Section Four: Expansion



Section Four: Expansion

Important People, Events, and Terms from this era:

Summary:

➢ Manifest Destiny (America's destiny to settle the west and spread liberty and democracy) became a driving force in U.S. growth in the 1st half of the 19th century and led to the development of Americans' spirit of rugged individualism and opportunism. Additionally, it opened up the conflict over slavery as the "peculiar institution" spread westward. James K. Polk was called the "Manifest Destiny President" (1845-49).

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) – treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the U.S. and set out a boundary between the U.S. and New (now Mexico).

Texas Annexed (1845) – after being denied annexation in 1836 because TX was a slave state and there were no free territories ready for annexation (MO Compromise, 1820), Texas was annexed in 1845. The annexation increased tension between the U.S. and Mexico and was one of the causes of the Mexican War.

Mexican War (1846-48) – set off by a border dispute in TX between the Nueces and Rio Grande and a part of Manifest Destiny mindset, the war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which included the Mexican Cession land grant to the U.S. The war was hugely unpopular in the Northeast, and critics (Henry David Thoreau) called it a land grab by Southern slave owners.

California Gold Rush (1849) – shortly after the Mexican War ended, huge gold deposits were found in California and set off a mass migration (300,000 people within a few years). "49'rs" came from all over the world, including a significant number of Chinese. So many Americans came over that CA was able to apply for statehood in 1850, which led to the Compromise of 1850 being passed. Some people struck it rich in gold or business; others barely made it in the lawless west.

Oregon Country (1846) – this territory was loosely claimed by Russia, Spain, Great Britain and the U.S. After threatening to go to war with GB over the boundary dispute ("Fifty four forty or fight!"), the boundary was settled at the 49th parallel and the Oregon Country belonged to the U.S. Thousands of pioneers went west along the Oregon Trail in "prairie schooners" (wagons) looking for new opportunity and fertile land.

Gadsden Purchase (1853) – the small area of land along the border of Mexico & Arizona was purchased by the U.S. for $10mil in anticipation of a southern railroad route for the proposed transcontinental railroad.

Pioneers west (1840s) – Pioneers migrated west for land, gold, adventure, fur, and religious freedom (Mormons). In spite of enduring a long and often difficult journey, the opened up the west for future settlement and stamped the American traits of self-reliance and ruggedness on our national character.

Section Four: Expansion

Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory, and shed American blood upon the American soil.

And whereas this House desires to obtain a full knowledge of all the facts which go to establish whether the particular spot of soil on which the blood of our citizens was so shed was, or was not, our own soil, at that time . . .

This is no war of defence, but one unnecessary and of offensive aggression.

Such a “conquest,” stigmatize it as you please, must necessarily be a great blessing to the conquered.

1. These excerpts offer different points of view about —

A the Texas War of Independence C the U.S.-Mexican War

B the admission of California to the Union D the acquisition of the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico

2. What impact did the development of canals have on the United States during the 1800’s?

A Canals helped the Midwest become the center of textile production.

B Canals increased transportation routes and population growth to major cities.

C Canals caused United States exports to European countries to decline.

D Canals led to New York City losing business as manufacturing centers grew in the west.

3. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the two viewpoints above regarding the cause of Mexican War?

A As the U.S. was pursuing manifest destiny, Mexico was defending its territory.

B The U.S. was too interested in progress, and Mexico was being greedy for land.

C As Americans spread westward, the Mexicans were trying to stop their progress.

D The U.S. refused to respect Mexico so Mexico had to declare war on the U.S.

4. Which of the following was one result of the Mexican War on the United States?

A The United States gained land in the American southwest. C Slavery was abolished in the southern states

B The Transcontinental Railroad was completed. D The country achieved its goal of Manifest Destiny

5. As the United States acquired more land between 1803 and 1850, controversy over these territories focused on the

A need for schools and colleges C expansion of slavery

B failure to conserve natural resources D construction of transcontinental railroads

6. Area ceded to the U.S. as a result of the Treaty of Paris 1783?

7. Area purchased in 1803?

8. Area annexed in 1845?

9. Location of Indian Territory where Cherokee nation was relocated?

10. Area were Gold was discovered in 1849?

Section 5: Industrialization

Important People, Events, and Terms from this era:

Summaries: Industrial Revolution

➢ Industrialization and the rise of commerce led to urbanization.

➢ Connection: a new emphasis on the power of the individual to make change in politics and society

Industrialization revolution – the introduction of the factory system and new mechanized processes in the textile (cloth) industry which had begun in Great Britain in the early 1700s and brought to the U.S. by Samuel Slater ("Slater the Traitor") in the mid-1700s, changed the way goods were produced, the way people worked and the places they lived (from rural -> urban), and created a new middle class.

Transportation revolution: The transportation revolution was the period in which steam power, railroads, canals, roads, bridges, and clipper ships emerged as new forms of transportation, beginning in the 1830s. This allowed Americans to travel across the country and transport goods into new markets that weren’t previously available.

Erie Canal: The Erie Canal, the first major canal project America, was built by New York beginning 1817. Stretching 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo, it was longest canal in western world at the time. It was a symbol of progress when it was opened in 1825, and connected manufacturing centers in the East with farms in the mid-west (Ohio River Valley).

National Road (Cumberland Road): The National Road was a highway across America, from Maryland to western Virginia. Construction began in 1811; the road progressed west during early 1800s, advancing father west with each year. Its crushed-stone surface helped and encouraged many settlers to travel into the frontier west.

Robert Fulton, steamships: Fulton was an artist turned inventor. In 1807, he and his partner, Robert Livingston, introduced a steamship, the Clermont, on the Hudson River and obtained a monopoly on ferry service there until 1824. Steamships created an efficient means of transporting goods upstream, and this led to an increase in the building of canals.

Clipper ships: Clipper ships were sailing ships built for great speed. The first true clipper ship, the Rainbow, was designed by John W. Griffiths, launched in 1845, but this was modeled after earlier ships developed on the Chesapeake Bay. During the Gold Rush, from 1849 to 1857, clipper ships were a popular means to travel to California quickly.

Lowell factory: The Lowell factory was a factory established in 1813 by the Boston Manufacturing Company on the Merrimack River in Massachusetts. It was a cotton textile mill that produced finished clothing, eliminating the need for cottage industries. Also, the Lowell factory hired mainly young girls, separating these girls from their families. These "Lowell girls" were young, unmarried women, usually between 15 and 30 years old, working in textile factories such as the Lowell factory. Most of these girls left their families’ farms in order to gain independence or to help their families financially. In the factories, they found poor working conditions and strict discipline.

Eli Whitney - an inventor who introduced the concept of interchangeable parts in 1798. The tools and machines he invented allowed unskilled workers to build absolutely uniform parts for guns, so that the whole gun no longer had to be replaced if a single part malfunctioned or broke. This was the beginning of mass production. The cotton gin, invented in 1793, cleaned seeds out of the cotton 50x faster than a human can, and locked the South into cotton production, which demanded more land (westward expansion) and more slaves.

Cyrus McCormick, mechanical reaper: McCormick was an inventor who improved upon previous designs for the mechanical reaper. He patented his reaper in 1834 and built a factory to mass produce it in 1847. This invention lessened the work of western farmers by mechanizing the process of harvesting wheat.

Samuel F.B. Morse, telegraph: Morse invented the telegraph in 1844. This invention was enthusiastically accepted by the American people; telegraph companies were formed and lines erected quickly. The telegraph allowed rapid communication across great distances, usually transmitting political and commercial messages.

Capitalism - an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production, with the goal of making a profit. The idea of a free market system (free from government regulation) was first proposed by economist Adam Smith in his 1776 book, The Wealth of Nations. Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of business (means of production), competition, and the "invisible hand" (consumers/the market) determining what is produced and how much it will sell for.

Section 6: Reforms

Important People, Events, and Terms from this era:

➢ Reform movements were grassroots movements that began to address problems in the social fabric of the U.S.

Reforms - Americans after 1815 embraced many religious and social movements in pursuit of solutions for the problems, evils, and misfortunes of mankind. These movements were generally more active in the Northern states.

Second Great Awakening – a religious revival which inspired people to become involved in missionary work and social reforms.

Mormons, Brigham Young - Joseph Smith organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints after receiving "Sacred writings" in New York Unpopular because of their polygamy, they moved to Missouri, then to Nauvoo, Illinois. They were then led to the Great Salt Lake by Brigham young after Smith was killed.

Utopian Communities (Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida, Amana Community) - Attempting to improve man’s life during industrialism, these cooperative communities were formed. These communities often condemned social isolation, religion, marriage, the institution of private property.

Dorothea Dix: In 1843, after discovering the maltreatment of the insane in 1841, presented a memorial to the MA state legislature which described the inhumane conditions in which the insane were kept. She led the fight for asylums and more humane treatment for the insane.

Women's Education (Oberlin, 1833; Mt. Holyoke, 1836) - After it was established in 1833, Oberlin College was converted into the center of western abolition by Theodore Dwight Weld. Founded by Mary Lyon in 1836, Mt Holyoke College in Massachusetts is the oldest U.S. college devoted to women’s education.

Public education, Horace Mann - The most influential of reformers, Man became the secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. For the next ten years, Mann promoted a holistic change in public education. Mann wanted to put the burden of cost on the state, grade the schools, standardize textbooks, and compel attendance.

American Temperance Union - created in 1826 by evangelical Protestants, they followed Lyman Beecher in demanding total abstinence from alcohol. They denounced the evil of drinking and promoted the expulsion of drinkers from church.

Irish, German immigration- 1845-1854 - In this single decade, the largest immigration proportionate to the American population occurred. The Irish was the largest source of immigration with the German immigrants ranking second in number. This spurred new sentiment for nativism and a new anti-Catholic fervor.

Nativism: The Irish immigration surge during the second quarter of the nineteenth century revived anti-Catholic fever .Extremely anti-Catholic, in 1835 Morse warned that the governments of Europe were filling the US with Catholic immigrants as part of a conspiracy to undermine and destroy republican institutions.

Women’s rights - Women could not vote and if married, they had no right to own property or retain their own earnings. They were also discriminated in the areas of education and employment, not receiving the opportunities that men possessed. This encouraged the development of educational institutions for women. Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) in which they presented the Declaration of Rights & Sentiments, modeled after the Declaration of Independence. Another "name to know" in the women's movement was Susan B. Anthony, who was active in higher education of women and the temperance movement.

Abolitionism: Abolitionism was the movement in opposition to slavery, often demanding immediate, uncompensated emancipation of all slaves. This was generally considered radical, and there were only a few adamant abolitionists prior to the Civil War. Almost all abolitionists advocated legal, but not social equality for blacks. Many were extremely vocal and helped to make slavery a national issue, creating sectional tension because most abolitionists were from the North.

William Lloyd Garrison: William Lloyd Garrison was a radical who founded The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, in Boston in 1831. He advocated immediate, uncompensated emancipation and even civil equality for blacks. This made Garrison a famous and highly controversial abolitionist whose main tactic was to stir up emotions on the slavery issue.

Grimké sisters: Angelina and Sarah Grimké were sisters who toured New England, lecturing against slavery, in 1837. They became controversial by lecturing to both men and women. In 1838 both sisters wrote classics of American feminism; Sarah wrote Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes and Angelina wrote Letters to Catherine E. Beecher. The sisters stood out because they were Southerners, and of the "planter aristocracy" class.

Elijah Lovejoy: Lovejoy was American abolitionist and the editor of the antislavery periodical, The Observer. Violent opposition from slaveholders in 1836 forced him to move his presses from Missouri to Illinois, where he established the Alton Observer. Lovejoy was killed by a mob in 1837, and his death stimulated the growth of abolitionist movement.

Frederick Douglass: Douglass was an escaped slave, who became a powerful abolitionist orator (speaker). He captured his audiences with descriptions of his life as a slave. He also published a newspaper, the North Star, in the early 1830s. Douglass’ influential speeches encouraged slaves to escape as he did and motivated northerners to oppose slavery.

Sojourner Truth: Sojourner Truth was a runaway slave who became an influential figure in both women’s societies and the abolitionist movement. In spite of her illiteracy, she traveled widely through New England and the Midwest, making eloquent speeches against sex discrimination, Godlessness, and slavery which attracted large audiences.

Harriet Tubman: Tubman was a black woman who, after escaping from slavery in 1849, made 19 journeys back into the South to help as many as 300 other slaves escape. She was the most famous leader of the underground railroad. Because of her efforts to lead her people to freedom, Tubman was known as "Moses" among blacks. The underground railroad was a secret network of antislavery northerners who illegally helped fugitive slaves escape to free states or Canada during the period before the American Civil War. The system had no formal organization, but it helped thousands of slaves escape and contributed to the hostility between the North and South.

Erie Canal Aqueduct, Rochester, New York

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1. Which of these resulted from the modification to the environment shown in this illustration?

A The surrounding area became more industrialized. C Property was damaged by increased flooding.

B Community parks were established to preserve wildlife. D Crop irrigation declined because of water pollution.

• Canal networks

• Swiftly flowing rivers

• Extensive railroad systems

• Banking and investment centers

2. In the nineteenth century, the availability of the resources in the list above resulted in —

A an increase in the number of factories in the Northeast

B the development of industrial labor unions in the South

C an increase in the number of immigrants moving to the South

D the expansion of commercial agriculture in the Northeast

3. The Industrial Revolution had which of the following effects on slavery in the South?

A the creation of numerous labor-saving machines vastly reduced the need for slave labor

B rapid growth in the textile industry encouraged Southern planters to grow cotton, thereby making slavery more important to the economy.

C new farm machinery required slaves and masters to work more closely together, with a resulting reduction of mutual hostility.

D the Industrial Revolution began as the Civil War was ending and it provided work for many former slaves.

4. Capitalism, also known as a "free market system", has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A state-owned means of production C private ownership of property

B limited gov't regulation of commerce D competition

This territory was rough and very thinly inhabited until the water power provided by the river and a large natural pond attracted the manufacturers. After that it began to flourish vigorously.

-application for town charter, Webster, Massachusetts

Do you know a family of children, girls or boys, from 7 to 12 years of age, with a parent or parents not in well-off

circumstances? A widow would be preferred. They are to live near one of our cotton mills, so that the children may work in them and the parents may perhaps be employed.

-newspaper advertisement

5. Based on the passages above, how did the physical environment influence economic activities in the early 19th century?

A Child labor began to decline as more factories were built near water.

B As manufacturers built factories near water and hired workers, cities grew.

C Cities would not grow unless they hired whole families to work in factories.

D Manufacturers often forced workers to work 72 hours a week.

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6. Which of the following best completes the diagram above?

A. Increase in agricultural production C Enactment of protective tariffs

B. Decrease in the slave population D Growth of immigration

To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives in Congress Assembled, We the undersigned, citizens of the United States, but deprived of some of the privileges and immunities of citizens among which, is the right to vote, beg leave to submit the following resolution:

Resolved; that we… respectfully ask Congress to enact appropriate legislation during its present session to protect women citizens in the several states of this Union, in their right to vote. — Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1873)

Source: National Archives and Records

Administration

7. Resolutions such as the one above were a result of which reform movement?

A Abolition of slavery C Schools for the disabled

B Prohibition of alcohol D Women’s suffrage

…I come to place before the legislature of Massachusetts the condition of the miserable, the desolate, and the outcast. I come as an advocate of men and women who are helpless, forgotten, and mentally ill. I come to demand change in conditions against which even the most unconcerned would react with horror.

Excerpt from Dorothea Dix “Report to the

Massachusetts Legislature, 1843”

8. Which of the following was a result of reports such as the one above?

A Abolition of slavery C Growth of Labor Unions

B Suffrage for women D Prison reform

9. As the primary author of the Declaration of Sentiments, Elizabeth Cady Stanton helped advance the -

A. temperance movement C prison-reform movement

B. women’s suffrage movement D education-reform movement

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10. According to the excerpt above, with which of the following statements would the speaker most likely agree?

A Prisons should be reformed. C Men should work in agricultural jobs.

B Women should have equal rights. D Women should pursue traditional occupations.

Section 7: Sectionalism/Events leading to Civil War

Important People, Events, and Terms from this era:

Sectionalism Summaries

➢ Sectionalism: before 1860 the North & the South were separated by economic, political & cultural differences that became increasingly difficult to compromise.

➢ After the election of Abraham Lincoln several southern states seceded from the Union, an action that led to civil war in 1861.

Regional voices – John C. Calhoun (SC) supported states rights and the Doctrine of Nullification, which said states could ignore a federal law, Daniel Webster (MA) spoke in defense of the Union: " Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable!", and Henry Clay (KY) represented the West with farming and dependence on federal government elements.

Missouri Compromise (1820) – Compromise created by Henry Clay to maintain balance of power in Senate; states would be annexed in pairs (free, slave) and that slavery would be banned in the LA. Territory north of the 36'30. This compromise was in place until 1850, when California sought annexation as a free state and no slave territory was ready for annexation.

Compromise of 1850 – result of CA. gold rush and subsequent annexation. The compromise 1) annexed CA as a free state, 2) banned slave trade in D.C., 3) allowed popular sovereignty (people decide slavery issue) in NM & UT territories, 4) strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act, 5) finalized TX border with Mexico

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) – Stephen Douglas (Senator, IL) wanted a northern railroad route, so in exchange for southern votes to support it, opened up the KS & NE territories to slavery (popular sovereignty). Significance: opened up slavery in territories where it has previously been banned, led to Bleeding Kansas incident, led to the establishment of the Republican Party.

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) – anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe which sold over 300,000 copies that fueled the abolitionist movement in the North and was banned in the South. Lincoln said of Stowe when he met her: "So this is the little lady who started this great war".

Republic Party (1854) – started in response to the Kan-Neb Act with a platform dedicated to stopping the spread of slavery.

Bleeding Kansas (1854-61) – is the term used to described the period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory. Proslavery and free-state settlers flooded into Kansas to try to influence the decision. Violence soon erupted as both factions fought for control. Abolitionist John Brown led anti-slavery fighters in Kansas before his famed raid on Harpers Ferry.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) - a Supreme Court case in which Dred Scott, a slave who had lived in a free state, argued that this entitled him to emancipation. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney disagreed: The court found that no black, free or slave, could claim U.S. citizenship, and therefore blacks were unable to petition the court for their freedom. Additionally, since slaves were property, all Congressional bans on slavery in federal territories (i.e. MO Compromise) were unconstitutional and violated the 5th amendment protection of property.

Raid on Harpers Ferry, VA (1859) - In October 1859, John Brown raid the federal arsenal with the intention of inciting a slave insurrection. Brown was captured during the raid and later convicted of treason and hanged, but the raid inflamed white Southern fears of slave rebellions and increased the mounting tension between Northern and Southern states.

Lincoln elected (1860) - Abraham Lincoln becamethe first Republican to win the presidency. He received only 40% of the popular vote but defeated the three other candidates: Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, Constitutional Union candidate John Bell, and Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas, a U.S. senator for Illinois. The announcement of Lincoln's victory signaled the secession of the Southern states, which since the beginning of the year had been publicly threatening secession if the Republicans gained the White House.

Section 8: Civil War

Important People, Events, and Terms from this era:

Civil War Summaries

➢ Both sides thought the war would last only a couple of months & each was confident of its own victory.

➢ Advanced weaponry & primitive knowledge of hygiene & medicine increased dismemberment & death.

➢ The South was counting on aid (or at least recognition) of Great Britain.

➢ After four years of war and more than 600,000 causalities, the Union army defeated the South.

NORTH (United States of America) SOUTH (Confederate States of America)

President Abraham Lincoln President Jefferson Davis

Army of the Potomac Army of Northern Virginia

Gen. U.S. Grant (western front) Gen. Robert E. Lee (eastern front)

Major Battles:

➢ April 1861 Ft. Sumter, SC (CSA victory) – first shots fired in the war. When President Abraham Lincoln announced plans to resupply the fort, Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. After a 34-hour exchange of artillery fire, the fort was surrendered on April 13.

➢ July 1861 First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas Junction, VA (CSA) - On July 21, 1861, Union and Confederate armies clashed near Manassas Junction, VA. About 35,000 Union troops marched from Washington, D.C. to strike a Confederate force of 20,000 along a small river known as Bull Run. The rebels sent the Federals into a chaotic retreat towards Washington. Impact: The Confederate victory gave the South a surge of confidence and shocked many in the North, who realized the war would not be won as easily as they had hoped.  

➢ September 1862 Antietam, MD (USA) – Generals Lee and McClellan faced off near Antietam creek in Sharpsburg, MD, in the first battle to be fought on northern soil. Though McClellan had advance notice of Lee's troop numbers and strategy (lost battle plans had been found by a Union scout wrapped around cigars), he failed to utilize this knowledge and his numerical superiority to crush Lee's army. Impact: This victory provided Abraham Lincoln the political cover he needed to issue his Emancipation Proclamation. Though the result of the battle was inconclusive, it remains the bloodiest single day in American history, with more than 25,000 casualties.

➢ July 1863 Gettysburg, PA (USA) – fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, was the last time the South was on the offensive. General Lee marched into Pennsylvania in late June 1863. On July 1, after a chance meeting in the town (Confederates were looking for shoes), the Confederates clashed with the Union's Army of the Potomac (Gen'l Meade); after fierce fighting, Lee was forced to withdraw his battered army toward Virginia on July 4. Impact: one of two "turning points" of the war: the last time Robert E. Lee would take his army into the North and dashed hope of foreign assistance or recognition of the Confederacy. Confederate Forces: 75,000 , Union Forces: 82,289, Casualties: 51,112 (23,049 Union and 28,063 Confederate)

➢ July 1863 Siege at Vicksburg, MS (USA) - From the spring of 1862 until July 1863, Union forces waged a campaign to take the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi, which lay on the east bank of the Mississippi River, halfway between Memphis to the north and New Orleans to the south. Impact: After a siege of 6 weeks, the capture of Vicksburg divided the Confederacy and proved the military genius of Union General Ulysses S. Grant (1822-85). The town of Vicksburg would not celebrate the Fourth of July for 81 years.

➢ Sept 1864 March to the Sea (USA) – After capturing Atlanta (an important railroad hub for the South), General Sherman took 62,000 Union troops on an offensive march through Georgia to Savannah. He destroyed farms and livestock, and terrorized the civilian population (Total War). This would undermine Southern morale by making life so unpleasant for Georgia’s civilians that they would demand an end to the war.

➢ April 1865 Surrender at Appomattox Court House, VA - On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in Appomattox Court House, VA. Days earlier, Lee had abandoned the Confederate capital, Richmond, VA. When Union forces cut off his final retreat, Lee was forced to surrender. Quieting a band that had begun to play in celebration, Grant told his officers, "The war is over. The Rebels are our countrymen again."

Section 9: Reconstruction

Important People, Events, and Terms from this era:

Reconstruction Summaries

➢ Disagreements between the executive and legislative branches about who should control Southern reconstruction led to a Congressional power grab in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

➢ Reconstruction amendments after the war recognized African-American citizenship & suffrage and changed American race relations while the Northern victory changed the U.S. economic focus and answered the question of the constitutionality of secession.

➢ Reconstruction was a mixed bag of success and left bitter & deep resentments in the South.

Impact of the Civil War - The Civil War was one of the most tragic wars in American history. More Americans died then in all other wars combined. Brother fought against brother and the nation was torn apart.

Consequences include:

A. The nation was reunited and the southern states were not allowed to secede.

B. The South was placed under military rule and divided into military districts. Southern states then had to apply for readmission to the Union.

C. The Federal government proved itself supreme over the states. Essentially this was a war over states rights and federalism and the victor was the power of the national government.

D. Slavery was effectively ended. While slavery was not officially outlawed until the passage of the 13th amendment, the slaves were set free upon the end of the war.

E. Reconstruction, the plan to rebuild America after the war, began.

F. Industrialism increased as a result of the increase in wartime production and the development of new technologies.

13th amendment (1865) – abolished slavery

14th amendment (1868) – defined citizenship to include everyone born in the U.S; grants citizenship, due process and equal protection under the law for anyone born in the U.S

15th amendment (1870) – gave black men the right to vote; prohibits disenfranchisement based on 'race, color, or previous condition of servitude.'

Presidential v. Radical Republican (Congressional) reconstruction plans – Lincoln (& his successor, Andrew Johnson) wanted to get southern states back into the Union as quickly and painlessly as possible, and generally required the abolition of slavery and a loyalty oath of 10% of voters while a small group of radical republicans wanted to punish the south for secession and war. They divided the South into 5 military districts under the occupation and control of federal troops to protect African-American civil liberties.

Freedman's Bureau – this agency provided food, shelter, medical aid, help to find employment, education, and other needs for blacks and poor whites in the South. The Freedman's Bureau was the largest scale federal aid relief plan at this time.

Black Codes – laws (in the South) which restricted rights of freedmen, specifically the rights to testify against whites, to serve on juries or in state militias, or to vote, and express legal concern publicly. Some also declared that those who failed to sign yearly labor contracts could be arrested and hired out to white landowners. Several states limited the occupations open to African Americans and barred them from acquiring land and others provided that judges could assign African American children to work for their former owners without the consent of their parents.

African-American life after the civil war – During Reconstruction (& under the protection of federal troops), blacks enjoyed many civil liberties and opportunities, even serving in political offices (At the beginning of 1867, no African-American in the South held political office, but within three or four years "about 15 percent of the officeholders in the South were black—a larger proportion than in 1990"; thank you, Wikipedia!). But after 1877 and the end of Reconstruction, over the next three decades, the civil rights that blacks had achieved during Reconstruction crumbled under white rule in the south. The plight of southern Blacks was forgotten in the north as they were segregated (Jim Crow laws) and condemned to live in poverty (tenant farmers, sharecroppers) with little hope.

Section 7: Sectionalism/Events leading to Civil War

1. The two shaded states on this map were admitted to the Union under the terms of a compromise involving the —

A resolution of a boundary dispute with Great Britain

B expansion of slavery into western territories

C relocation of American Indians to western territories

D counting of the slave population for purposes of representation

2. Sectional differences developed in the United States largely because

A the Federal Government adopted a policy of neutrality

B economic conditions and interests in each region varied

C only northerners were represented at the Constitutional Convention

D early Presidents favored urban areas over rural areas

3. Many Southerners supported the Compromise of 1850 because it…?

A provided that cotton be substituted for currency as a medium of exchange

B made the number of free states and slave states equal

C legalized slavery in all the newly acquired territories

D provided for the return of fugitive slaves

4. By opening territory north of 36º 30' to slavery, the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the…?

A Dred Scott decision C Compromise of 1850

B. Missouri Compromise D Northwest Ordinance

5. Stephen Douglas' advocacy of popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act ignited rather than dispelled the flames of sectionalism. Popular sovereignty sought to…?

A allow blacks to vote in the Kansas-Nebraska territories

B force the Supreme Court to rule on slavery's constitutionality

C forbid masters from returning runaway slaves to the South

D let the residents of Kansas-Nebraska areas determine their own laws on slavery through elections

6. When the Supreme Court ruled in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) that the Missouri Compromise (1820) was an unconstitutional infringement on property rights, the Supreme Court was exercising…?

A judicial review C original jurisdiction

B impeachment procedures D a check on the executive branch of government

7. What was the significance of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin?

A it contradicted prevailing stereotypes about blacks

B the book challenged the common notion that slavery tore apart the black family

C it provoked a more aggressive antislavery position in those who were uncertain on the slavery issue

D all of these choices are correct

8. Which event was the immediate cause of the secession of several Southern states from the Union in 1860?

A the Dred Scott decision C the raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry

B the Missouri Compromise D the election of President Abraham Lincoln

9. In 1854, Anthony Burns, a fugitive slave from Alexandria, Virginia, was arrested in Boston and returned to Virginia. Which federal legislation provided the basis for Burns’s arrest?

A The Kansas-Nebraska Act C The Compromise of 1850

B The Homestead Act D The Gadsden Purchase

Section 8: Civil War

1. As the Civil War began, the North had all of the following advantages EXCEPT

A a larger population C superior military leadership

B more industrial capacity D more gold

2. Which Union victory gave Lincoln the right moment to make the Emancipation Proclamation

A Shiloh C Gettysburg

B Antietam D Vicksburg

A writ of habeas corpus requires an official to bring a prisoner before a civil court to justify the prisoner’s arrest. President Abraham Lincoln authorized the suspension of habeas corpus during the Civil War.

Ex parte Merryman (federal court case)

➢ In 1861, John Merryman, a citizen of Maryland, was imprisoned by military order and held without trial. He challenged the power of the president to suspend habeas corpus.

➢ Chief Justice Roger B. Taney reviewed the case and decided that only Congress had the power to suspend habeas corpus.

➢ President Lincoln and his administration continued to suspend habeas corpus throughout the Civil War.

3. By ignoring Chief Justice Taney’s ruling, President Lincoln —

A exercised a constitutional check on judicial power C upheld the concept of federalism

B disregarded the principle of judicial review D invoked the principle of separation of powers

4. The Battle of Gettysburg was significant because it…?

A led to an immediate end to the war C inflicted a major loss on General Lee's army

B opened an invasion route to the North D cut off supplies to states west of the Mississippi River

5. The Battle of Antietam was…?

A the bloodiest single day's fighting of the war

B a victory for General Lee's Army of Northern Virginia

C a proof to President Lincoln of the inspired leadership of General George B. McClellan

D all of these choices are correct

6. Which statement is best supported by the data in the table?

 

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A The Confederate troops lost the Civil War as a result of their higher numbers of injuries and fatalities.

B The Union army had better generals during the Civil War.

C The Civil War had more casualties than any other war.

D More soldiers died from disease than from wounds.

7. The major battle in the western theater during the Civil War which had the effect of splitting the Confederacy in half was?

A the Battle of the Wilderness C Gettysburg

B First Bull Run D Vicksburg

8. The Emancipation Proclamation…?

A freed the slaves and abolished slavery in all the states of the Union and the Confederacy.

B freed slaves only in areas in rebellion against the United States but not in areas that remained loyal.

C was formulated by the Radical Republicans and issued by Lincoln despite his strong personal objections.

D convinced England and France to enter the war on behalf of the Union in order to win the crusade against slavery.

Section 9: Reconstruction

1. What was a major result of the Civil War?

A States now had the right to secede from the Union.

B Congress passed an amendment to provide for the direct election of senators.

C The power of the central government was strengthened.

D The judiciary became the dominant branch of the federal government.

The 14th amendment provides that no "state [shall] deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

2. A direct result of this amendment was that

A the process of amending the Constitution became slower and more complex

B the guarantees in the Bill of Rights were applied to state actions

C every citizen gained an absolute right to freedom of speech and assembly

D the power of the Federal Government was sharply reduced

3. In their plans for Reconstruction, both President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew Johnson sought to

A punish the South for starting the Civil War

B force the Southern States to pay reparations to the Federal Government

C allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible

D establish the Republican Party as the only political party in the South

4. During Reconstruction, the Black Codes passed by Southern states were attempts to

A provide land to former slaves C repeal the Jim Crow laws

B punish former Confederate leaders D deny equal rights to African Americans

5. The purpose of the Freedman's Bureau was to?

A gain the vote for the freed slave

B provide 40 acres and a mule for each slave

C feed, adjust, and educate the former slaves, thus aiding their adjustment to freedom

D work against the Black Codes

6. What did the 14th Amendment do?

A Prohibited the denial of voting rights on the basis of race C Prohibited slavery

B Defined citizenship D Prohibited poll taxes

7. What did the 15th Amendment do?

A Prohibited the denial of voting rights on the basis of race C Prohibited slavery

B Defined citizenship D Prohibited poll taxes

8. Which of these best explains the change in population and distribution of U.S. cities from 1850 to 1870?

A The passage of homesteading legislation

B The admission of new states to the Union

C The expansion of the railroad system and increased industrialization

D The emancipation of slaves after the Civil War[pic]

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