Dictionary of United States Army Terms (Short Title: AD)

[Pages:219]Army Regulation 310?25

Military Publications

Dictionary of United States Army Terms (Short Title: AD)

Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 15 October 1983

UNCLASSIFIED

SUMMARY of CHANGE

AR 310?25 Dictionary of United States Army Terms (Short Title: AD)

This change--

o Adds new terms and definitions.

o Updates terms appearing in the former edition.

o Deletes terms that are obsolete or those that appear in the DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, JCS Pub 1. This regulation supplements JCS Pub 1, so terms that appear in that publication are available for Army-wide use.

Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC 15 October 1983

*Army Regulation 310?25

Effective 15 October 1986

Military Publications

Dictionary of United States Army Terms (Short Title: AD)

History. This UPDATE publishes a Change 1 which is effective 15 October 1986. published on 15 October 1986. The portions of the text that are revised by Change 1 are highlighted in this printing. This publication has been reorganized to make it compatible with the Army publishing database. No content has been changed.

Summary. This publication defining Army terms is a revision; it is a supplementation of JCS Pub 1 and contains definitions not found

in JCS Pub 1. This revision updates the authority on international standardization of terminology and introduces new and revised terms in paragraph 10.

Applicability. This regulation applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard, and the U.S. Army Reserve. It applies to all proponent agencies and users of Army publications.

Proponent and exception authority. Not applicable.

Impact on New Manning System. This regulation does not contain information that affects the New Manning System.

Army management control process. This regulation is not subject to the requirements of AR 11?2. It does not contain internal control provisions.

Supplementation. Supplementation of this regulation and establishment of forms other than DA forms are prohibited unless prior approval is obtained from HQDA (DAIM?FAR?P), ALEX VA 22331?0301.

Interim changes. Interim changes to this regulation are not official unless they are authenticated by The Adjutant General. Users

will destroy interim changes on their expiration dates unless sooner superseded or rescinded.

Suggested Improvements. The proponent agency of this regulation is the Assistant Chief of Staff for Information Management. Users are invited to send comments and suggested improvements on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to HQDA (DAIM?FAR?P), ALEX VA 22331?0301.

Changes. Changes to the basic publication will be indicated using the strikethrough and underscore method, and the tint method. Strikethrough indicates material that is being deleted from or changed in the publication. Underscore is one method that is used to indicate new material being added since the previous printing. Tint, or a shaded portion, is another method used to show new material being added to the publication. Tint is also used to show material that has been greatly reorganized since the last printing.

Distribution. Distribution of this issue has been made in accordance with DA Form 12?9A?R requirements for 310?series publications. The number of copies distributed to a given subscriber is the number of copies requested in Block 237 of the subscriber's DA Form 12?9A. AR 310?25 distribution is B for Active Army, ARNG, and USAR.

Contents (Listed by paragraph and page number) Purpose. ? 1, page 1 References ? 2, page 1 Responsibilities ? 3, page 1 Explanation of designations ? 4, page 1 Terminology policy and authority ? 5, page 1 Modernizations of terminology ? 6, page 1 Submission of additions or other changes ? 7, page 1 Criteria for submission ? 8, page 2 When changes will be published ? 9, page 2 United States Army terms ? 10, page 3

*This regulation supersedes AR 310?25, 15 September 1975.

AR 310?25 ? 15 October 1983

i

UNCLASSIFIED

RESERVED

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AR 310?25 ? 15 October 1983

1. Purpose. This regulation prescribes policies, procedures, and responsibilities for the initiation and use of terms and definitions.

2. References a. Required publications. (1) AR 34?1, U.S. Army Participation in International Military

Rationalization, Standardization and Interoperability (RSI) Programs. (Cited in para 3.)

(2) JCS Pub 1, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. (Cited in para 4.)

b. Related publications. A related publication is merely a source of additional information. The user does not have to read it to understand the regulation.

(1) AAP?6, NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions. (2) AR 310?1, Publications, Blank Forms, and Printing Management. (3) AR 310?2, Identification and Distribution of DA Publications and Issue of Agency and Command Administrative Publications. (4) AR 310?3, Preparation, Coordination, and Approval of Department of the Army Publications. (5) AR 310?50, Catalog of Abbreviations and Brevity Codes.

3. Responsibilities a. Heads of HQDA Staff agencies and major Army commands

and commanders of Continental United States Armies are responsible for advising the Assistant Chief of Staff for Information Management HQDA (DAIM?FAR?P), ALEX VA 22331?0301), of any action needed for updating this regulation to reflect their current terminology.

b. The Assistant Chief of Staff for Information Management will coordinate with the Army Staff to establish Army's position on terminology proposed for the DOD, Inter?American Defense Board (IADB) Dictionary of Military Terms, and Army Dictionary, and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Glossary of Terms and Definitions (AAP?6).

c. US Army agencies (including HQ Staff, field, working parties, and panels of experts) will coordinate all proposed terminology with HQDA (DAIM?FAR?P). This prepublication coordination is necessary when preparing publications containing definitions or when processing standardization agreements containing terminology, whether uniservice, DOD, or international. Coordination before publication--

(1) Insures widest use of presently approved terms and definitions.

(2) Avoids duplication of effort. (3) Preserves the integrity and stability of established Army positions. (4) Maintains commitments on DOD terminology and US commitments in international standardization agreements. (See AR 34?1.)

4. Explanation of designations Designations are explained on the basis of uniservice (Army), Department of Defense (DOD), and international application and agreements.

a. A--U.S. Army standardized terms--a term/definition to which the U.S. Army subscribes

b. A. ASCC--Standardized for use by the U.S. Army and the American, Australian, British, Canadian, and New Zealand air forces.

c. ASCC--Standardized for use by the American, Australian, British, Canadian, and New Zealand air forces?a term/definition to which the U.S. Army does not subscribe

d. A, Q--Standardized for use by the American, British, Canadian, and Australian (ABCA) Armies--a term/definition to which the U.S. Army subscribes

e. Q--Standardized for use by the ABCA armies?a term/definition to which the U.S. Army does not subscribe

5. Terminology policy and authority a. Army. The "A"?designated terms will not be republished nor

redefined in Army publications. Separate glossaries or lists of explained terms proposed for Army?wide use must be coordinated with HQDA (DAIM?FAR?P), ALEX VA 22331?0301, to obtain approval for publication. However, the following types of glossaries may without approval be published if there is--

(1) Use of additional meanings for terms not applicable Army?wide.

(2) Inclusion of explanatory matter or descriptions to present a complete understanding of the subject.

b. DOD. (1) The Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (DOD Dictionary), JCS Pub 1, is-- (a) Published by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). (b) Prepared and updated in coordination with the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Defense agencies, and the military services. (c) Used in planning and operations throughout DOD. (2) Entries from JCS Pub 1 are no longer duplicated in this regulation. Army terms approved for use by all military services will be included in the JCS Pub 1 and removed from this regulation upon revision. DOD usage must conform to JCS Pub 1. This restriction does not preclude the use of standard dictionary definitions of the individual words forming the terms; nor does it preclude explanatory matter or description of terms in both dictionaries when necessary to provide a complete, detailed presentation of a subject. New terms and definitions as well as proposed revised definitions of a published entry should be submitted as prescribed in paragraph 7. c. International standardization in the DOD Dictionary. Terms developed through US implementation of NATO standardization agreements are designated "NATO" in JCS Pub 1. Terms agreed on for use in the Inter?American Defense System and are published in the Inter?American Defense Board (IADB) Dictionary are carried in JCS Pub 1 under the designation "IADB." To insure the integrity of these commitments, terms so designated in JCS Pub 1 will be considered by working parties, groups, or panels of experts in the processing of all international standardization agreements. d. Air forces of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Terms designated "ASCC" represent the US implementation of the agreement between these air forces under the standardization principles of the ASCC Air Standardization Program. The U.S. Army does not subscribe to the terms and definitions designated "ASCC," only to those designated "A, ASCC." e. ABCA armies. Terms designated by "Q" (from Quadripartite Standardization Agreements (QSTAGs)) are acceptable by the U.S. Army within the ABCA armies' Standardization Program; this represents full standardization. If a given entry presents a differing definition for uniservice use and ABCA use, the originator is expected to resolve the difference.

6. Modernizations of terminology a. Army. A continuing update of terms in the Army vocabulary is

required to keep pace with developments in Army organization, logistics, training, planning, and operations. Recommendations for modernizing terms in use or adoption of new terms are needed regularly from all DA elements.

b. DOD. The review for standardization of terminology is integral to effective communication and common understanding--

(1) Within DOD. (2) Between the Defense and other Federal departments/agencies. (3) Between the United States and its allies. (4) Within the civilian?military community. c. International. The terms published by the NATO and Inter? American defense alliances are regularly reviewed to promote currency and complete standardization of usage.

7. Submission of additions or other changes a. Proposed changes to the DOD, IADB, or Army Dictionaries or

the NATO Glossary (this includes changes to present terms or

AR 310?25 ? 15 October 1983

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definitions and additional or deletable entries) may be submitted at any time. Submit through normal channels to HQDA (DAIM?FAR?P), ALEX VA 22331?0301.

b. Proposed changes will be justified. For additions, state the extent of usage; why it should be considered; and provide an excerpt of the reference or source material showing where the term is used, as follows:

(1) Uniservice?field manuals, Army regulations, pamphlets, etc. (2) DOD?References that reflect acceptance to any degree by two or more DOD components (3) International?Any reference, such as a Standardization Agreement (STANAG), QSTAG, or Allied Communication Publication (ACP), that reflects any degree of acceptance Proposed additions to the Army Dictionary should include a statement as to their appropriateness (if known) for the DOD and IADB Dictionaries and the NATO Glossary.

8. Criteria for submission a. Dictionary of United States Army Terms (AD) (this regula-

tion). Proposed terms and definitions should not attempt to establish military doctrine or policy, or techniques or procedures or replace explanations of technical subjects found in other publications. The definitions should--

(1) Have a specific military significance to the DA. (2) Be current at the time of submission and be based on established policy or doctrine. (3) Be easy to understand. (4) Not contain formulas, symbols, equations, or similar components. However, these may be included if they can be defined in general, meaningful language; are of sufficient interest; and are subject to misunderstanding or misuse. (5) Not be adequately defined in any standard English dictionary. Terms may be included, however, if they are of general Army interest and are subject to misunderstanding or misuse. (6) Not use interchangeably such words as "air" and "aerial," when in fact they are not always interchangeable. (7) Not be formed as abbreviations, which are not normally carried in the Army Dictionary. Authorized abbreviations and brevity codes are published in AR 310?50. b. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (DOD Dictionary) (JCS Pub 1). A proposed action to amend this lexicon must be based on the following: (1) The term has joint?Service or DOD interest and usage. (2) The term has a specific military or related significance. Technical and specialized terms may be included if they-- (a) Can be defined in general, meaningful language. (b) Are of sufficient interest. (c) Are subject to misunderstanding or misuse. (d) Will contribute to the overall purpose of the dictionary. (3) If military or related use of the term is adequately defined in a standard dictionary, such terms may be included only under condition (1) above and if they are subject to misunderstanding or misuse. (4) Weaponry terms will be limited to important modern weapons. (5) The DOD Dictionary is concerned with the standardization of military and related terms only. Terms and definitions will not contain abbreviations unless there is justification for including them. Under a joint policy agreement, abbreviations are published in Service publications. (6) The DOD Dictionary is not intended as an editorial and style guide; therefore, recommendations on capitalization, singular and plural forms, hyphenation, compounding, and so forth, should not be submitted. c. NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (AAP 6). (1) Terms to be included should have general military significance. However, some exceptions may be made. (2) Terms with definitions containing formulas, symbols, equations, etc., are not usually included. However, such terms may be included as in b(2)(a), (b), and (c) above and if they add to the purpose of the glossary.

(3) Unless there are special reasons, terms and definitions will not contain abbreviations and acronyms.

d. Inter?American Defense Board (IADB) Dictionary of Military Terms. Prepare entries per b above.

9. When changes will be published a. Terms approved for Army use only will be published periodi-

cally after Army processing. b. New terms proposed for DOD or international use will be-- (1) Referred for consideration to the Joint Military Terminology

Group (J?1, OJCS) after Army processing is completed; and (2) Published periodically in JCS Pub 1 or AAP?6 upon final

DOD and international coordination. c. Proposed changes to existing DOD and international?usage

terms will be-- (1) Routed for consideration immediately after completion of

Army processing; and (2) Published when appropriate approval is obtained.

10. United States Army terms

A

abandoned agriculture (Q) Area that used to be cropland but is now left uncropped. It will typically be covered by grasses growing wild and small bushes whose respective heights will be 1 and 2 meters.

abandonment (A) Mainly used when referring to the cessation of service on a particular segment of the lines of a common carrier by railroad; sometimes, refusal to receive freight so damaged in transit as to be worthless and render carrier liable for its value.

absent without leave (A) Absence without proper authority from the properly appointed place of duty, or from unit, organization, or other place of duty at which one is required to be at the time prescribed.

absolute deviation (A) The shortest distance between the center of the target and the point where a projectile hits or bursts.

absolute error (A) 1. Shortest distance between the center of impact or the center of burst of a group of shots, and the point of impact or burst of a single shot within the group. 2. Error of a sight consisting of its error in relation to a master service sight with which it is tested, including the known error of the master service sight. Relative error, which is a part of absolute error, includes only the error of a sight in relation to a master service sight.

absolute humidity (Q) The amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere: measured in gms/cubic meter.

absorption (Q) The process in which incident radiant energy is retained by a substance. A further process always results from absorption: that is, the irreversible conversion of the absorbed radiation into some other form of energy.

accelerometer (ASCC) An instrument which displays the acceleration the aircraft experiences along its normal axis. Also called "G?meter."

acceptance (A) The act of an authorized representative of the Government by which the Government assents to ownership by it of existing and identified

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supplies, or approves specific services rendered, as partial or complete performance of a contract.

access (A) Access as applied to nuclear weapons means physical access in such manner as to allow the opportunity to cause a nuclear detonation. The context of access in this definition relates to the physical ability to perform detailed circuit modification or retrofit on the internal components of nuclear weapons for the performance of official duties in authorized facilities and units.

accessions See chargeable accessions.

accessorial services (A) Services, in addition to transportation, rendered by carriers and others. They include crating, packing and handling; storage, switching, diversion, lighterage, wharfage, cartage, recoopering, loading and unloading railroad cars, port loading and unloading, and processing.

accessory (aircraft) (ASCC) A mechanism or device employed in conjunction with a major item of equipment or installed as part of a system.

accessory equipment (A) Any nonexpendable item of equipment which has been fixed in place or attached to a craft, vehicle or other equipment, but which may be severed or removed without impairing the item removed or affecting the basic function of the object to which it is fastened.

access time (A) In automatic data processing: 1. The time interval between the instant at which data are called for from a storage device and the instant delivery is completed; i.e., the read time. 2. The time interval between the instant at which data are requested to be stored and the instant at which storage is completed; i.e., the write time.

(ASCC) In automatic data processing: 3. The time interval between the instant at which data are called for from a storage device and the instant delivery begins. 4. The time interval between the instant at which data are requested to be stored and the instant at which storage is started.

accident (A) An unplanned event that results in injury (including death) or occupational illness to person(s) and/or damage to property, exclusive of injury and/or damage caused by action of an enemy or hostile force.

accolade (A) Written Presidential certificate recognizing service by personnel who died or were wounded in action between 1917 and 1918, or who died in service between 1941 and 1947, or died of wounds received in Korea between 27 June 1950 and 27 July 1954. Service of civilians who died overseas or as a result of injury or disease contracted while serving in a civilian capacity with the United States Armed Forces during the dates and/or in areas prescribed is in like manner recognized.

account (A) 1. A record (usually one of a number of similar records in a book called a "ledger," or in some comparable system) of transactions relating to a person, an item of property or other asset, a liability, another unpaid obligation, capital, available fund balances, or to elements of revenues, or funds made available, and obligations, cost or expenditures, for a given fiscal period. May also include a summary record of such transactions. 2. A title of such an amount (or a designated group of accounts) for use in budgets and reports. 3. An appropriated fund or other fund, or the title thereof. 4. A summarized presentation of transactions in a financial statement in ledger account form. 5. The rendering of an accounting. 6. A classification

of stock balances according to the purpose for which the stocks are held or according to the ownership of stocks.

accountable (A) 1. Having accountability (individuals have accountability). 2. Requiring accountability (property or funds require accountability).

accountable cryptomaterial (A) Cryptomaterial which for reasons of control or security, requires periodic accounting to the office of record and issue from the time of receipt until the time of disposition. Included are all registered items and certain nonregistered items identified as nonregistered accountable.

accountable depot (A) A depot maintaining a formal set of accountable records.

accountable disbursing officer (A) Any commissioned officer of the Army who receives and disburses public money in his own name for purposes specified by law.

accountable mail (A) A short term for registered, numbered, insured, and certified mail.

accountable officer (A) Individual required to maintain accounting, including records thereof, of property and funds, whether public or quasi?public. The accountable officer may or may not have physical possession of the property or funds. See also responsible officer.

accountable property officer's bond (A) A bond executed by an individual who is charged with the responsibility of protecting and maintaining Government property or keeping records for such property.

accountable strength (A) Applies to all personnel assigned by competent orders to the reporting unit regardless of duty status. Includes personnel who are present for duty, absent from duty, intransit incoming, and intransit outgoing.

accountable supply distribution activity (A) An activity which maintains a formal stock record account for purposes of receipt, storage, and issue of property and receives requisitions directly or indirectly from requisitioners.

account code (A) Numerical designation assigned to each account for the purpose of segregating status of stock by broad purposes or intended use.

accounting classification (A) Fiscal code number indicating in sequence the appropriation symbol, the allotment number, the project account number, the object class code, and the fiscal station number of the station authorized to obligate the particular funds.

accounting symbol (A) Combination of letters used in the message heading to identify the agency, service or activity which is financially accountable for the message.

accredited correspondent See correspondent.

accredited officer (A) A representative of a foreign government who is accredited by the Department of the Army to appropriate agencies and field installations under the stipulated terms of his accreditation for the direct exchange of information. That individual is authorized to see and

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discuss, or to receive in documentary form, such classified or unclassified military information as may be released under Department of the Army policy.

accrued expenditures (A) The amount of a liability incurred (whether or not paid) for goods or services received, or assets acquired.

accumulation time (A) The time interval between the return of an unserviceable repairable item to the supply system and scheduling the item for repair. (Normally, this time is required to accumulate sufficient items to constitute an economic lot size.)

accumulator (A, ASCC) In automatic data processing, a register in which the result of an arithmetic or logic operation is formed.

accuracy life (A) The estimated average number of rounds that a particular weapon can fire before its tube becomes so worn that its accuracy tolerance is exceeded.

accuser (A) In military law, a person who signs and swears to charges, a person who directs that charges nominally be signed and sworn to by another, or any other person who has an interest, other than an official interest, in the prosecution of the accused. See Manual for Courts?Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised Edition).

acid vapor canister (A) Special purpose canister consisting of a yellow, rectangularly shaped body containing a chemical filling, used to protect personnel against acid vapors; component of a special protective mask.

acquisition authority (A) Authorization made available to a division of the Army Stock Fund for obligational purposes for the procurement of materiel and services when such authority is exempt from prescribed Bureau of the Budget apportionment process.

action (A) Command ordering weapon crews to prepare to fire in any direction designated by the leader.

action front (rear) (right) (left) (A) Command ordering small units and weapon crews to prepare to fire to the front (rear) (right) (left).

actions strength (A) The strengths specified by departmental actions (letters, personnel allotment vouchers, etc.), which govern the numbers of individuals authorized specific units (table of organization and equipment) and for table of distribution unit authorized strengths for nonpermanent party personnel based on current Department of the Army policies and trends. These strengths represent the current authorized strengths of organizations and personnel, and constitute the basic data for measuring actions to be taken as prescribed by the troop program and troop list.

action station (A) Assigned position to be taken by an individual in case of air attack.

activated mine (A) A mine having a secondary fuze which will cause detonation when the mine is moved or otherwise interferred with. The device may be attached either to the mine itself or to a second mine or to an auxiliary charge beside or beneath the mine.

Active Army (A) The Active Army consists of (1) members of the Regular Army on

active duty; (2) members of the the Army National Guard of the United States and Army Reserve on active duty (other than for training); (3) members of the Army National Guard in the service of the United States pursuant to a call; and (4) all persons appointed, enlisted, or inducted into the Army without component.

active ballistic missile defense (A) Direct defensive action taken to intercept and destroy, or reduce the effectiveness of, an enemy attack by ballistic missiles. It includes, but is not limited to, such measures as the use of antiballistic missiles and electronic countermeasures. See also ballistic missile defense.

active duty list (A) A list of commissioned officers of the Army on active duty, other than those excluded by law from such list, arranged in order of seniority of the grade in which they are serving on active duty.

active element (ASCC) An element displaying gain or control, such as valve (tube), transistor, diode.

active Federal service (A) Active enlisted or officer service in the Armed Forces of the United States. It does not include any duty performed as a member of the Army National Guard or Air National Guard under state control.

Active Guard/Reserve (A) Army National Guard, Army National Guard of the United States and U.S. Army Reserve Military Personnel on full?time duty or on active duty (other than for training or active duty in the Active Component) for 180 days or more in support of a Reserve Component or the National Guard and paid from National Guard Personnel, Army or Reserve Personnel, Army appropriations, except for personnel ordered to active duty as the Chief, Army Reserve (10 USC 3019); the Chief, National Guard Bureau (10 USC 3015); as United States Property and Fiscal Officers (32 USC 708); those ordered to active duty under 10 USC 673 (b); those ordered to active duty under 10(b)(2) of the Military Selective Service Act (50 USC App. 460(b)(2) for the administration of the Selective Service System; and those ordered to active duty for membership on the Reserve Forces Policy Board (10 USC 175).

active installation (A) An installation which is in continuous use by Active Army organizations.

active layer (A) 1. Annually thawed layer. Layer of ground that thaws in the summer and freezes again in the winter. 2. Equivalent to seasonally frozen ground.

Active National Guard (A) Those units and members of the Army and Air National Guard of the several States, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia which are federally recognized in accordance with law, and which are authorized to have equipment and to engage in regularly scheduled training activities, other than Federal service.

active preventative program (against terrorism) (A) Those deliberate low?visibility, clandestine, and/or overt actions that are taken to deter or lessen the effectiveness of planned or actual acts of terrorism. This program may include political, social, economic, psychological, military, or a combination of those actions.

active satellite defense (A) Direct defensive action taken to destroy or reduce the effectiveness of enemy satellite capabilities. It includes such means as anti satellite missiles and satellites, electronic countermeasures, and "spoofing." See also passive satellite defense; satellite defense.

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