ࡱ> c cYjbjb `.R %888<P P P 4 &&&h 1*2\rrvo 1E,GR-P ѭoѭѭ  rvC ѭ rP v X D ~ ѭ F X ^P  a&{h01<` K K P D="K= "K TOC \o "1-3" BCIA:  PAGEREF _Toc153816660 \h 2 Driedger: modern principle of contextual construction  PAGEREF _Toc153816661 \h 2 Contextual Issues:  PAGEREF _Toc153816662 \h 2 Grammatical and Ordinary Sense  PAGEREF _Toc153816663 \h 3 Scheme of Act  PAGEREF _Toc153816664 \h 3 Object of Act/Intention of Parliament  PAGEREF _Toc153816665 \h 3 Absurdity:  PAGEREF _Toc153816666 \h 3 Components of Legislation:  PAGEREF _Toc153816667 \h 4 Institutional Framework  PAGEREF _Toc153816668 \h 6 Ruth Sullivan The Plain Meaning Rule and Other Ways to Cheat at S.I  PAGEREF _Toc153816669 \h 7 Statutory Principles and Presumptions  PAGEREF _Toc153816670 \h 7 Ambiguity  PAGEREF _Toc153816671 \h 7 Interpretation Act  PAGEREF _Toc153816672 \h 8 Common Law Principles and Presumptions  PAGEREF _Toc153816673 \h 9 Conflict Between Enactments  PAGEREF _Toc153816674 \h 9 Principle of Associated Meaning  PAGEREF _Toc153816675 \h 9 Ejusdem Generis  PAGEREF _Toc153816676 \h 9 Rule of Effectivity  PAGEREF _Toc153816677 \h 9 Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius  PAGEREF _Toc153816678 \h 9 Uniformity of Expression  PAGEREF _Toc153816679 \h 10 Presumption Relating to Territorial Application  PAGEREF _Toc153816680 \h 10 Individual Rights  PAGEREF _Toc153816681 \h 10 Property Law  PAGEREF _Toc153816682 \h 10 Criminal Law  PAGEREF _Toc153816683 \h 10 Temporal Issues  PAGEREF _Toc153816684 \h 11 Coming Into Force  PAGEREF _Toc153816685 \h 11 Repeal  PAGEREF _Toc153816686 \h 11 Repeal and Replacement  PAGEREF _Toc153816687 \h 12 Temporal operation and application of legislation  PAGEREF _Toc153816688 \h 12 Subordinate Legislation  PAGEREF _Toc153816689 \h 12 BCIA: s. 8: Legislation must be construed as being remedial, and must be given such fair, large and liberal construction and interpretation as best ensures the attainment of its objects -Expansive rather than technical (see Rizzo: protect vulnerable group) -Informed by legislative purpose; strongest for benefit-conferring legisl. s. 2(1): BCIA applies unless there is a clear intention to the contrary Driedger: modern principle of contextual construction The words of an Act are to be read in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament. Contextual Issues: Economic & social realities (Canada 3000) Other statutes, reg. schemes (Canada 3000) Horizontal coherence Legislature speaks w/ a single voice Presumption: legislation coheres w/ other leg. from same legislature (i.e. in terms of word/phrase meanings) Internal coherence An act must be coherent within itself Columbia River Presumption of harmony, coherence and consistency with other statutes dealing w/ same subject matter (Ulybel) Vertical coherence Constitution trumps everything Subordinate legislation must be consistent w/ enabling statute Federal over provincial legislation Human rights over general legislation Sharpe ( where ambiguity arises, interpret to agree w/ constitution Bell ExpressVu Area-specific legal principles (Merk up the ladder; Sharpe child pornography) Entire act: purpose, object Specific section Policy considerations Legiszlative history Transitional (Merk, Rizzo) Changes to wording Re SFU and District of Burnaby ( change in wording changed meaning in law (legislative intent) BCIA s. 37(2) ( change in wording doesnt presumptively = change in meaning of law Possible reference documents in order of weight (Firearms Reference): Briefing notes (strongest) Alternative draft versions of bill House committee reports Hansard (Sharpe) ( frail evidence (Rizzo, Merk) Press releases (weakest) Grammatical and Ordinary Sense Words in legislation are presumed to be used in their usual or ordinary sense, absent clear intention to the contrary Ontario Mushroom; Shaklee meal test for definition of food Plain meaning approach (McIntosh majority) ( a secondary principle Where the language of the statute is plain and admits of only one meaning, the task of interpretation does not arise. As a general rule, interpretation should not add to the terms of the law But plain meaning wont always be the sensible interpretation Particularly when the legislation is intended for a specific group, not the average person (Canada 3000, Shaklee) Dictionaries ( use with caution (McIntosh dissent, Shaklee, Riddell) Useful in Committee for the Commonwealth of Canada Bilingual versions (Canada 3000, Medovarski) Side with narrower meaning; legislative intent Equally authentic, equally authoritative, equally binding Neither has primacy over the other (Canada 3000) Shared meaning Scheme of Act Underlying connections b/w all the specific sections Is a contentious term included in one section and not in another? (McIntosh; Ontario Mushroom) Remedial (Benefit-conferring) Broad, generous interpretation (Rizzo) Ambiguity should be resolved in favour of claimant (Rizzo; Merk) Penal ( Strict construction & application to favour the ". (McIntosh) Regulatory (Merk) ( broad purposive approach Object of Act/Intention of Parliament Look to the problem the statute was enacted to correct (Heydon) Can have multiple objectives Look to purpose statement, title Remedial  BCIA s. 8 (Rizzo, Merk) Absurdity: McIntosh (per Majority): If the language is clear and unambiguous, the plain meaning should be adopted no matter how harsh or absurd the result Parliament has the right to legislate illogically Can be countered by reading in/down (Sharpe) Common sense (Canada 3000, Riddell) 4 Grounds enumerated in Rizzo (Cot) (previous expectation: total insanity) Ridiculous or frivolous consequences Extremely unreasonable or inequitable Illogical or incoherent Incompatible w/ other provisions, or w/ object of legislature Definitions - Means: exhaustive - Includes: non-exhaustive (except in Canada 3000 clear intent to contrary) - BCIA s. 29: Must/shall = imperative; may = permissive Components of Legislation: Title - Considered part of an act, useful for interpretation (BCIA s. 9) - Lane - Committee for the Commonwealth of Canada v. Canada Purpose Section - Binding statements, but tend to be broad - Part of the statute no mention in BCIA b/c assumed to be binding - Signals legislative intent; much more reliable than Hansard or preamble - R. v. T. (V.) (Young Offenders) - National Farmers Union v. Potato Marketing Council (PEI) Preamble - May indicate purpose of legislation or mischief to be addressed (BCIA s. 9) - Re: Anti-Inflation Act - Not determinative, but indicative -Tendency toward vagueness, show goals that are not necessarily accomplished in the legislation Marginal Notes -BC legislature doesnt use marginal notes, but Parliament does Headings -BCIA s. 11: Headings are technically not part of legislation, but they tend to be read as part of it anyway -Lohnes ( as part of whole argument, heading supports decision -Basaraba -Wigglesworth ( Charter headings arent officially part, but have greater weight than headings in other legislation -Wigglesworth: Influence of headings depends on: degree of ambiguity or obscurity of the section length and complexity of the provision homogeneity of provision under the heading generic terminology in the heading presence of system of headings terminology in the heading v. substance of provision Punctuation -Helps with meaning -Not binding (Jaagusta) Schedules -Part of statute, but Act itself takes precedence in case of conflict Bilingual Statutes -Merk -Medovarski: Test -Shared meaning? -Consistency of this meaning w/ Parliamentary intent? -Generally: take narrower meaning, barring intent to contrary Institutional Framework Legislative BranchExecutive BranchJudicial BranchWhat it doesMakes lawAdministers and implements lawInterprets and applies lawRoles Monarch Governor Lieutenant General General  Parliament Senate Legislature  HoC (House of Commons)Monarch  G.G. L.G  P.M. Premier  Cabinet Cabinet  BureaucracyMonarch S.C.C.  C.A.  Provincial Military FederalAccountabilityElectorsLegislature (Principle of Responsible Government)Internal (Appeal Process)Power Limited ByConstitution s.91, 92Constitution/DelegationConstitution/LegislaturePrinciplesDemocratic government Parliamentary Supremacy (less force now; replaced by Constitutional Supre.)Delegated Authority - exercises power conferred to it by the legislature Royal Prerogative - power from the monarch - fairly limitedSeparation of Power Judicial Independence Ruth Sullivan The Plain Meaning Rule and Other Ways to Cheat at S.I Two assumptions: Plain meaning exists in legislative texts Legislatures have intentions when they enact legislation Plain Meaning RuleLegislative IntentAdvantagescertainty safe to trust law as it is written formal equality plain meaning is the same for everyone neutral proxy for strict constructionseparation of power adheres to legislature supports positivist view law is what legislature enacts Judicial Trickstext selection choose which text to be interpreted Co-Text can affect meaning of a text or how plain it is by shrinking or expanding the co-text Shifting Meaning plain meaning may mean: dictionary literal or facial intended audience-based applied If the judge declares the meaning plain then it must be Texts do not contain meaning; meaning must be inferred by readers when the apparent meaning of a text produces an unacceptable result, judges are free to abandon the plain meaning rulepresumed that the context in which the law was enacted is the same as the context it now operates in (Brooks) original meaning rule is relied on to justify the outcome distinguish drafting error from legislative intent doctrine of presumed intent presumes that legislature is reasonable and wants to avoid absurdity and injustice Brooks: legislature may not have read the bill conflicting intentions among MPs impossible to verify intention intention is not voted on(illegitimate difficult to construct the past w/o present influence Statutory Principles and Presumptions Ambiguity Bell ExpressVu Must be a genuine ambiguity, otherwise interpretive principles dont apply Mere disagreement b/w courts or doctrinal writers on the interpretation of a provision isnt necessarily sufficient If unambiguous: Parliament can enact legislation inconsistent w/ constitution (b/c of Parliamentary supremacy & s. 33) Must be real reasonably capable of more than one meaning Must consider entire context Arises only when two or more plausible readings exist, each equally in accordance with the intention of the statute Interpretation Act Tense ( BCIA s. 8 - always speaking - adapt to new circumstances unforeseen at time of enactment Singular/plural interchangeable ( BCIA s. 28(3) Definitions apply to - Entire statute and all regulations under it ( BCIA s. 12,13 - All grammatical forms of a word ( BCIA s. 28(4) Gender ( BCIA s.28(2) - Pronouns include both genders, corporations Referential Incorporation - Pulling provisions of secondary statute into primary statute - Secondary statute applies with necessary changes ( BCIA s.44 - Repeal & replacement of secondary statute is ambulatory: primary statute also changes ( BCIA s.36(1)(f) Can always argue contrary intention to reject application of ambulatory rule and keep original wording - Upon repeal of secondary statute, old meaning survives Powers - Appointment of public officers ( BCIA s.22 - Delegation of powers ( BCIA s.23 Computation of Time Periods BCIA s.25 - Exclude 1st day, include last day e.g. Sept 1 + 21 days = Sept 22 - Clear, at least, not less than ( exclude both 1st & last day e.g. = Sept 23 - Holidays usually included May be excluded if appropriate; e.g. contract for road project - If expiration day falls on holiday ( moves to next day that is not a holiday Calculating Age - Age is reached at start of anniversary of birth date Common Law Principles and Presumptions (Statutes supersede common law principles) Conflict Between Enactments As opposed to overlapping two pieces of legislation that deal w/ same subject matter are not necessarily problematic Conflicts arise when compliance with one would mean breach of the other, etc. Can be negated if there is a paramountcy provision or priority clause ( no conflict b/c legislature has decided which will prevail (uncommon) Where there is conflict, specific typically trumps general (Levis v. Fraternite de Policiers) Principle of Associated Meaning Noscitur a soccis meaning of a term is revealed by associated terms Presumption toward narrower meaning McDiarmid Lumber removes, conceals or disposes ( active requirements, passive behaviour exempted from offence Ejusdem Generis A General phrase will take its meaning from the specific words preceding/around it ( narrows the meaning of the general phrase (basket clause) Ascertain a class that connects the members of the list Exceptions: Legislators may include a list of words that all mean the same thing If the specific terms exhaust the class of terms, then other x must mean something else Rascal Trucking (pile of soil counts as an erection, not as an other matter or thing, which referred to watercourses) Rule of Effectivity Presumption against tautology Words used must have meaning McDiarmid it is presumed that the legislature avoids superfluous or meaningless words, that it does not pointlessly repeat itself or speak in vain Riddell smuggle distinguished from clandestine in act, therefore smuggling must not require an element of clandestine behaviour Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius Principle: If legislation says one thing and doesnt include another that would logically go with it, the other thing can be assumed to be excluded Practice: should be used with great caution Exceptions: (Childrens Aid Society) Express mention used by legislature to emphasize a word, or out of excessive caution Express reference necessary/appropriate in one context but not another In some contexts not excluding a word is enough to assume inclusion Uniformity of Expression Words are deemed to have the same meaning throughout a statute Exception: Sharpe Person normally means a human being, but in one instance in Sharpe it includes an imaginary person Presumption Relating to Territorial Application Canadian law applies to Canada Issues arise in defining Canadian waters Out to 12 nautical miles, not beyond (fishing = 200) Application of Canadian law to things that happen outside of Canada Presumption: federal law only applies to acts committed in Canada Exception: some laws have extra-territorial reach i.e. those against attempts to overthrow the govt, sex tourism, etc. Canada is more reluctant than the US to enact internationally applicable legislation Dont want to encourage more/broader US laws of this kind Application of Charter abroadis complicated Individual Rights Narrow perspective, protect individual rights (Bell ExpressVu) Property Law Strictly construe legislation that limits a persons property rights (i.e. in favour of property owner Land use planning Expropriation No property right under constitution Legislation must be extremely clear No technical reqmt for compensation, but assumed Criminal Law Penal consequences ambiguity used to be strictly construed in favour of the accused McIntosh Majority (plain meaning plays into strict construction) Now shifting to the minority posn in McIntosh Hasselwander Narrow meaning of capable does not further the goal of the law protection of the public Intent is irrelevant statutory interpretation is often well beyond evidence Temporal Issues Coming Into Force Two Ways: By Royal Assent Applies when the bill is silent ( BCIA s.3(2) By proclamation of the Governor in Council or Lieutenant-Governor in Council (as specified in bill) Once a statute is enacted, it may be referred to for interpretation purposes, even if it has not yet commenced. Commences: beginning of the day of CIF Ceases to have effect: end of the day of repeal Repeal Expiration treated as repealed, per BCIA s. 4(4) No Revival ( BCIA s. 35(1)(a) Presumption: common law rule/previous statute before Act is not revived However, court may still choose to revive it Lawful Acts Not Affected ( BCIA s. 35(1)(b) Cannot challenge lawful action taken under the act Repeal doesnt retroactively affect the operation of an enactment Protection For Accrued or Accruing Rights ( BCIA s. 35(1)(c) Does not necessarily affect right or obligation acquired, accrued, accruing or incurred under the act Accrued: already enjoying benefit Accruing: Scott More than a mere right must have taken ownership in some way Right must be inevitably flowing Process must have begun before repeal Presumption against interference, but with clear intent legislature can revoke these rights Offences ( BCIA s. 35(1)(d) Offences committed prior to repeal may still be prosecuted However, Crown usually elects not to proceed with the charge Proceedings ( BCIA s. 35(1)(e) & s. 35(2) Investigation, proceeding or remedy for vested rights or offence under the statute may be initiated, continued, or enforced after its repeal References to repealed legislation ( BCIA s. 35(1)(f) A reference in an unrepealed enactment to a repealed piece of legislation is read as a reference to the new form of the legislation (the new enactment relating to the same subject matter, if one exists) If there is no new form, such references are read as thought the legislation had not been repealed, so far as is necessary to give effect to the unrepealed enactment Repeal and Replacement Personnel ( BCIA s. 36(1)(a) Appointments continue under new act Proceedings ( BCIA s. 36(1)(b) Continued in conformity with new act Procedures ( BCIA s. 36(1)(c) Conform with new act Mitigated Penalty ( BCIA s. 36(1)(d) If punishment varies between time of commission of offence and time of sentencing, the lesser punishment applies (also 11(i) of Charter) Cannot be found guilty of an offence if not an offence at time of occurrence (11(g) of Charter) Regulation ( BCIA s. 36(1)(e) Continue in force under the new act so long as it is consistent with the new provisions Referential Incorporation ( BCIA s. 36(1)(f) Reference to former act replaced by reference to new act No corresponding provision ( former definition continues Temporal operation and application of legislation Temp. Operation The period during which the legislation is legally effective. Temp. Application Time range of situations to which legislation may appropriately be applied. e.g. Any person who is convicted of a criminal offence is ineligible to be called to the Bar. Does the legislation apply to someone who was convicted before the enactment of this law? Retroactivity Law applies as of a time prior to enactment Strong presumption against legislation applying retroactively (unless legislative intent to contrary) Charter s. 11(g): a person cant be punished for an act that wasnt criminal at the time of the act. Subordinate Legislation General Has force of law Is co-equal to statute from which it is derived Subordinate refers to the source of the legislation, not its legal weight regulations must be authorized by an act Results from a delegation of power Statute delegates to GG/LG in council, or a cabinet minister, etc., who creates the subordinate legislation Validity of Subordinate Legislation BCIA s. 1: Regulation means anything enacted A) In execution of a power conferred under an Act B) By or under the authority of the Lieutenant Governor in Council Implied constitutional limitation: regulations are only valid if expressly allowed in enabling clause Policy documents are not binding Can be authoritative, since they indicate how govt will exercise Ministerial instructions, guidelines, circulars, manuals, etc.not binding Regulations vs. directives (Oldman River) Someone must be empowered to make regulations (LG, GG, Minister) BCIA s. 41(1)(a) powers to make regulations are limited to being consistent with parent statute Enabling Clause/Provision Explicit limitations in wording (Oldman River: minister mayestablish guidelines) Regulation power may be limited by context and purpose of enabling Act (Anti-Poverty) Look to legislative intent (Oldman River Parliament intended a binding regulatory scheme) Regulation may be invalid if there is a conflict between express language of enabling clause and a regulation under it Henry VIII clause: regulations can sometimes trump legislation Legally permissible legislature may appeal own authority at any time (Gray) Need express intent to delegate such authority (Waddell)  PAGE 1 See Components of a Statute 123456klmraQh6RQ5:CJaJmHnHu jh6RQUmHnHu j}h6RQUmHnHu"h6RQ5;>*CJaJmHnHujh6RQUmHnHu* jh6RQUmHnHuh6RQmHnHu*jh6RQUmHnHuh6RQmHnHuhfLh6RQmHnHsH uhm0h6RQmH sH jhm0h6RQUmH sH 6,rv ` @  D r  , d  !  ! .Y/Y*CJaJmHnHujh6RQUmHnHuh6RQmHnHu&      @ A [ \ ] ^ _ ` | }   ɹɮɋɮzɹɮiɹɮX jh6RQUmHnHu jSh6RQUmHnHu jh6RQUmHnHu"h6RQ5;>*CJaJmHnHu jYh6RQUmHnHuh6RQmHnHu*h6RQ5:CJaJmHnHujh6RQUmHnHuh6RQmHnHujh6RQUmHnHu* jh6RQUmHnHu" ! ; < = > ? @ f g    # $ > ? @ B ͼ͋͜zi jA h6RQUmHnHu j h6RQUmHnHu jG h6RQUmHnHu jh6RQUmHnHujh6RQUmHnHu* jMh6RQUmHnHuh6RQmHnHu*h6RQ5:CJaJmHnHujh6RQUmHnHuh6RQmHnHu)B C D Q R l m n p q r     & νΝΌzi j5 h6RQUmHnHu"h6RQ5;>*CJaJmHnHu j h6RQUmHnHu j; h6RQUmHnHujh6RQUmHnHu* j h6RQUmHnHuh6RQmHnHu*h6RQmHnHuh6RQ5:CJaJmHnHujh6RQUmHnHu%& ' ( * + , C D ^ _ ` b c d ɹɮɹɮɹɮ{iZjhm0h6RQUmH sH "h6RQ5;>*CJaJmHnHu j)h6RQUmHnHu j h6RQUmHnHu j/ h6RQUmHnHuh6RQmHnHu*h6RQ5:CJaJmHnHujh6RQUmHnHuh6RQmHnHujh6RQUmHnHu* j h6RQUmHnHud C / & F gd6RQ & F n^ngd6RQ & Fgd6RQ ^`gd6RQgd6RQ  hgd6RQgd6RQd^`gd6RQ !  !  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--) ................................(  ................................( g ................................(  ............)12 2-).  --( wT %)E-P)M-)#PORA-`n)jL-) OPERAT-)I-)ON-")8 -) AN-`n)6D-) APPL-`n)kI-)CA-`n)6TI-)(ON OF-P)v -) LE-`n)2G)IS-)$LAT-`n)MI-)O-`n)N --)& ................................( d.....................)12 2-).  --[( RwS-)U-[) BOR-)dD-[) INA-)UT-[)E-) -[) L-)EG-[)AI-)S-[)LA-)@T)I-[)ON-)G ................................( Ru ................................( R ................................( R5..)12 1 Ww [}  2-).  ! ! ! !  ! ! !  ! ! !  ! ! !  ! ! !  ! ! !  ! ! !  ! ! !  ! ! ! ՜.+,D՜.+,h$ `hpx  '"7S Z'Principles of Statutory InterpretationBCIA: Qs. 8: Legislation must be construed as being remedial, and must be given such fH-Expansive rather than technical (see Rizzo: protect vulnerable group) K-Informed by legislative purpose; strongest for benefit-conferring legisl.Hs. 2(1): BCIA applies unless there is a clear intention to the contrary6Driedger: modern principle of contextual constructionQThe words of an Act are to be read in their entire context and in their grammat Contextual Issues:# Grammatical and Ordinary Sense Scheme of Act* Object of Act/Intention of Parliament Absurdity: Components of Legislation:Institutional Framework  FRuth Sullivan The Plain Meaning Rule and Other Ways to Cheat at S.I&Statutory Principles and Presumptions Ambiguity  Interpretation Act'Common Law Principles and Presumptions Conflict Between Enactments$ Principle of Associated Meaning  Ejusdem Generis  Rule of Effectivity * Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius  Uniformity of Expression 4 Presumption Relating to Territorial Application  Individual Rights  Property Law  Criminal LawTemporal Issues  Coming Into Force Repeal4Expiration treated as repealed, per BCIA s. 4(4) No Revival ( BCIA s. 35(1)(a)HPresumption: common law rule/previous statute before Act is not revived-However, court may still choose to revive it,Lawful Acts Not Affected ( BCIA s. 35(1)(b)3Cannot challenge lawful action taken under the actBRepeal doesnt retroactively affect the operation of an enactment?Protection For Accrued or Accruing Rights ( BCIA s. 35(1)(c)QDoes not necessarily affect right or obligation acquired, accrued, accruing or i"Accrued: already enjoying benefitAccruing: ScottAMore than a mere right must have taken ownership in some way"Right must be inevitably flowing &Process must have begun before repealQPresumption against interference, but with clear intent legislature can revoke tOffences ( BCIA s. 35(1)(d);Offences committed prior to repeal may still be prosecuted=However, Crown usually elects not to proceed with the charge*Proceedings ( BCIA s. 35(1)(e) & s. 35(2)QInvestigation, proceeding or remedy for vested rights or offence under the statu6References to repealed legislation ( BCIA s. 35(1)(f)QA reference in an unrepealed enactment to a repealed piece of legislation is reaQIf there is no new form, such references are read as thought the legislation had Repeal and ReplacementPersonnel ( BCIA s. 36(1)(a)$Appointments continue under new actProceedings ( BCIA s. 36(1)(b)%Continued in conformity with new actProcedures ( BCIA s. 36(1)(c)Conform with new act%Mitigated Penalty ( BCIA s. 36(1)(d)PIf punishment varies between time of commission of offence and time of sentenciQCannot be found guilty of an offence if not an offence at time of occurrence (11Regulation ( BCIA s. 36(1)(e)QContinue in force under the new act so long as it is consistent with the new pro-Referential Incorporation ( BCIA s. 36(1)(f)9Reference to former act replaced by reference to new act9No corresponding provision ( former definition continues6 Temporal operation and application of legislationSubordinate Legislation Title HeadingsY 8@ _PID_HLINKS'ADG:,Ymso48  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`bcdefghijklmnpqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwyz{|}~Root Entry F`Data 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