THE 100 MOST INFLUENTIAL SCIENTISTS OF All TIME

[Pages:361]Published in 2010 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010.

Copyright ? 2010 Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclop?dia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.

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First Edition

Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Kara Rogers: Senior Editor, Biomedical Sciences

Rosen Educational Services Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor Nelson S?: Art Director Introduction by Kristi Lew

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The 100 most influential scientists of all time / edited by Kara Rogers.--1st ed. p. cm.--(The Britannica guide to the world's most influential people)

"In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services." Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61530-040-2 (eBook) 1. Science--Popular works. 2. Science--History--Popular works. 3. Scientists-- Biography--Popular works. I. Rogers, Kara. II. Title: One hundred influential scientists of all time. Q162.A15 2010 509.2'2--dc22

2009026069

On the cover: Discoveries such as Einstein's theory of relativity--shown in original manuscript form--are hallmarks of the genius exhibited by the world's most influential scientists. Jon Levy/AFP/Getty Images

CONTENTS

Introduction

8

Asclepius

17

Hippocrates

18

Aristotle

22

Pliny the Elder

26

Ptolemy

29

Galen of Pergamum

32

Avicenna

36

Roger Bacon

37

Leonardo da Vinci

40

Nicolaus Copernicus

46

Paracelsus

50

Andreas Vesalius

54

Tycho Brahe

57

Giordano Bruno

59

Galileo

63

Johannes Kepler

69

William Harvey

74

Robert Boyle

79

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

81

Robert Hooke

84

John Ray

85

Sir Isaac Newton

88

Carolus Linnaeus

93

Henry Cavendish

97

Joseph Priestley

101

Luigi Galvani

105

Sir William Herschel

108

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier 112

Pierre-Simon Laplace

116

Edward Jenner

120

John Dalton

123

Georges Cuvier

126

30 65

90

Alexander von Humboldt Andr?-Marie Amp?re Amedeo Avogadro Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac Sir Humphry Davy J?ns Jacob Berzelius John James Audubon Michael Faraday Sir Charles Lyell Louis Agassiz Charles Darwin Sir Francis Galton Gregor Mendel Louis Pasteur Alfred Russel Wallace William Thomson Joseph Lister James Clerk Maxwell Dmitry Ivanovich

Mendeleyev Ivan Petrovich Pavlov A.A. Michelson Robert Koch Sigmund Freud Max Planck Nettie Maria Stevens William Bateson Pierre Curie Marie Curie Henrietta Swan Leavitt Ernest Rutherford Carl Jung Albert Einstein Alfred Lothar Wegener Sir Alexander Fleming Niels Bohr

129 134 138 142 145 149 154 155 162 164 167 175 178 183 189 192 195 199

202 205 208 211 215 222 226 227 228 231 235 237 242 244 252

253 247

256

186

Erwin Schr?dinger

260

Selman Abraham Waksman 263

Edwin Powell Hubble

264

Linus Pauling

267

Enrico Fermi

271

Margaret Mead

276

Barbara McClintock

278

Leakey Family

280

George Gamow

285

J. Robert Oppenheimer

287

Hans Bethe

291

Maria Goeppert Mayer

294

Rachel Carson

295

Jacques-Yves Cousteau

297

Luis W. Alvarez

300

Alan M. Turing

302

Norman Ernest Borlaug

306

Jonas Edward Salk

308

Sir Fred Hoyle

310

Francis Harry Compton Crick 311

James Dewey Watson

313

Richard P. Feynman

315

Rosalind Franklin

318

Edward O. Wilson

320

Jane Goodall

323

Sir Harold W. Kroto

325

Richard E. Smalley

326

Robert F. Curl, Jr.

327

Stephen Jay Gould

328

Stephen W. Hawking

330

J. Craig Venter

332

Francis Collins

335

Steven Pinker

337

Glossary

339

For Further Reading

341

Index

343

296 330

307

INTRODUCTION

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