ࡱ>  tbjbjߍ 7l |||||,V`````;;;n,p,p,p,p,p,p,,M/1Z,|;;;;;,(||``,(((;J |`|`n,(;n,(((i>,Г8&.,Z,,0,6,Y2(Y2>,(|>,;;;,,(;;;,Y2;;;;;;;;; B:   Advanced Herbal Training With Steven Horne, RH(AHG) and Thomas Easley, RH(AHG) Botany Module Introduction to Plant Identification Why Learn Botany? Botany helps you to really see plants by teaching you to observe plant structures and growth patterns. Because humans learn patterns easily once you identify the pattern of a plant family youll start to see it everywhere! So you already know how to identify the plants in your area. What if you are not in your area? What if you cant identify the oak tree in front of you because its a different species than the one that grows in your area? Why Learn Botany? Botany is very helpful in learning to identify plants for use as food and medicine, no matter where you are, which will be extremely useful in emergency situations Many plants in the same family have similar constituents. Botany helps you understand these constituents and plant energetics better! Botany is interesting and fun! Learning about botany automatically gains you membership into the botany nerd club! Everywhere you go you will find people with an interest in botany, an instant group of friends. There are even online plant identification contest you can play! Tips for Identifying Plants Plants are classified by their flowers Being able to recognize the flower structures of various major plant families helps you identify plants with greater ease It is also important to learn to see leaf structures and types, roots, fruits and other plant parts so you can see the characteristics that distinguish one plant from another Pick up some local plant guides Take a field botany class at a local college or find an experienced herbalist and go on an herb walk Spend time looking closely at plants, even if you dont know what they are Use plants that you learn, but practice ethical harvesting An emergency is NOT the time to learn plant ID Flower Structures Four Main Flower Parts Sepals (leaf-like brackets at base of the flower) Petals Stamens (male reproductive parts, which produce pollen) Carpels and pistils (female reproductive part, which produces seeds) Calyx The flower ring consisting of the sepals Typically green Encloses the flower before it opens Sepals are modified leaves Sometimes they are the same color as the petals Corolla Ring of petals Typically thinner and brightly colored, petals are also modified leaves There are many identifying factors in the corolla for identifying plant families, such as the number of petals Stamens Consist of a stalk, called a filament, and a head, called an anther The stamens in a flower are collectively called the androecium (from Greek andros oikia: man's house) Carpels and Pistiles Carpels are the female reproductive parts Gynoecium (from Greek gyne or woman and oikos or house) is used as a collective term for all carpels The word pistil is also used to describe discrete units of the gynoecium Carpel/Pistile Structure Ovary (enlarged basil portion, which contains placentas bearing one or more ovules) Style (pillar-like stalk through which pollen tubes grow to reach the ovary) Stigma (part that receives the pollen, usually found at the tip of the style) Ovary Position Superior ovary is situated above the calyx (sepals), also known as hypogynous Partially superior ovary is within a floral cup but not attached to it, also known as perigynous Inferior the ovary is below the calyx (sepals), also known as epigynous Perfect vs. Imperfect Flowers If all four parts of the flower are present, the flower is considered perfect If any part is missing, the flower is referred to as imperfect For example, plants like squashes, have separate male and female flowers Plant Ovaries May be: Simple (just one) Multiple (many simple ovaries) Compound (many ovaries joined together) Ovaries develop into fruits, which house the seeds Flower Symmetry Regular flower is uniformly symmetric, no matter how you cut it in half, the halves will match (actinomorphic) Irregular flowers are either bilateral, meaning there is only one line of symmetry (like the human body) or completely irregular with no axis of symmetry (zygomorphic) Latin Names We know that Latin names are not easy to pronounce. The good thing is that Latin is a dead language, so no one cares how you pronounce it. Just stumble through it the best you can. The benefit of Latin is that since its a dead language its not changing and evolving, names stay the same. Latin names are standardized all over the world. You will see exactly the same terms used to describe plants in China, Africa and Sweden. Latin Plant Names We use Latin names for plants because several plants may share a common name. For instance there are several plants called Queen of the Meadow, yet there is only one Eupatorium purpureum. Each plant has a unique two part name in Latin. The first part is the genus (plural: genera), and its always capitalized. The second part is the species name and its always lowercase. Both the genus and species names are always italicized. These two part names are very similar to the names we use to describe each other. I am of the genus Easley, and species Thomas. Steven is of the genus Horne. Botanical Hierarchy The next level of classification up from the species and genus, is family. Plant families have distinct patterns of similarity as well as a lot in common genetically. Rice and Wheat are both members of the Poaceae family. Both are distinctly different plants. Yet they have a lot of similarities as a plant, and similar uses! The next level of classification above the family is the order. However the orders are sufficiently different from one another that there are not many useful patterns to work with. Rosacea (Rose Family) Rosacea Characteristics Flowers regular 5 distinct and separate petals jointed at the base and 5 distinct and separate sepals on top of a cup-like structure that typically houses the ovary Numerous stamens 1 compound or several simple ovaries Ovaries often partially inferior, with bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens fused together in a cup-like structure called a hypanthium Stipules, leaf-like appendages at the base of the leafstalk, are common Additional Rosacea Info Fruits are achenes (small dry fruits that look like seeds), pomes (apples and pears), drupes (cherries, apricots, plums) or aggregations of drupelets (raspberries, blackberries) The rose family includes trees, shrubs or perennial herbs Prickles, outgrowths of the epidermis are common in this family Rose Energetics Members of the rose family tend to appeal to our sense of beauty and are often very fragrant Fruits are often sweet with an abundance of sugar, vitamin C and bioflavinoids Leaves, roots and stems tend to be astringent with high tannin content Earthy Nature of Rosacea Members of this family are primarily found in temperate zones They tend to be well-rooted plants growing in moist, but not damp, soil Often have the ability to improve tissue structure and tone (holding the earth element or physical structure in a more stable form) Their sweet/sour fruits also nourish and build up tissue and are normally cooling. Symbol of Love Rosacea plants are often used as symbols of love and affection You are the apple of my eye. Shes a peach. Her lips were like cherries. As flower essences they tend to open the heart, promoting feelings of love, inner peace and calm Rosa Genus Roses Over 100 species Rose hips are edible and medicinal, high in vitamin C and bioflavanoids Leaves can be used as a topical cooling astringent Flower petals are edible, make a nice glycerite, tincture or tea with relaxing and uplifting qualities Difficulties Identifying Roses Modern hybrid roses dont have the normal 5 petals. They have been breed to have double or triple rows of petals. A few members of the Rose family resemble Buttercups, with numerous stamens and numerous simple pistils attached to cone like receptacle. However there are usually stipules attached to the leaves of the Rose family and never the Buttercups, so its easy to differentiate. Prunus Genus Cherries, plums, peaches, nectarines, apricots, almonds Edible fruits, which are sometimes used as medicines The leaves and bark of the Prunus Genus all contain slightly different variations of compounds called cyanogenicglycosides. These compounds break down slowly into small amounts of cyandide which sedate tissue irritation. A semi-synthetic derivative of Amygdalin called laetrile is a popular alternative cancer treatment. Peach Family: Rosaceae or Rose Family Genus and Species: Amygdalus persica Taste: Fruit: Sweet, sour. Inner Bark: Sour, bitter, slightly sweet Modern Uses Nervousness, restlessness and insomnia from excess heat Irritation of the stomach and upper GI Vomiting of nervous origins Nausea during pregnancy Gastritis, diarrhea Fair skinned persons with tendencies to sunburn, irritation from mild heat, allergies, autoimmune overactivity, heat and irritation on the skin and mucosa. Matt Wood Rubus Genus Raspberry, blackberry, thimbleberry, dewberry, salmonberry Fruits are used for food Raspberry leaves are commonly used for tea, but other species work, too Blackberry root is an astringent for diarrhea Rubus Fruits Raspberry Leaf Family: Rosaceae Genus and Species: Rubus idaeus, R. strigosus Other names: Red Raspberry, Framboise, European Raspberry Part(s) Used: Leaves Modern Uses Pregnancy tonic Labor Postpartum bleeding Heavy menstruation, irregular and painful Intestinal ailments Diarrhea Sore throat Stomach aches Crataegus Genus Over 200 species (72 in North America on USDA website) Pomes (berries) have been used medicinally, along with leaves and twigs for strengthening the heart, adrenals and digestion Fruits have also been used as food Hawthorn Family: Rosaceae or Rose family Genus and Species: Crataegus spp. Part Used: Berries, Leaves and Flowers Indications Hawthorn is specific for all heart-related ailments. Irritable, nervous heart conditions. Senile heart, degenerative changes of the heart muscle. Hypertension. Angina, Arrhythmia, Tachycardia ADHD with digestive weakness, irritability and insomnia. Potentilla About 500 species Common Tormentil (Potentilla erecta) has more tannin than oak bark, and is one of the astringents. Used for diarrhea, dysentery and sore throats The root is antibiotic, strongly astringent and hemostatic. Other potentillas have been used by Native Americans in a similar manner. Alchemilla Genus There are about 300 species Alchemilla vulgaris (Ladys Mantle) is used medicinally to stop heavy menstrual bleeding and tone the uterus Other species are likely useful Ladys Mantle Family: Rosaceae Genus and Species: Alchemilla mollis, A. vulgaris, A. xanthochlora, Other names: Dewcup, Hairy Mantle, Lions Foot Part(s) Used: Aerial Modern Uses Fine tissue tears eardrums etc Vaginitis, leucorrhea as a douche Dysmenorrhea Amenorrhea Menorrhagia Endometriosis internally and in sitz baths Cystic breast Menopause Wounds, sores - topically Filipendula Genus Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria and other species) Analgesic remedy (contains salycilates) Used to settle acid indigestion and ease minor pain Meadowsweet Family: Rosaceae Genus and Species: Filipendula ulmaria Other names: Meadwort, Queen of the Meadow Part Used: Leaves, Flowers, Arial parts Modern Uses Digestive issues: Acid indigestion and reflux, heartburn, gastritis Peptic ulcers Diarrhea and abdominal cramps Irritable bowel syndrome Pain Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammation of the nerves, muscles and skin Arthritis, bursitis Muscle pain Headaches Agrimonia Genus Agrimonia eupatoria is the commonly used species of Agrimony, but other species may be used to Agrimony is an astringent, particularly effective for bladder and kidney relaxation or tension. Amelanchier Genus About 20 species of shrubs and small trees, common names juneberry, saskatoon, serviceberry Edible berries, used by Native Americans to make pemmican More Useful Roseacea Plants Chokeberry (Aronia) Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus) Avens (Geum) Strawberry (Frageria) Pink Root (Horkelia) Bitterbrush (Purshia) Cotoneaster Mountain Ash (Sorbus) Pyracantha Apples (Malus) Pears (Pyrus) Quince (Cydonia) Loquat (Eriobotrya) Loquat Family: Rosaceae Genus and Species: Eriobotrya japonica Other names: Chinese plum, Japanese plum Part used: Fruit, leaves Modern Uses Dry cough with sore throat - Fruit syrup Coughing due to heat in the lungs. Chronic and acute bronchitis. leaf Thirst due to summer heat can be treated with Loquat leaf tea. Asteracea (Composite) Asteracea Characteristics Also known as Compositae Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy or sunflower family About 1620 genera in 12 subfamilies More than 22,750 currently accepted species Flowers occur in heads which are composed of many flowers that appear to be one flower The head or inflorecence is called a calathidium or capitulum The base of the capitulum is formed of bracts that simulate sepals Flowers have five petals fused at the base to form a corolla tube, they may be regular (disk flowers) or irregular (ray flowers) Asteracea Flowers Flowers in the Asteracea family appear to be one flower, when in reality they are heads of many flowers Each individual petal in a daisy is actually a separate flower called a ray flower (usually sterile) The center flowers are called disk flowers Flower Closeup Structure of Flowers Ray flower Disk flower Examples Dandelion: All Ray Flowers Western Coneflower: All Disk Flowers Asteracea Energetics Members of the Asteracea family are examples of many individuals acting as if they are one This family promotes synthesis, harmony, balance, integration and co-operation Asteracea medicines tend to harmonize internal function Sunny Nature The most common flower color in the Asteracea is yellow Botanists have called them the DYC (dirty or damned yellow composites) because they can be hard to tell apart White is also a common color They often appear sunny like a golden sun with its rays of light Asteracea plants are most plentiful in open, dry areas Thistles The term thistle generally applies to plants in the Asteracea (Composite) family that are prickly and may include any of the following genera: Carduus Musk Thistle and others Carlina Carline Thistle Centaurea Star Thistle Cicerbita Sow Thistle Cirsium Common Thistle, Field Thistle and others Cnicus Blessed Thistle Echinops Globethistle Notobasis Syrian thistle Onopordum Cotton Thistle, also known as Scots or Scotch Thistle Scolymus Golden Thistle or Oyster Thistle Silybum Milk Thistle Sonchus Sow Thistle Thistle Signatures Milk Thistle, Blessed Thistle and other species of thistle are upright, very prickly and sturdy They are warrior plants and grow to protect land that has been overgrazed or abused and allow it to heal Thistles are difficult to kill with herbicides and hard to eradicate, so they are considered noxious weeds These qualities relate to the liver, both physically and emotionally They resist toxins and help the liver detoxify They increase a persons ability to stand up for themselves Thistles as Food Many thistle stems and roots are edible They are difficult to peel, but some have a juicy taste like celery, others are pithy Roots can be bitter, some have an artichoke-like taste Thistles Considered Noxious Weeds in the Western US Carduus genus C. acanthoides (Plumeless thistle) C. nutans (Musk thistle) C. pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) C. lanatus (Distaff thistle) Centaurea solstitialis (Yellow starthistle) Circium genus C. arvense (Canadian thistle) C. canescens (Platte thistle) C. ochrocentrum (Yellowspine thistle) C. foliosum (Leafy thistle) C. undulatum (Wavyleaf thistle) C. vulgare (Bull thistle) Onopordum acanthium (Scotch or Cotton thistle) Silybum marianum (Milk thistle) Scotch or Cotton thistle More Thistles Milk Thistle Family: Asteraceae Genus and Species: Carduus Marianus Silybum Marianum Other names: St. Marys Thistle Part(s) Used: Seeds, aeriel parts Modern Uses Can slow liver disease of all causes Inhibits or minimizes liver damage caused by chemicals or viruses Can be beneficial for people undergoing chemotherapy. Cirrhosis of the liver or hepatic congestion due to alcoholic habits. May prevent or treat gallstones Aids in production of milk in nursing mothers Liver damage due to Amanita verna, the deathcap mushroom. Sonchus Genus Commonly known as Sow Thistle Young leaves are edible as a salad or potherb, but are bitter Stem has a milky, latex-type sap Taraxacum Genus Dandelions Six species Common dandelion is T. officinale Common garden weed useful as both food and medicine Dandelion Family: Asteraceae or Aster family Genus and Species: Taraxacum officinalis Other names: Blow ball, peasants clock, cankerroot, Taste: Bitter, slightly sweet Modern Uses Liver congestion with a stuffy feeling under the right rib cage. Weak digestion from poor bile flow Arthritis Gout High blood pressure (leaves) Edema (leaves) Elevated blood sugar Tragopogon Genus Commonly known as goatsbeard, salsify or oyster plant A genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family Produces edible, slightly bitter leaves and large edible roots Dandelion-Like Seed Heads Lactuca Genus Dozens of cultivated species, hundreds of wild species Includes varieties of garden lettuce (L. sativa) and wild lettuce (L. serriola) which is used medicinally Wild lettuce is a common garden weed Garden and Wild Lettuce Wild Lettuce Family Asteraceae Genus and Species: Lactuca virosa, L. serriola Other names: Opium Lettuce Part Used: Leaves, milky white sap (latex) Modern Uses and Indications Insomnia Cough Minor pain (usually combined with other herbs) Matthew Wood calls Wild Lettuce the herbal street person. It is indicated for people who dont care about their shabby physical appearance and have a cold, hard, distant energy Senecio Genus Contains 1,250 species, including leaf, stem and tuber succulents, annuals, perennials, aquatics, climbers, shrubs and small trees S. vulgaris is used medicinally, but is also considered poisonous Senecio contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids Senecio vulgaris Helianthus Genus 52 species including sunflowers (H. annuus) and Jerusalem artichoke (H. tuberosus) Jerusalem artichoke is a rich source of inulin Sunflower seeds are edible, leaves medicinal Inula Genus Commonly known as Elecampane Used as a respiratory remedy and an antiparasitic or gut healing remedy Inula helenium is the commonly used Western species, but I. japonica and I. racemosa are also used. Elecampane Family: Asteraceae or Aster family Genus and Species: Inula helenium Other names: Scabwort, elf dock, inula Part used: root Modern Uses Acute bronchitis with deep mucus Yellow or green mucus Mucus that causes indigestion Persistent coughing with pain beneath the sternum Chronic cough turning into asthma Whooping cough Sickly children with reoccurring infection Echinacea Genus Also known as coneflower Nine species endemic to central and north America Long history as an antimicrobial agent, immunomodulator and remedy for candida & vaginal yeast infections E. purpurea and several other species are quite easy to grow Echinacea Family: Asteraceae (Aster or sunflower family) Genus and species: Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea, E. pallida Other names: Purple cone flower, black sampson, scurvy root, Indian head, black susans and hedgehog Parts Used: Flower or root Modern Uses Internally Abnormal Pap Smears (as bolus) Bacterial and viral infections Works best taken in early stages of infection Cancer (support therapy) Inflammatory Conditions Bronchitis, cystitis, mastitis, prostatitis, tonsillitis and laryngitis Strep Throat Topically Additive to topical antibiotic preparations Boils, carbuncles Gangrene Odorous wounds Poisonous bites and stings Prevents skin damage from UV sunlight Pus filled wounds Ulcerations and bedsores Flower Essence Indications Shattered sense of self due to trauma or abuse Lack of self-esteem Helps a person maintain a sense of self-integrity in the midst of traumatic or shattering forces Builds core integrity: accurate sense of self and not-self Arnica Genus Also known as leopard's bane, wolf's bane, and mountain tobacco Used homeopathically to heal injuries and bruising Arnica Family: Asteraceae Genus and Species: Arnica montana Other names: Mountain Tobacco, Leopard's Bane Herbal Indications Acute weakness of the heart Loss of cardiac output due to aging Weakened heart (senile heart) Coronary Artery Disease with or without angina Angina Pulse feeble and irregular Use with caution internally, poisonous. Homeopathic Indications Arnica is used topically on injuries where the skin is not broken to reduce swelling and pain Internally, arnica is especially suited to cases when any injury, however remote, seems to have caused the present trouble. Specific homeopathic indications Limbs and body ache as if beaten; joints as if sprained. Sore, lame, bruised feeling. Rheumatism of muscular and tendinous tissue, especially of back and shoulders. Fears touch, or the approach of anyone. Nervous; cannot bear pain; whole body oversensitive. Flower Essence Indications Species used: Arnica mollis Indications Disassociation due to shock or trauma Deep-seated trauma due to profound emotional shock Unconscious Emotional bruising Cichorium Genus Commonly known as chicory or endive 2 cultivated species, 4-6 wild species Includes Endive (Cichorium endivia) Common chicory (Cichorium intybus) Chamomile Several species: Matricaria recutita (chamomile) Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile) Matricaria discoidea (pineapple weed) Chamomile, German Family: Asteraceae or Aster family Genus and Species: Matricaria recutita Other Names: Chamomillia recutita Part Used: Flowers Flower Essence Helps children and adults who are moody and irritable Promotes a calm, even and sunny disposition Helps maintain emotional balance Modern Uses Indigestion, gas, stomach pain, gastritis and gastric ulcers. Externally for burns, ulcers and wounds. It is a mild sedative for nervousness and nightmares, it is especially beneficial for infants and elders who are restless when attempting to sleep. Useful remedy for colds, flu and fevers in children when combined with elderflowers, peppermint and/or yarrow Used homeopathically for teething, irritability and fussiness in infants Erigeron Genus 173 species found across North America Commonly known as fleabanes Species are annual, biennial and perennial. Plants have erect stems and white, lavender or pink ray flowers or yellow disc flowers Erigeron (fleabane) Family: Compositae or Asteracea Genus and Species: Erigeron canadense, Conyza canadensis (other species of fleabanes have also been used as medicine) Other names: Colt's-tail, Pride-weed, Scabious Part used: Aerial parts Indications Frequent urination Kidney stones with water retention Capillary bleeding Watery diarrhea (with or without infectious organisms) Ulcerative Colitis Leaky Gut Postpartum bleeding (oil) 1-5 drops Active hemorrhage (oil) 1-5 drops Tussilago Genus Also known as coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) Used as a cough remedy Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids Blooms in early spring (before leaves appear) Grindelia Genus Species have bright yellow flowers indigenous to much of the United States Commonly called curlycup gumweed. Rich in amorphous resins, tannic acid and volatile oils Used primarily for the lungs, coughing, asthma and bronchitis Grindelia Family: Asteraceae Genus and Species: Grindelia camporum and other Grindelia sp. Other names: Gumweed, Gum plant Part Used: Flowering tops, leaves Modern Uses Valuable for blocked airways, clears mucus build-up Bronchitis Asthma Emphysema Whooping cough Helpful remedy for trapped mucus, especially in combination with plantain Works well with lobelia in asthma Used topically for: Poison ivy and poison oak Skin ulcerations, wounds, cuts, abrasions Tanecetum Genus Commonly known as Tansy Scent similar to that of camphor with hints of rosemary Used in organic gardening to repel pests Vermifuge Achillea Genus Yarrow Widespread in the wild over North America Cultivated in gardens, perennial, easy to grow Leaves are used to heal wounds, flowers as a medicine for fevers A. millefolium is the most commonly use species Characteristics Small composite blossoms Fern-like leaves Distinct aroma Yarrow Flowers Yarrow Family: Asteracea (Compositae) Species: Achillea millefolium Other names: Wound wort, soldiers herb Modern Uses Good anti-inflammatory indicated in cases of inflammatory bowel disease and irritation of the bladder and urethra. Diaphoretic useful for colds and flu. Astringent and styptic useful for menorrhagia, leucorrhea, hemoptysis, gastric disorders and hemorrhoids. Useful tonic for prolapsed uterus or rectum, colitis, and chronic diarrhea. Artemisia Genus Hardy herbs & shrubs known for their volatile oils and bitterness Includes wormwood, mugwort, tarragon and sagebrush Used medicinally as a tonic, stomachic, febrifuge and anthelmintic More Artemisia Plants Arctium Genus Any of a group of biennial thistles grown worldwide Have dark green leaves up to 28" (71cm) long Generally large, coarse and ovate, with woolly undersides Leafstalks are generally hollow Burdock (A. lappa) is commonly used as a food and medicine Ambrosia Genus 41 species worldwide Prefer dry, sunny grassy plains, sandy soils, river banks & roadsides Commonly known as ragweed Known for the severe and widespread allergies caused by its pollen Can be used as a medicine to counteract allergies Ambrosia Family: Asteraceae Genus and Species: Ambrosia artemisifolia (common), A. trifida (great) and other A. species Other names: Annual Ragweed, Bitterweed, Blackweed, Carrot Weed, Hay Fever Weed, Roman Wormwood, Stammerwort, Stickweed, Tassel Weed, Wild Tansy, and American Wormwood Part Used: Leaves Modern Uses Allergy prevention, especially for ragweed induced hay fever Burning itchy eyes and eustachian tubes Fluid discharge from eyes and nose Cat allergies causing asthma (with goldenrod) Lessens the itching between the back of the throat and the middle ear Eupatorium Genus A robust perennial native to many areas of Europe Also known as boneset, snakeroot, thoroughwort, and hemp-agrimony Flowers are fluffy and pale dusty pink or whitish Leaves used as a wrap around splints to help mend broken bones Petasites Genus Also known as butterbur Used as a respiratory and headache remedy Contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids Solidago Genus Perennial species found in meadows and waste areas across North America Also known as goldenrod Cultivated and wild species contain rubber for industrial Used for irritation and inflammation caused by bacterial infections and kidney stones Goldenrod Family: Asteraceae Genus and Species: Solidago canadensis, S. virgaurea and other spp. Part Used: Leaves, roots, flowers Modern Uses Laryngitis and pharyngitis (as a gargle), Nasal mucus where the infection is stubborn Upper respiratory congestion Allergies, especially to cats Irritated and stagnant urinary system; urine dark, scanty; or clear, copious (Wood) Infused in oil as a muscle rub Emotional: Signature: Has golden blooms in the late fall Helpful for people who feel worn out by life, like they are standing on their last leg Feeling of Wheres the nearest chair? 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What if you are not Why Learn Botany?Y Botany is very helpful in learning to identify plants for use as food and mediciY Many plants in the same family have similar constituents. Botany helps you under( Botany is interesting and fun! Y Learning about botany automatically gains you membership into the botany nerd cl Tips for Identifying Plants/ Plants are classified by their flowersY Being able to recognize the flower structures of various major plant families heY It is also important to learn to see leaf structures and types, roots, fruits an( Pick up some local plant guidesY Take a field botany class at a local college or find an experienced herbalist anS Spend time looking closely at plants, even if you dont know what they areC Use plants that you learn, but practice ethical harvesting7 An emergency is NOT the time to learn plant IDFlower Structures Four Main Flower Parts: Sepals (leaf-like brackets at base of the flower) Petals@ Stamens (male reproductive parts, which produce pollen)M Carpels and pistils (female reproductive part, which produces seeds) Calyx1 The flower ring consisting of the sepals Typically green, Encloses the flower before it opens# Sepals are modified leaves8 Sometimes they are the same color as the petals Corolla Ring of petalsP Typically thinner and brightly colored, petals are also modified leavesY There are many identifying factors in the corolla for identifying plant families StamensL Consist of a stalk, called a filament, and a head, called an antherY The stamens in a flower are collectively called the androecium (from Greek andro Carpels and Pistiles2 Carpels are the female reproductive partsY Gynoecium (from Greek gyne or woman and oikos or house) is used as a collective Q The word pistil is also used to describe discrete units of the gynoecium  Carpel/Pistile StructureY Ovary (enlarged basil portion, which contains placentas bearing one or more ovulU Style (pillar-like stalk through which pollen tubes grow to reach the ovary)V Stigma (part that receives the pollen, usually found at the tip of the style) Ovary PositionX Superior ovary is situated above the calyx (sepals), also known as hypogynousY Partially superior ovary is within a floral cup but not attached to it, also kR Inferior the ovary is below the calyx (sepals), also known as epigynous" Perfect vs. Imperfect FlowersV If all four parts of the flower are present, the flower is considered perfectG If any part is missing, the flower is referred to as imperfectS For example, plants like squashes, have separate male and female flowers Plant Ovaries May be:; Ovaries develop into fruits, which house the seeds Flower SymmetryY Regular flower is uniformly symmetric, no matter how you cut it in half, the hY Irregular flowers are either bilateral, meaning there is only one line of symm Latin Names= We know that Latin names are not easy to pronounce. Y The good thing is that Latin is a dead language, so no one cares how you pronounY The benefit of Latin is that since its a dead language its not changing and evY Latin names are standardized all over the world. You will see exactly the same t Latin Plant NamesY We use Latin names for plants because several plants may share a common name. FoY Each plant has a unique two part name in Latin. The first part is the genus (pluY These two part names are very similar to the names we use to describe each other Botanical HierarchyT The next level of classification up from the species and genus, is family. Y Plant families have distinct patterns of similarity as well as a lot in common gY Rice and Wheat are both members of the Poaceae family. Both are distinctly diffeY The next level of classification above the family is the order. However the ordeRosacea (Rose Family) Rosacea Characteristics Flowers regularY 5 distinct and separate petals jointed at the base and 5 distinct and separate s Numerous stamens- 1 compound or several simple ovariesY Ovaries often partially inferior, with bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens P Stipules, leaf-like appendages at the base of the leafstalk, are common Additional Rosacea InfoY Fruits are achenes (small dry fruits that look like seeds), pomes (apples and peB The rose family includes trees, shrubs or perennial herbsH Prickles, outgrowths of the epidermis are common in this family Rose EnergeticsY Members of the rose family tend to appeal to our sense of beauty and are often vW Fruits are often sweet with an abundance of sugar, vitamin C and bioflavinoidsO Leaves, roots and stems tend to be astringent with high tannin content Earthy Nature of RosaceaF Members of this family are primarily found in temperate zonesP They tend to be well-rooted plants growing in moist, but not damp, soilY Often have the ability to improve tissue structure and tone (holding the earth Title Headingsd  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnpqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry Fކ81TableUi2WordDocument7SummaryInformation(o,$DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObj` F Microsoft Word 97-2004 DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8