- @ !qA-- @ !qA-- @ ! -- @ ! -- @ !-- @ !--2 a @Times New Roman- 72 5Emission factors are expresse3?! *)%%* %%%)*% !%b2 :d in units of lb pollutant/million standard cubic feet (10*))* ****)&)@*) %)*%*%)*%%&**@Times New Roman- 2 J6- 2 escf) of %*.2 |elandfill gas combusted.%)*)& %+?** %* 2 |l %- 2 b- 42  The emission factor for SOs4)%%? +)%%**.<- 2 2- j2 ? is based on the EPAs (1998) reported average sulfur content,  *% %**))%3/< ****%**%*%)%%)% ))%*)&)2 ;e 46.9 ppmv.*****@) 2 ; %- 2 uc - d2 );Landfill gases are comprised of more than 98% methane. TOCn2%)*)& % %%%+?* %**?*%)&)**E?%)%)%4<772 i  emissions are assumed to be %? !*) %%%! *@%***%2 eTapproximately equal to methane emissions. The TOC emission factor was estimated by %***)?&%(%+)%*?%)&)%&? +) 4)%4<7%@!!*)%%*;% % ?&%**(2 [eZapplying the reported methane control efficiency (EPA, 1998) to the total mass of methane %**(*))%%**%*?&)&)&%*)*%&%)&)3/;*****)%*%?& *@%)&*%[2 e5recovered. In order to convert methane volume to metb%%*)%%*)**%*$*))%?%)&)%)**@%*?%A2  $hane mass, the following conversion )&)%@%! )%*+;*)%**)% +)- ;2 e rate was applied: 42,198 lbs CH%%:% %**%****)** 7<- 2 '4- 2 /10**- 2 , 6- 2 G scf CH &7<- 2 '0 4- 2 K . 2 `  &- 2 Td - 2 zUThe VOC emission factor was estimated by applying the EPAs (1999; 1998) hydrocarbon 4)%<<7&?! *)%%*:& % @%%*+(%**()))%4/; ****)**)*(**%%*))2 eTspeciation profile for LFG (VOC 1.2%, methane 98.7%, ethane 0.1% by weight) and the *%%%*)**%*2.<=<7**E?%)%)%***E%*%)%**E*(;%*)%)*)%2 :eEPA3/;e2 :<s reported flare combustion efficiency of 99.2% for NMOC.  %**%*%%%*?** *)%%&)&(+***E*<J<7 2 :  %- 2 te- q2  D According to the EPA (1998) total PM emissions are equivalent to PM;%%***)*)%3/;***)*%/J%?! ** %%%*)*%%)*/J- 2 X 10- 2   emissions.&?! **  2  &-                    ՜.+,D՜.+,8 px   /6w!A{ STI Appendix Title Page!Attachment J: Resource Recovery Landfill Gas Recovery Emission Factors Activity Data Example Calculations Solid Waste Combustion References Title Headings\ 8@ _PID_HLINKSA %http://tier2.census.gov/dbappweb.htmN.http://www.epa.gov/lmop/projects/projects.htm  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~     !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry F\duData 6R1Table WordDocument~SummaryInformation(pRDocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjj  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q