ࡱ> |~{ vUbjbjVV 3X<<8%%$ $ ggggg{{{8D\{4SV"_4a4a4a4a4a4a46j9Ja49ga4gg4DDD.gg_4D_4DDR$/710'X{.[0K4404y09.9<11`9g1XDa4a4D49$ -: Name: __________________________________________ Pd: ____________ Introduction Plants transform sunlight to chemical energy by means of photosynthesis (photo=light, synthesis=putting together). During the process, plants fix carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen and water (called transpiration). Measurements of photosynthesis are needed for comparing and understanding productivity of vegatation and their response to environmental stresses. Photosynthesis, generally, is the synthesis of sugar from HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" \o "Light"light, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" \o "Carbon dioxide"carbon dioxide and water, with HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" \o "Oxygen"oxygen as a waste product. It is the most important biochemical pathway known; nearly all life depends on it. It is a complex process, comprised of many coordinated biochemical reactions. It occurs in most HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" \o "Plant"plants, as well as HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae" \o "Algae"algae, some HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium" \o "Bacterium"bacteria, and some HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist" \o "Protist"protists, organisms collectively referred to as HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoautotroph" \o "Photoautotroph"photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis uses the energy of light to make the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" \o "Sugar"sugar, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" \o "Glucose"glucose. A simple general HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equation" \o "Chemical equation"equation for photosynthesis follows. 6CO2 + 6H2O + light ! C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water + light energy ! glucose + oxygen Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first phase light-dependent reactions or photosynthetic reactions (also called the Light reactions) capture the energy of light and use it to make high-energy molecules. During the second phase, the light-independent reactions (also called the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle" \o "Calvin cycle"Calvin-Benson Cycle, and formerly known as the Dark Reactions) use the high-energy molecules to capture HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" \o "Carbon dioxide"carbon dioxide (CO2) and make the precursors of glucose. In the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-dependent_reaction" \o "Light-dependent reaction"light-dependent reactions the pigment HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll" \o "Chlorophyll"chlorophyll absorbs light and loses an HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" \o "Electron"electron that travels down an HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" \o "Electron transport chain"electron transport chain producing the high energy molecules HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADPH" \o "NADPH"NADPH and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" \o "Adenosine triphosphate"ATP. The chlorophyll molecule regains its electron by taking one from a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" \o "Water"water molecule through a process called HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolysis" \o "Photolysis"photolysis that releases HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" \o "Oxygen"oxygen gas as a byproduct. In the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-independent_reaction" \o "Light-independent reaction"Light-independent or dark reactions the enzyme HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBisCO" \o "RuBisCO"RuBisCO captures HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO2" \o "CO2"CO2 from the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" \o "Earth's atmosphere"atmosphere and in a complex process called the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin-Benson_cycle" \o "Calvin-Benson cycle"Calvin-Benson cycle releases 3-carbon sugars which are later combined to form HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" \o "Glucose"glucose. Photosynthesis may simply be defined as the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms. It is affected by its surroundings and the rate of photosynthesis is affected by the concentration of carbon dioxide, light intensity and the temperature. There are three main factors that affect photosynthesis. These factors are: Light HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance" \o "Irradiance"irradiance and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" \o "Wavelength"wavelength, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" \o "Carbon dioxide"carbon dioxide HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration" \o "Concentration"concentration, and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" \o "Temperature"temperature. Photosynthesis and respiration: Virtually all oxygen in the atmosphere is thought to have been generated through the process of photosynthesis. All cellular respiration based organisms (including plants) utilize this oxygen and produce CO2. Thus, photosynthesis and respiration are interlinked, with each process depending on the products of the other. The global amount of photosynthesis is on the order of a trillion kg of dry organic matter produced per day, and respiratory processes convert about the same amount of organic matter to CO2. A large part (probably the majority) of photosynthetic productivity occurs in open oceans, mostly by oxygenic prokaryotes. Without photosynthesis, the oxygen in the atmosphere would be depleted within several thousand years. It should be emphasized that plants respire just like any other higher organism, and that during the day this respiration is masked by a higher rate of photosynthesis. Objectives: To test the ability of plants to synthesis their food (sugars). To demonstrate the effect of light, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll on photosynthesis. Procedure: You will be conducting several experiments to test the role of light, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll on the photosynthesis process. Record the results and answer all the questions in the spaces provided. EXPERIMENTS: Experiment 1: Testing for starch using iodine as an indicator (every student should do this experiment). Make a solution of starch and water. Note that starch is not soluble in water. Transfer few drops of the starch/water solution in to a Petri dish and add a drop of iodine to the mixture. Record the change of the color. Put a drop of iodine on a piece of white printer paper. Record the change of the color. Explain the changes. Results: Mixture of Starch/Water: Paper: Interpretation of the results: Experiment II: Importance of sun light for photosynthesis: Place one corn plant in the dark for at least twenty four hours (Plant 1). Keep another corn plant exposed to sunlight (growth lamps) for 2 (Plant 2). Test Plant 1 and plant 2 for the presence of starch as outlined below: Detach a leaf from each of Plant 1 and Plant 2. Plunge each leach into boiling water, in order to kill the leaf, and then place it in a warm ethanol which gradually dissolves out the chlorophyll. After all the chlorophyll has been extracted; the leaf appears a dirty cream color (off white color). Carefully take the leave out and place it on a white sheet of paper or in a Petri dish. Apply a drop of iodine on the leave and record any changes in the color of the leaves. If the color changes to blue-black or dark brown, this indicates the presence of starch. Record your results? Discuss the role of sunlight in photosynthesis? Results of experiment II: Role of light in photosynthesis: Experiment III: Role of atmospheric Carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. Incubate a corn plant in a sealed container/Bell jar (Plant A). Deprive the incoming air in the container from carbon dioxide by passing it through the soda lime. Place in the jar caustic potash which will absorb any carbon dioxide which might be in the jar. (* see bar jar setup below) Keep another corn plant (Plant B) exposed to sunlight. This is considered as a positive control plant. Test the leaves of plant A and plant B for the presence of starch as explained in Experiment II. Record your results and explain your findings? Discuss the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis? Results of experiment III: Role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis: Experiment 3 Bell Jar Setup:  Air Pump: fish tank or any other simple air pump will work. You want the air to be pumped toward the bell jar (to the right in the image above). Rubber Stopper: Rubber stopper with 2 holes in it for two tubes (one in and one out flow of air). Each flask will need one of these. Soda Lime: Soda lime in the first flask. This will pull the carbon dioxide out of the air. Water in 2nd Flask: this will remove any of the soda lime in the air from the 1st flask. The in tube should be below the water level so air bubbles up. Empty Flask: any water vapor will collect here. ABCPQR " 9 C D I J L M       N O T U \ ] ܸԸܚܸܸԸܸhqlhY]5>*hqlhY]0J5>*B*phhkjhkUhQghY]5\hQghY]6]hqlhY]5 hQghY]hs:hY] hY]5\ h05\ hs:5\<BCPQ V1=J $a$gd -D`M gd$-D`M ^a$gdQg$-D`M a$gdQg$a$gdQg$ ,p@ P !$a$gdmbgdmb # $ o p ~  rtNP`bvhQhY]5CJ\aJ hY]5\hQghY]5H*\hQghY]5\hqlhY]0J>*B*phhs:hN}0J5>*B*phhs:0J5>*B*phhqlhY]0J5>*B*phh4hY]0J5>*B*phhkjhkU hQghY].0Tr9KLIJXY]^YZefBC[\#$'(mѽѽѽѽѽѽѽѭѽhqlhY]5hQghY]H*hqlhY]0J5>*B*phhkjhkUhQghY]6] hQghY]hQghY]5\hQghY]5H*\Dmn !01lmst%&cdklvwBC&'./0=>[`uܾ hqlhY] h<2vhY]hY]hqlhY]5"hqlhY]0J5>*B*H*ph hQghY]hqlhY]0J5>*B*phhkjhkUE+,679:;<GHIJi9:hi !Z![!!!!!!!t""""ʸʪʪʣ| hP5 h5hN} hjsh0 h05 hY]5hqlhY]\ hY]5\hhY]5CJH*aJhs:5CJaJhY]5CJaJhhY]5CJaJhhY]CJaJhY] h<2vhY] hqlhY]hkjhkU0 !!A!!!!!!*"+"s"u#$ ,p@ P !$^a$gd0"$ & F ,p@ P !$a$gd0!$ & F ) p@ P !$a$gdQg"$ & F ,p@ P !$a$gdmb s"t"""""?##)$@$A$K$d${{n $ $a$gd $ ,p@ P !$a$gd_("$ & F ,p@ P !$a$gd2:"$ & F ,p@ P !$a$gdmb$ ,p@ P !$a$gd0 ""## ##&#(#>#?#A#I#J#V#W#[#########,$A$B$K$c$d$e$f$r$s$$$$$$$$$$$.%n%&&:'M'X'^'''''''''K(L(M(T(ÿøøøøøíh h3Wc5 hDhF5h3Wch3WcB* php h hVZhDhF h h3Wc hm75\h h3Wc5\h hs:h hY]5hP h2:hY]hY] hY]5?d$e$f$g$h$o$p$q$r$s$$$$$$$$$$ & F ,p@ P !$gd3Wc$ ,p@ P !$a$gd_( $gd $ $a$gd $.%z%%%%%&&&&O'P'(~~~~  ,p@ P !$^gd3Wc & F ,p@ P !$gd3Wc ) p@ P !$*^*gd3Wc" & F ) p@ P !$0`0gd3Wc ((K(L(M(i(j(k(l(m(n((kkkkkk%$ & F ) p@ P !$^a$gd3Wc & F $^gd3Wc & F ,p@ P !$gd3Wc" & F ) p@ P !$0`0gd3Wc ) p@ P !$gd%\ T(e(i(k(l(m(n((((((((()*****4+;+M+Q+T+V+++++++·pcUhhmHnHtH uh5mHnHtH u'jhkhG/5UmHnHtH u h5 hY]5 hDhF5h(hY]5 h(hm7h h(hY]h(hY]5\hhY]B*phhY]hh3WcB*phh3Wch3WcB* php h h h h3Wc h h3Wch h3Wc5 hm75 (((((((((((m"$ & F ,p@ P !$a$gdmb$ & F $a$gd2 ,p@ P !$gd$ ,p@ P !$a$gd_("$ & F ,p@ P !$a$gd3Wc (**i*j*****3+4+Q+x$ & F $^a$gd^"$ & F ,p@ P !$a$gdmbgdm7#$ ,p@ P !$^a$gdV]&$ & F ,p@ P !$0`0a$gdmb Q+R+S+T+U+V+++++++++++++!$ & F ) p@ P !$a$gd%$ & F ) p@ P !$^a$gd%$ & F ) p@ P !$^a$gd^+++;,,---TPURUSUUUVUXUYU[U\UeUfUgU &`#$gd/!$ & F ) p@ P !$a$gd!$ & F ) p@ P !$a$gd+:,;,J,,,,--'-)-0-1-]-^-a-l-n----TTXTYT]TTTTTOUPUQUSUTUVUWUYUZU\U]UcUdUeUfUgUhUnUoUpUqUrUsUuUvUƴhG/0JmHnHuh h0Jjhk0JUhTjhTUUhhH* hh h5!hh5H*mHnHtH uh5mHnHtH uhhmHnHtH u6Rubberf stopper for bell jar: this rubber stopper needs only 1 hole for an input tube. The air coming into the bell jar should now be free of carbon dioxide. Plant and Caustic potash: in the bell jar you should place the corn plant and a small beaker of potash. The potash will absorb any carbon dioxide that the plant breathes out.     PAGE  PAGE 1 gUrUsUtUuUvU!$ & F ) p@ P !$a$gd &`#$gd/1 0:ps:/ =!"#$%h 2=Dd)! ijt  s PA@?FED13143Picture 1bj<sf #08F<D n><sf #08PNG  IHDR. gAMA|Q pHYs )I;IDATx^}x\ձw{oժwKܫܻqwL5-q RHH%yB:b0plH{V{wWmW*Dt>lK̙3gΜ9s!L)@,>e4%.S2 f!2%.S2MgњfJ\%zp2 t|k]cd@|_ cɣɇI$cnŇU:'P&*0GZR١R;)ipb;؍L|q B >W3? K'^XkJEv(nk5'坻topy';wL:}ybD\@+ۘ"vuj[ښ"σ8է&G%:.jj.w.0k N'? z)Gq|ϞQ1Ik+FFM^Nnq{ɐٌJ\zRh"(c'q#7463?'W$ ;O̢ۡ8X![(fUK쐄Խ͡H?GC_o~-&Hww^,~i{Xz*p,}549ۼ݅ i3-L,AJh 6OvXc:BxI:n }>T?0^e'!c, հirh $"4$"$_KphdžܚHl:kRL{s 6kB!aHA`)c:$iB3F& * 9ƮyQ" ^.I`p SRO6SQytӌѹ} 1K.롵#BWp>UrsCp4 ˬs.x8e’:kߴ<6Gbt}d AKGR7t b>Fh#u5UGsy|ѻPo3%$8T*%L,ieAwVL-BUYFk #Q i.g/ެ K-S'mF lV[Mlfvo7^==a#"XP).@k/[BPC/锘Ū$ Wv7Mn%-[6>]dd/KH'ϩ}L [=k^b_-ٳz aM'۔E*X9+ygZBՆ. %ӼƖc";AWR@I\FP2cYlFϝn_OKiE^?epVO}f,cKf?b%% ]s>!s#P%I OorlS0hH jRp\ϯ~KR&A ZE]eVbJP#:]Re(K۲";vg]׵|ŋ;:;~=WXzǥO&lvn1& ??3Dv\L b46xnWٴJU;(p 4$?cLj)0$%i_HATccJ>]!.m} ϑGC"+;~zi~qc^_`mCdp8C]wV4Fs櫙ݰ,it{/}i1iR!u~zN=Mw zMz !J^WQ5{ٖS'b3?PI [zK`q٠.)}:a㢋򓕹Ew4\bMk+0qQz #vI#lyI2{bȂ(39.;~u~q<#r9Fq玱io|xُ?vŸ1^`y^{y*Ajbtq{N}:xm|@!- aYp8gEf: uIzsb|$ƯQ { +ਿ^!R!Vg<J<'`峿7`}7 K\,8[]E.%#6V@=.ʲɺ(i]T8LsTD@m hI;V_0{OHb7~5N%TDXnִM7@X3hIaྣQ7 Y"G# pK˓?ݻ=KQg#>Lvf?<ܞQ\}}o'x %{9LcQc(̓WnSq68X2N-LZҧc8.*މ:YPɂc'`͎gk@ q@ɷ1ApqQD԰-VqcX+<.o]-Ϟ=^^k=3c{6/ =ܧL/ƂH~Z½=81h)U]q28ۯdט_l鎯ELcllׄomǵt_X2S`?辧o $pu3"3jrӅ"_J`Uv 6w3/J&_,IEDGG S-- *Jf!J)ZHօgT7#s f,Pյ!OU\sDž+{6ٯ4hL`Nk9n45q=lDɇQ|w/R׉Uz<2Z4eK}1m9".!pV4[8?KֵW^+ ﮋU\sr@8`̷S:YxݛH_9s6֥kQ{jIrg(gK?Gvŗdj2 惺oDIFK9|TTjZ? "5K򋌻zpM(n?h1 nTn ESR6Mqu$:o~MI*O~g \)OP/OXe5SL&IayȗRP?{w'+d@kI v.xйO71\r jgGrQSג:A95ljSGC~qxi7ǘq"G+MU[+()EtyK[ B>2̺dغVz o*km 9s3Y!CsdU\^~i:SMe5=s6:l֠ӢPgRj;۪nyY9Ύ ;$1s!"&Ψύm=Pwe MږeQQRh>ڂI aRn2?1pfČT|9H,Yҽ`8ѭIQ4̙H~+C?H?J:sY2xLgps"vSjtpU?g.윸Tt]Y1_НŰfܺlƂKlچ8iLkHiq s+cT@Πg1c鶛=M3ʞ|HP*ɄL_3".D,rW:Lz.n gb;GVE3WB&Aҝ[M1Aˢ4_̈ZO+i,OB=h#R2E,U:M~3Np$%N_JM]c47[.*슅}0,}%v2NJq>ۑӹk 23mޠ(R@`e*q %wd`rN23]:6ƨg>FLY(3b[fƀy1Ǻ,Ag(#ħyIW$ |S;l YKt#RW#& ڻ4`h|+F\.1KD u)+ltH HM2L5kqp3 ;[cr0)^Y} R5 C֦ xJ;F|8@[-c5ky˼91Ka *QHZ;.57鼷D@v_ 6~JS ᩐJ3wZylF\fFP3x,D9ee*,3&TlfQBBO@i,Q M(ZbP-PGArO4L P/EƖ(rzg2ۓ?y.5CɡJ [!eqka9ԝ˳־톅6fc&*@9dw$'F}+AMA26 n6ӲQmg4 a8|ΣHU5 [ +( WLsgwĮC`9sYH+}dw}],myuȴ4Xw*ʶlYNR!9OC} څ:΋8{w],t^m2MFZfwjRri)D0˜/VerٍӸmlAgRQE85ڋn"E)Q!|hviB9q|n~,az\.>S&9X/FFj4qTGfaLkQCg3gLMN1Ǚ`)(o8sFtP5-yjG.W0lOi9H3ΒM[OvGwbOt}E{n>0ggnTd)4y}$B. B6J/y<>Waw 7NE^/8V|Z2m,梓KbGќ#Kg tvWݨ=0Yѱ<n=_{6cp,GOe@j_ 6Cp$s"ԳL_[܁=fIoJʛОcm\ LECc}3“H{ʧt$QHrA[Qȇ ~/yhf o5 qNJsetmQ)RaHm0A/3hLie |pb. Qa:-w0Nn3pPC}orc"^kU*[ʋ~ҧn_Z˜ Hui7gg<:2` \!d|E^j^LT4π7d~Aڽ9|8;cC_Cie) stx~[b(O2z9c/?LՊQo;i\). xJEDT_gcZ5oc[WIaᕈ& C8kA7O`-`t}+cJ*2f+G>zp_jY`pElgm/ lw&e_ׁWp*eo**(.6'LvS;QsMz>;V*[A+?[d&4%zzfPby&L9zZa{~w51|@Ht NJNw *zMJk `ɶtSd7KSgaVnCIZzRh++>b.!&.r~K9 TU!6:1v6Dž@m.]l3 WT#";LL:ؾ8` !"Z]f96{ 'ApsAz@rWJ|]7Ddy &'c~gӼ3 ι7xOWkݜ'촐Ά&dMl=w?$VU{f~ /+,&2l ZXɟ{`۝ݱv_Ь.;܍&j;u~XNB,l}I@qQVNW)rfYni41lm>xI!]~뚞_/9$d}fC0qyP}ou _my"ňT S$KKu76;VoΤWbZ {Ib֞LK*$ַ+邕sוJQne{uь Svxih){.`R 7F`GXMA"?wRMz-1B/˺{x'@Q$͋ϟp o0xeⰹcQt0 (o/l2 lnc@<俄;uAYpgArM/pv6$8ַ)w 3FGџpM-3ؓCq~yάGy,['Qܗt$qduٳ+ҩ&/Jb)t|s7 RZm0G6L~ĕ>2n+aWmZrۑ;gym^Ib 2dUsdCBO?ݑ"ϰ_o^⻚9qT+pCϭbjma *E)5l"|{|OVEY_# qb[D v`S9y?x(JC݌wpp`/_h-.HFc!N}7ZURy֎>pe^A;@ƂT?foφu1N T3>"Mf6C/}r`Qi-T^ZNѶ_>U֏fA#zAk!$Y L-Ek ;tm8a&I PsnniiJ~i,w9_9luzcjrSޟ:2 ;&!? wCbriH?괆Sߋn1XtJJ\0}ؚ݋;“ ^ʒN/R_fѲO\13S}k=YB&ХoLqd@ 1P='&u<8\]O^~M#߃$ ? 19Uб{`3rWzp}go=xlRqz]/,:i FL/͠{ž,j!A6[}1$i&>t2mڪ*on[HR,foYWjt2ez33#յ~V!Q]K eP~kC{LQ+!-ol}*9 E}yd*YHh''@8Z*;f/S V6SY؞JE̺$f٪jw04K-TC馾eiZp}Ə7aNlJ[?J:o7bQȣR]KkyKGH`yٱx^="MZ&RוymY*(]=b 9a|Ur+ })#i Թlc8%V.Fi4cṔ FU8X#!"=Y֚,Xk&C(!w\lꖥ\hIp膚F¢Jc$=}K?98+}%{"إXI)k7hLZ$_'UuIM>pr*N{nIx 7ח3fCtbf3a=jt. h]R.J8q> HihI`"̅2͕ЁL#ޢC}[i15_) I:fUHnJJJ&;4*}"چ^7Op{0G%-I>fbZoJpk{Zdǯ#S{-+G·{QRM㊔Qgey&=7e3?@lpiW7<%RR;Dt IBԃ "H\[iհ ,ʮVnW*.e`1na\*1 sDmn&1Áz;^i$0$a[%tIjOeFW2l^p{9$#ģRM;):QCe1,0` \&59)׻WZ7]ވ'0=t 11x,C Fi R/ c=.GL@^qRĠ[F>_#.-@&fx* BH 68︹!k\Ou- \"V2S”v  W5l…\.ۓk&h8LBL5Cf&2dٜXB,l)IYVۼ$#~bM~#,l/6hzovS+..=@6@bj^2`*qj/j*=;>X_.؀3It\`#7z ѝP`E%chkHI J GP۶8D G"`).Ȟ)ds]:뚿=א@t6> ̷ 2>ʩG;ܯ`t-e[ey cr% RHu57;q֝8Şxye߀m{,؞3Ku{Go-%a.#.%|8 . "IRHRת}kp*kFnOeϮe}55쮩V%\^C;9u 6yAcKE07'>4;B9gd棢eKT?pa\]Ix%Iq;7+6KW¨]q9ЗȺ+͝"&{9|h~'?]YSoAFpFh5)~d`(8Cjmid\u%셡I^IA8/kdwVq3q e% x.)qv6?0\_ɽn)@P1$hNKfW_Ox")q}L4f(xڹIEyZ<%9qqS˷ .\^hj3Gx$pJ\&g-'˿t& l|z3ݧW Z3*e!`Uԯ ֮~r;Z甸LBN,[J-k髮=GkyPH~T!vGq"X)qŜp3.ZL0QK'Z(@3JM\Ɓڝ;֊8ؒUS2K9jђӯHxw tѭͧk+53)q\f]2U-*NJcoθ&}=G>%.pmNh'|!5:wgrX9O`qG >-m#rkM/D׽{IqGh{io:X"Ge5Fsf#k?Y8CBd2WwbtcJQ w(}#:ģxxG@A)qH4B" mYNk7CH8baFHyBG t& &`άeV:.#9|}glS0S2:Q:P3L't,`!7ؓ8²Ҙn&c9IXvLhd`Ð$t23lKH4O !鐩*Tg><ť)@qb($Epg{LA> $ 0 Footer CharCJaJnHtH2)@Q2 /0 Page Number^J:U@a: Qg0 Hyperlink>*B*^JphL^@rL Qg0 Normal (Web)dd7$8$H$[$\$<@< 0 List Paragraph^44 s:Header H$>> s: Header CharCJaJnHtHPK![Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢Iw},-j4 wP-t#bΙ{UTU^hd}㨫)*1P' ^W0)T9<l#$yi};~@(Hu* Dנz/0ǰ $ X3aZ,D0j~3߶b~i>3\`?/[G\!-Rk.sԻ..a濭?PK!֧6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/}(h"O = C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/SeеPK!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PK!Ptheme/theme/theme1.xmlYOo6w toc'vuر-MniP@I}úama[إ4:lЯGRX^6؊>$ !)O^rC$y@/yH*񄴽)޵߻UDb`}"qۋJחX^)I`nEp)liV[]1M<OP6r=zgbIguSebORD۫qu gZo~ٺlAplxpT0+[}`jzAV2Fi@qv֬5\|ʜ̭NleXdsjcs7f W+Ն7`g ȘJj|h(KD- dXiJ؇(x$( :;˹! I_TS 1?E??ZBΪmU/?~xY'y5g&΋/ɋ>GMGeD3Vq%'#q$8K)fw9:ĵ x}rxwr:\TZaG*y8IjbRc|XŻǿI u3KGnD1NIBs RuK>V.EL+M2#'fi ~V vl{u8zH *:(W☕ ~JTe\O*tHGHY}KNP*ݾ˦TѼ9/#A7qZ$*c?qUnwN%Oi4 =3ڗP 1Pm \\9Mؓ2aD];Yt\[x]}Wr|]g- eW )6-rCSj id DЇAΜIqbJ#x꺃 6k#ASh&ʌt(Q%p%m&]caSl=X\P1Mh9MVdDAaVB[݈fJíP|8 քAV^f Hn- "d>znNJ ة>b&2vKyϼD:,AGm\nziÙ.uχYC6OMf3or$5NHT[XF64T,ќM0E)`#5XY`פ;%1U٥m;R>QD DcpU'&LE/pm%]8firS4d 7y\`JnίI R3U~7+׸#m qBiDi*L69mY&iHE=(K&N!V.KeLDĕ{D vEꦚdeNƟe(MN9ߜR6&3(a/DUz<{ˊYȳV)9Z[4^n5!J?Q3eBoCM m<.vpIYfZY_p[=al-Y}Nc͙ŋ4vfavl'SA8|*u{-ߟ0%M07%<ҍPK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-![Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 +_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!Ptheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK] ^% X $$$' m"T(+vU#( s"d$$(((Q++gUvU !"$%&'+ CILNT\#o9AUKI X   Y e B [ # ' m  0 l s %ckvB&.+69;G^%XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX  '!!L# AA@0(  B S  ?!!7%8%O%Y%_%!!7%8%O%Y%_%!!7%8%O%Y%_% vڄs=;;0MD~q FG3"l\A'8Vm+9C:\<imj3*MkT ht@C}jv8*@^`OJPJQJ^J.^`o(.^`.pL^p`L.@ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PL^P`L. \ ^ `\^Jo(.^`^J.pLp^p`L^J.@ @ ^@ `^J.^`^J.L^`L^J.^`^J.^`^J.PLP^P`L^J.@^J.@^J.@^J.@^J()@^J()@^J()@^J)@^J)@^J)^`^Jo(.TT^T`^J.$ L$ ^$ `L^J.  ^ `^J.^`^J.L^`L^J.dd^d`^J.44^4`^J.L^`L^J.^`o(.^`.pL^p`L.@ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PL^P`L.@^`OJQJ^Jo(.^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(opp^p`CJOJQJo(@ @ ^@ `CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(^`CJOJQJo(PP^P`CJOJQJo(^`^J.^`^J.pLp^p`L^J.@ @ ^@ `^J.^`^J.L^`L^J.^`^J.^`^J.PLP^P`L^J.**^*`^Jo(.^`^J.pLp^p`L^J.@ @ ^@ `^J.^`^J.L^`L^J.^`^J.^`^J.PLP^P`L^J.v^v`o(.F^F`.L^`L. ^ `. ^ `.L^`L.V^V`.&^&`.L^`L. G3"\s=htq *MkA'imj+9C}0MDP/ @ ^`OJQJo("          “                                                     {{{{{{{{{p {'I. 2 o= ] %   ([sM9ZGh3"!b.m7Jg'_(* )5+),-".SP3.i678p:2:I= ? BXC?5FDhFVMP:OGOkkR7TV]Y]mb(,cLc3Wc]fQgVg@kQnwpE\qrjsus$Ytht<2v9z{.|N}PwM^@iF1dG/YMD:Z4R W"HnB2~Q:Dg>p7 W~] MVZ/%\ks2Yc ,]k\ qlr>6jtR"0 `s:n PrsuPv}]TZE,^(N8%:%@4#^%P@PP$@P@UnknownG*Ax Times New Roman5Symbol3. *Cx Arial; Batang7K@Cambria?= *Cx Courier New;WingdingsACambria Math"1h[b[bkFCC!0%%%%2HX  ?.2!xxPLSC 185umesUMES<         Oh+'0H    (08@ PLSC 185umesNormalUMES2Microsoft Office Word@@,&@X@X՜.+,D՜.+,8 hp  umesC%%  PLSC 185 Title 8@ _PID_HLINKSAT`)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature >e]+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration :KZ,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide 3hW(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength !bT(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance IQ%http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose eIN1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin-Benson_cycle cDK2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere ZNH!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO2 JE%http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RuBisCO MjB8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-independent_reaction *l?$http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen 6<(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolysis 1n9#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water b64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate $}3#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADPH Y06http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain H-&http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron Y*)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll #'6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-dependent_reaction :K$,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide L3!*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cycle 4Y/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equation I%http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose !y#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar 'w,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoautotroph @%http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist ''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium 8| #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae 7z #http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant *l$http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen :K,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide 4`#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light   !"#$%&'()*+,./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghjklmnoprstuvwxyz}Root Entry F0'XData -2=1TableL9WordDocument3XSummaryInformation(iDocumentSummaryInformation8qCompObjy  F'Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q