THE 100 MOST INFLUENTIAL WORLD LEADERS OF ALL TIME

[Pages:383]Published in 2010 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010.

Copyright ? 2010 Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclop?dia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.

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First Edition

Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Amy McKenna: Senior Editor, Geography and History

Rosen Educational Services Hope Lourie Killcoyne: Senior Editor and Project Manager Nelson S?: Art Director Matthew Cauli: Designer Introduction by Michael I. Levy

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The 100 most influential world leaders of all time / edited by Amy McKenna, senior editor. p. cm.--(The Britannica guide to the world's most influential people)

"In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services." Includes index. ISBN978-1-61530-059-4 (eBook) 1. World history. 2. Biography. 3. Heads of state--Biography. 4. Statesmen--Biography. 5. Politicians--Biography. 6. Social reformers--Biography. 7. Political activists--Biography. 8. Religious leaders--Biography. 9. Leadership--Case studies. 10. Influence (Psychology)-- Case studies. I. Title: One hundred most influential world leaders of all time. D21.3.A13 2010 321.0092'2--dc22

2009030358

On the cover: Marking his 100th day as the 44th president of the United States, Barack Obama, the first African American to hold the office, speaks during a town hall meeting at Fox Senior High School in Arnold, Mo., April 29, 2009. Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images

CONTENTS

Introduction

8

Moses

17

Buddha Gotama

19

Confucius

22

Alexander the Great

26

Shihuangdi

31

Julius Caesar

34

Cleopatra

39

Jesus Christ

42

Constantine I

46

Attila

49

Muhammad

52

`Al

55

Charlemagne

57

William I

63

Urban II

68

Saladin

71

Chinggis Khan

73

Hongwu

76

Joan of Arc

79

Martin Luther

81

Henry VIII

84

Elizabeth I

87

Tokugawa Ieyasu

91

Oliver Cromwell

93

Louis XIV

98

Peter I

102

Catherine II

105

George Washington

109

Thomas Jefferson

113

Maximilien de Robespierre 118

Napoleon I

120

Sim?n Bol?var

126

Giuseppe Garibaldi

130

34 64

121

Abraham Lincoln

133

Otto von Bismarck

142

Frederick Douglass

145

Victoria

148

Sitting Bull

152

Theodore Roosevelt

154

Mohandas

Karamchand Gandhi 162

Vladimir Ilich Lenin

166

Sir Winston Churchill

170

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

176

Joseph Stalin

179

Ibn Sa`d

185

Kemal Atat?rk

187

Franklin D. Roosevelt

190

Eamon de Valera

196

Benito Mussolini

200

Eleanor Roosevelt

204

David Ben-Gurion

208

Chiang Kai-shek

211

Jean Monnet and

Robert Schuman

214

Adolf Hitler

216

Jawaharlal Nehru

222

Ho Chi Minh

225

Charles de Gaulle

229

Josip Broz Tito

232

Francisco Franco

236

Mao Zedong

240

Juan, Eva, and Isabel Per?n 246

Ruhollah Khomeini

250

Hirohito

253

Sukarno

254

Deng Xiaoping

256

Dag Hammarskj?ld

260

Kwame Nkrumah

262

Ronald W. Reagan

265

155 241

Kim Il-sung and

Kim Jong Il

274

Richard M. Nixon

279

Menachem Begin

286

Willy Brandt

288

Augusto Pinochet

290

Indira Gandhi

293

Nelson Mandela

295

Anwar el-Sdt

297

Pierre Elliott Trudeau

300

John Paul II

302

Julius Nyerere

304

Jimmy Carter

307

Pol Pot

312

Margaret Thatcher

314

Fidel Castro

318

Che Guevara

321

Martin Luther King, Jr.

323

Ysir `Araft

329

Helmut Kohl

332

Mikhail Gorbachev

334

Dalai Lama XIV

338

V?clav Havel

341

S? addm H? ussein

343

Kofi Annan

348

Muammar al-Qaddafi

350

Lech Walsa

352

Aung San Suu Kyi

354

Vladimir Putin

356

Benazir Bhutto

358

Hugo Ch?vez

361

Osama bin Laden

363

Barack Obama

365

Glossary

371

For Further Reading

373

Index

376

345

324 366

INTRODUCTION

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