TH Grade Georgia Milestones Science Study Guide

[Pages:26]5TH Grade Georgia Milestones Science Study Guide

Landforms and Oceans

Landforms and oceans Earth's oceans and land can be affected in constructive ways and destructive ways by natural processes.

Constructive - Processes that create landforms (deposition, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods) Destructive - Processes that destroy landforms (weathering, erosion, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods) Natural processes that can affect Earth's oceans and land include:

Weathering - Weathering is a term used to describe processes that break down rocks at or near the surface of the earth. Weathering can be either physical or chemical. These processes cause the surface of the earth to dissolve, decompose, and break into smaller pieces.

Weathering can be caused by:

s break apart rocks)

Erosion Erosion is the movement of sediments and soil by wind, water, ice, and gravity.

Deposition Deposition is the dropping, or depositing, of sediments by water, wind, or ice. It builds new land on Earth's surface, like a delta at the end of a river or the pile up of a sand dune in the desert. Shells on the beach are deposition by ocean waves. Deposition begins with a "D" and Dunes and Deltas begin with a "D".

Chant: Weathering will break rocks down Erosion moves it all around Put it here and then we're done Now we have deposition

Landslides

Landslides are mass movements of land due to gravity. Landslides can cause buildings to fall, or power and gas lines to break. Landslides even occur on the continental slope in the ocean.

Volcanic eruptions Volcanoes are mountains with openings in Earth's crust through which magma, gases, and ash reach Earth's surface.

When the magma erupts from the volcano the top of the mountain can be changed, either built up or exploded off. The lava and ash can destroy forests and bury fields.

Volcanic eruptions can even change Earth's weather patterns. Volcanic eruptions also occur under the oceans; these volcanoes that are built up are called Seamounts. If the seamount rises above the ocean surface it is called a volcanic island (for example Hawaii or Japan).

Earthquakes Earthquakes are vibrations on Earth's surface caused by sudden movement in the Earth, often along a fault, a break in Earth's surface. Some earthquakes cause little damage and some cause a lot of damage. Large earthquakes can cause landslides. Earthquakes under the ocean can cause huge waves, called tsunamis that destroy land and cause great damage if they come ashore.

Floods Floods occur when a large amount of water covers land that is usually dry. When the flood occurs; rapid erosion can take place and move soil and sediments away. When the flood recedes; new sediment is left behind and can build up rich soil deposits.

Landforms of the Ocean Floor

Continental shelf The edges of the continents slope down from the shore into the ocean. The part of the continent located under the water is known as the continental shelf. The width of the continental shelf can vary. In some places the continental shelf is fairly shallow and in other place it becomes very deep, but it is not the deepest part of the ocean.

Continental slope The steep slope where the continental shelf drops to the bottom of the ocean floor is

called the continental slope. The depth of the ocean water increases greatly here.

Mid-ocean ridge On the bottom of the ocean, there is a central ridge, or mountain range, that divides the ocean floor into two parts called the mid-ocean ridge. Volcanic mountains not formed on the mid-ocean ridge are called seamounts.

Rift zone In the center of the highest part of the mid-ocean ridge is a narrow trench called a rift. Underwater volcanic activity that adds mountains to either side of the mid-ocean ridge occurs at the rift zone .

Trenches There are many steep-sided canyons and deep, narrow valleys in the bottom of the ocean. Ocean trenches are the deepest part of the ocean basin and are deeper than any valley found on land.

Ocean basin Located on either side of the mid-ocean ridge is the ocean basin. It is made up of low hills and flat plains. The flat area of the ocean basin is called the abyssal plain. Seamounts are generally formed on the ocean basin.

beaches.

deposit sand along the shore and form a beach. If the waves reach the beach at an angle, the sand is moved along the coast.

location to another.

when the tide goes out.

on that removes sand from beaches. Barrier islands

are called barrier islands.

As the waves deposit sand on the beaches, the shapes of the barrier islands change.

Estuaries

estuary.

the estuary. Inlets

-filled spaces between the barrier islands.

Large storms, for example hurricanes, can also cause massive construction or destruction of beaches, barrier islands, estuaries, and inlets because they produce high waves, storm surges, and winds. Water can be moved by waves, currents, and tides.

Waves

part is known as the trough .

e highest part is known as the crest and the lowest

volcanic eruptions, or landslides. Currents direction are called currents .

t forms a breaker.

of wind.

currents. latitudes. equator. Tides

rved paths. m the polar latitudes toward the

on Earth.

ater level is at its lowest point.

Human Activity can affect the land and oceans of Earth. Humans can help protect the land and oceans by preserving the natural resources these areas provide. Examples of natural resources include: air, water, trees, rocks, minerals, soil, coal, and oil. Using resources wisely is call conservation. Ways to conserve our resources include:

-up projects -nourishment projects to protect sand on beaches

away soil Pollution is anything that harms the natural environment. Human activities that can pollute the environment include:

ials from industry, mining, or agriculture onto the land or into the water

Chapter 3: Physical and Chemical Changes

in Matter Study Guide

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Mass is..... Volume is....

The amount of matter in an object. Measured in grams, kilograms

The amount of space an object takes up. Measured in milliliters and liters

How would you find the volume of an irregular object, such as a rock, using only a graduated cylinder and water? Describe

the process.

Read and record the volume of the water. Drop the rock into the water. Read and record the volume of the rock and the water, then subtract the volume of the water from it.

Describe how particles of matter are arranged in a SOLID. Draw a picture showing this arrangement.

Particles are tightly packed together. They can vibrate, but cannot move out of position.

Describe how particles of matter are arranged in a LIQUID. Draw a picture showing this arrangement.

Describe how particles of matter are arranged in a GAS. Draw a picture showing this

arrangement.

What always happens during a chemical reaction? Give an

example of a chemical reaction.

Particles are further apart, and can flow past one another.

Particles are much farther apart, rarely coming in contact with one another.

A new substance is produced. Answers may vary

What are physical properties? What are examples of physical

properties?

Properties that can be observed using your senses.

Color, shape, size, texture, function, density, state of matter.

What are chemical properties? When are you able to observe

them?

Properties that describe how matter changes into new types of matter. You are

only able to observe them during a chemical change.

What happens to matter in a Matter changes physically, but nothing new

physical change?

is created. It is still the same type of matter.

What are some examples of physical changes?

Tearing paper, slicing carrots, water changing to water vapor, etc.

What happens to the particles of matter when heat is added to it?

The particles speed up and start moving faster. Sometimes a phase change can

occur.

What happens to the particles of matter when heat is taken away from it?

Describe the phase change during:

Melting:

Boiling:

Condensing:

Freezing:

The particles slow down and move more slowly. Sometimes a phase change can

occur.

Solid to liquid Liquid to gas Gas to liquid Liquid to solid

In which phase of matter are particles moving fastest?

Slowest? Why?

Particles move fastest in gases. They move slowest in solids. Gases have the most

thermal energy and solids have the least.

What is a mixture? Give some A mixture is made up of two or more types

examples of mixtures.

matter that are combined physically,

1. Party mix

2. sand and water

3. Air

What is a solution? Give an example of a solution.

A type of mixture in which substances are thoroughly dissolved and do not separate with gravity.

An example is sea water.

How are mixtures and solutions alike? How are they

different?

Mixtures and solutions are made of matter that is physically, not chemically combined. In solutions, you cannot see the individual particles because they are dissolved in the substance.

What happens to the particles of matter during a chemical change?

In a chemical change, the particles of matter break apart and form new types of

matter with different properties.

Give some examples of chemical changes.

What are clues, or evidence, that a chemical reaction has

taken place?

1.wood burning

2. fireworks exploding

3. metal rusting

4. cake baking

Evidence that energy was used or given off, the properties of the new substance are

different than the original substances, and the change cannot be easily reversed.

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