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Evelyn S. Rawski

Posvar 3507 Office hours, Wednesdays 3:30-5:50 pm

esrx@pitt.edu

History 1422. CRN 28070. China and the World, 1500-1800.

Fall semester 2014. DRAFT.

Course Objectives

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, China by some scholarly accounts was one of the major centers of the developing global economy, yet most historical surveys of China frame it within the context of national history, which tends to incorporate earlier historical events as part of a narrative culminating in the establishment of the modern nation-state. This course aims to:

• Look at sixteenth and seventeenth developments in regional and global contexts

• Allow students to engage more directly with a variety of secondary literature within a seminar context

• Encourage critical evaluations of historical interpretations through oral discussion and written work

Course Organization

Readings listed below will be discussed each week in a seminar format. Each student will submit one 20 page term paper or two shorter papers, on subjects selected in consultation with the instructor. They will report to the class on their paper projects. Graduate students who participate in the course will be expected to do extra work, in consultation with the instructor.

Schedule of weekly readings for class discussion

Each week, in rotation, a student will lead the discussion which will begin with addressing the questions posed then expand into free (but structured) analysis. Students will also be expected to sign up to be the lead discussant for each reading assignment.

The readings listed below that are marked with an asterisk * are downloadable and printable from Hillman Library’s E-Journals. All other readings are downloadable and printable from the Electronic Course Reserve for this course.

The weekly seminar discussions are a very important part of this course. Participation requires preparation. You should not only have completed the assigned readings, but have thought about what made sense and what didn’t; what fit with things you already knew, and what seemed new and different. Productive learning takes place when all present are willing to listen to each other and respond to what they hear, rather than just presenting their own conclusions. Being willing to ask questions in the weekly seminar is even more important than being willing to answer them. Please consult the rubric below which outlines how seminar performance will be evaluated.

|Seminar rubric | | | |

|  |Superior |Meritorious |Adequate |Minimal |

|  |Achievement |Achievement |Achievement |Achievement |

|  |A |B |C |D |

| Preparation |Carefully completes |Carefully completes |Completes assigned |Fails to complete |

|  |assigned reading; |assigned reading |reading with super- |assigned reading; |

|  |prepares thorough notes |and comes prepared |ficial comprehension; |fails to bring notes |

|  |and questions to |to discuss any points |fails to bring notes |assigned in advance |

|  |facilitate discussion; |that were not |assigned in advance |  |

|  |participates in class |understood |or brings notes that |  |

|  |  |  |reflect minimal effort |  |

| Participation |Listens carefully |Listens carefully |Sometimes pays |Does not pay |

|  |while others speak; |while others speak; |attention while |attention while |

|  |asks questions and |asks questions and |others speak; |others speak; does |

|  |offers comments that |offers comments that |occasionally |not contribute to |

|  |reveal new connections |take classmates' |participates in |discussions, does |

|  |between ideas |ideas seriously; |discussion; |not participate |

|  |presented by others; |participates actively |contributes minimal |actively in class |

|  |participates actively |in class |effort to class |activities |

|  |in ways that encourage |  |activities |  |

|  |other group members |  |  |  |

|  |to engage as well |  |  |  |

Attendance

Attendance will be taken. Absences can be excused in the case of a family or medical emergency (a written medical excuse must be provided).

Papers

1. All paper topics should be selected in consultation with the instructor.

2. A short paper consists of a review of the secondary literature on a set topic (see suggestions in the topics listed in this syllabus). Rather than simply outlining the material covered in the work, a review essay is a critical evaluation of the articles and books treated. Each paper should be about ten pages in length (not counting the bibliography), organized in terms of a coherent argument or interpretation, and accompanied with footnotes and a bibliography. See the style sheet for details on the correct style for footnotes and bibliography.

3. A long paper should explore a research subject and lay out in a preliminary fashion the research question, its significance, and the primary sources that will be used to address the research question. It should be about twenty pages in length (not counting the bibliography).

4. Please consult the Grading Rubric below for information on how papers will be graded.

Grading rubric for papers

| |A |B |C |D |

|Arg | |Respon Responds to all |Only re Responds to |Fails to Fails to |

| |R Responds to assignment |parts of the assignment, |part of the assignment,|respond to the |

|Arguments/ |comprehensively and carefully. |using ideas and information|fails to answer a |assignment; answers |

|Analysis |Selects and synthesizes ideas and |from assigned readings. |central question; |few or none of the |

| |information from full range of | |ignores important |questions provided |

| |assigned readings. | |information from | |

| | | |assigned readings. | |

| |Carefull Carefully selects the |Provide Provides specific |Little c Little |No sup No supporting|

|Supporting |most significant and relevant |supporting evidence from |concrete evidence |evidence is presented;|

|Evidence |supporting evidence to back up |assigned readings; in most |presented; fails to |no quotes or |

| |claims; explains clearly how each |cases explains how quotes |explain how quotes or |paraphrases appear; |

| |quote or paraphrase relates to an |and paraphrases relate to |paraphrases relate to |information drawn from|

| |argument or claim |arguments or claims. |arguments or claims; |readings is careless |

| | | |information drawn from |and incorrect. |

| | | |readings is partially | |

| | | |incorrect. | |

|StStruc |Order o Order of exposition is |Order o Order of |Poorly Poorly |No org No |

|Structure |logical and clear. |exposition is easy to |organized; relationship|organizing structure. |

| | |follow. |between various |Repetitious and |

| | | |elements of essay is |confusing. |

| | | |unclear. | |

|Language/ |Clear, v Clear vivid, specific, |Gramm Grammar correct; |Vague, Vague, |Informa Informal |

|Mechanics |precise vocabulary. No typos or |vocabulary and phrasing |informal, or erroneous |language; multiple |

| |spelling errors. Appropriate mix |clear. A few typos or |language; excessively |grammar and spelling |

| |of quotes and paraphrases. |spelling errors. |wordy; grammatical |errors. No evidence of|

| | | |errors. Multiple typos |proofreading. |

| | | |or spelling errors. | |

Grading

Attendance and participation in classroom discussions will count for 40% of the course. Each of the two short papers will count for 30% of the course, and the long paper will count for 60% of the course.

Disability Policy

If you have a disability for which you are or may be requesting an accommodation, you are encouraged to contact both your instructor and the Office of Disability Resources and Services, 216 William Pitt Union, 412-648-7890/412-383-7355 (TTY), as early as possible in the term. Disability Resources and Services will verify your disability and determine reasonable accommodations for this course.

Academic Integrity Policy

Sample: Cheating/plagiarism will not be tolerated. Students suspected of violating the University of Pittsburgh Policy on Academic Integrity, noted below, will be required to participate in the outlined procedural process as initiated by the instructor. A minimum sanction of a zero score for the quiz, exam or paper will be imposed. (For the full Academic Integrity policy, go to provost.pitt.edu/info/ai1.html.)

E-mail Communications

Each student is issued a University e-mail address (username@pitt.edu) upon admittance. This e-mail address may be used by the University for official communication with students. Students are expected to read e-mail sent to this account on a regular basis. Failure to read and react to University communications in a timely manner does not absolve the student from knowing and complying with the content of the communications. The University provides an e-mail forwarding service that allows students to read their e-mail via other service providers (e.g., Hotmail, AOL, Yahoo). Students that choose to forward their e-mail from their pitt.edu address to another address do so at their own risk. If e-mail is lost as a result of forwarding, it does not absolve the student from responding to official communications sent to their University e-mail address. To forward e-mail sent to your University account, go to , log into your account, click on Edit Forwarding Addresses, and follow the instructions on the page. Be sure to log out of your account when you have finished. (For the full E-mail Communication Policy, go to bc.pitt.edu/policies/policy/09/09-10-01.html.)

Course Schedule

Unit One: Domestic Affairs

Week 1: What is China?

Questions on readings for discussion during the recitation:

Who were the rulers of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911)? What difference did their origins make to their rulership? What were the causes for the ending of the Ming dynasty? What was the nature of the Qing political system? What kinds of activities did the Qing state carry out? What were the goals of government policy?

Susan Naquin and Evelyn Rawski, Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century (Yale University Press, 1987), Ch. 1, pp. 3-32.

Evelyn S. Rawski, “Economic and Social Foundations of Late Imperial Culture,” in Popular Culture in Late Imperial China, ed. David Johnson, Andrew J. Nathan, and Evelyn S. Rawski (Berkeley, 1985), pp. 3-33.

Kiyohiko Sugiyama, “The Ch’ing Empire as a Manchu Khanate: The Structure of Rule under the Eight Banners,” Acta Asiatica 88 (2005): 21-48.

*Frederic Wakeman, Jr., “China and the Seventeenth-Century Crisis,” Late Imperial China 7.1 (1986): 1-28.

Week 2: Social structure and social units

Questions on readings:

Define what a family is in the Chinese context. How does a family differ from a lineage? Are lineages human constructions, or biologically determined? How does business organization compare to kinship-based and community-based groupings?

*David Faure, “The Lineage as a Cultural Invention: The Case of the Pearl River Delta,” Modern China 15.1 (1989):4-36.

*Rubie Watson, “The Creation of a Chinese Lineage: The Teng of Ha Tsuen, 1669-1751,” Modern Asian Studies 16.1 (1982):69-100.

*Kenneth Pomeranz, “’Traditional’ Chinese Business Forms Revisited: Family, Firm, and Financing in the History of the Yutang Company of Jining, 1779-1956,” Late Imperial China 18.1 (1997): 1-38.

*Steven Sangren, “Traditional Chinese Corporations: Beyond Kinship,” Journal of Asian Studies 43.3 (1984): 391-415.

Week 3: Confucianism and religious culture

Questions on readings:

Describe the examination culture that enveloped men born into well-to-do households during the Ming and Qing dynasties. What is “Confucian” about examination culture? What elements of the examination culture would exist irrespective of whether the dominant ideology promoted in the exams were Confucian or not? Compare the groups that were most affected by local religious cults; by the Confucian curriculum.

*Benjamin Elman, “Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China,” Journal of Asian Studies 50.1 (1991):7-28.

Benjamin Elman, “Early Modern or Late Imperial Philology? The Crisis of Classical Learning in Eighteenth Century China,” Frontiers of History in China 6.1 (2011): 3-25.

*Shiyu Li and Susan Naquin, “The Baoming Temple: Religion and the Throne in Ming and Qing China,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 48.1 (1988): 131-88.

Ter Haar, Barend, “Local Society and the Organization of Cults in Early Modern China: A Preliminary Study,” Studies in Central and East Asian Religions 8 (1995): 1-43.

Week 4: Gender Issues

Questions on readings:

Outline what the normal life course would be for girls in well-to-do families in the Qing period. What legal rights did women enjoy? How would you summarize women’s status in the Qing?

*Dorothy Ko, “The Body as Attire: The Shifting Meanings of Footbinding in Seventeenth-Century China,” Journal of Women’s History 8.4 (1997): 8-27.

*Susan Mann, “Widows in the Kinship, Class, and Community Structure of Qing Dynasty China,” Journal of Asian Studies 46.1 (1987): 37-56.

*Paola Paderni, “I Thought I Would Have Some Happy Days: Women Eloping in Eighteenth-Century China,” Late Imperial China 16.1 (1995): 1-32.

*Matthew H. Sommer, “The Uses of Chastity: Sex, Law, and the Property of Widows in Qing China,” Late Imperial China 17.2 (1996): 77-130.

Matthew H. Sommer, “Abortion in Late Imperial China: Routine Birth Control or Crisis Intervention?” Late Imperial China 31.2 (2010): 97-165.

Week 5: Ethnicity

Questions on readings:

Did Ming/Qing Chinese have a concept that was akin to our modern concept of ethnicity? What distinctions did Chinese speakers make between themselves and other peoples? Did the fact that the Qing rulers were not originally from China Proper make a difference in these perceptions?

Readings:

*Pamela K. Crossley, “Thinking About Ethnicity in Early Modern China,” Late Imperial China 1 (1990: 1-34.

Dzengšeo, trans. Nicola Di Cosmo, The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China (Routledge, 2006).

Gertraude Roth, “The Manchu-Chinese Relationship, 1618-1636,”pp. 10-38 in From Ming to Ch’ing: Conquest, Region and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China, ed. Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills, Jr. (Yale University Press, 1979).

*Edward Q. Wang, “History, Space, and Ethnicity: The Chinese Worldview,” Journal of World History 10.2 (1999): 285-305.

Unit 2: China and Its World

Week 6: China in Asia

Questions for discussion: What was the nature of the relationship of the Chinese-speaking state with: the Mongols? the Koreans? the Japanese?

*John E. Wills, Jr., “Zheng Chenggong (Coxinga),” in his Mountain of Fame: Portraits in Chinese History (Princeton University Press, 1994), pp. 216-30 [ebook]

Pamela Crossley, “Making Mongols,” in Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China, ed. Pamela K. Crossley, Helen F. Siu, and Donald S. Sutton (University of California Press, 2006), pp. 58-82.

Jahyun Kim Haboush, “Contesting Chinese Time, Nationalizing Temporal Space: Temporal Inscription in Late Chosŏn Korea,” pp. 115-41 in Time, Temporality, and Imperial Transition: East Asia from Ming to Qing, ed. Lynn A. Struve (University of Hawai’i Press, 2005).

*Dahpon David Ho, “The Empire’s Scorched Shores: Coastal China, 1633-1683,” Journal of Early Modern History 17 (2003): 53-74.

*Tashiro Kazui, “Foreign Relations During the Edo Period: Sakoku Reexamined,” Journal of Japanese Studies 8.2 (1982): 283-306,

OR

*Ronald P. Toby, “Contesting the Centre: International Sources of Japanese Identity,” International History Review 7.3(1985): 347-63

Week 7: Relations with Europe

Questions for discussion:

When did Europeans have contact with China, and vice versa? Trace the main outlines of the historical changes in Sino-European contacts and relations. What impact did Europe have on China, and vice versa?

Duarte de Sande, “An excellent treatise of the kingdom of China [London, 1598-1600], in Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery: An Anthology, ed. Peter C. Mancall (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 165-75.

*Benjamin A. Elman, “Jesuit Scientia and Natural Studies in Late Imperial China, 1600-1800,” Journal of Early Modern History 6.3 (2002): 209-32.

*Laura Hostetler, “Qing Connections to the Early Modern World: Ethnography and Cartography in Eighteenth-Century China,” Modern Asian Studies 34.3 (2000): 623-62.

*Catherine Jami, “Imperial Control and Western Learning: The Kangxi Emperor’s Performance,” Late Imperial China 23.1 (2002): 28-49.

Catherine Jami, “Western Learning and Imperial Scholarship: the Kangxi Emperor’s Study,” East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine no. 27 (2007): 146-72.

Eugenio Menegon, “Spanish Friars, Christian Loyalists and Holy Virgins in Fujian during the Ming-Qing Transition,” Monumenta Serica 51 (2002): 335-65.

Matteo Ricci, “A Discourse of the Kingdome of China,” [London, 1625], in Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery: An Anthology, ed. Peter C. Mancall (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 176-86.

*Joanna Waley-Cohen, “China and Western Technology in the Eighteenth Century,” American Historical Review 98.5 (1993): 1525-44.

Week 8: Trade

Questions for discussion:

What was the significance of foreign trade for the Chinese economy? Did it change over time, and why? What was the significance of China in the world economy? Did that change over time, and why?

Robert J. Antony, Like Froth Floating on the Sea: The World of Pirates and Seafarers in Late Imperial South China. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, 2003.

Timothy Brook, Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), read Chapter entitled “Summer: The Last Century, 1550-1644,” pp. 153-xx.

*William Atwell, “International Bullion Flows and the Chinese Economy circa 1530-1650,” Past and Present 95 (1982): 68-90.

*Gang Deng, “The Foreign Staple Trade of China in the Pre-Modern Era,” International History Review 19.2 (1997): 253-85.

Peter W. Klein, “The China Seas and the World Economy Between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: The Changing Structures of Trade,” in Interactions in the World Economy: Perspectives from International Economic History, ed. Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich (New York: New York University Press, 1989), pp. 61-89.

William T. Rowe, “Money, Economy, and Polity in the Daoguang Era Paper Currency Debates,” Late Imperial China 31.2 (2011): 89-132.

READ EITHER Di Cosmo and Stolberg, OR Parker

Nicola Di Cosmo, “Kirghiz Nomads on the Qing Frontier: Tribute, Trade, or Gift Exchange?” pp. 351-72 in Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries, and Human Geographies in Chinese History, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo and Don J. Wyatt (Routledge Curzon, 2003).

*Eva-Marie Stolberg, “Interracial Outposts in Siberia: Nerchinsk, Kiakhta, and the Russo-Chinese Trade in the Seventeenth/Eighteenth Centuries,” Journal of Early Modern History 4.3-4(2000): 322-36.

Geoffrey Parker, “Europe and the wider world, 1500-1750: the military balance,” in The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350-1750, ed. James D. Tracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 161-95.

Week 9. Qing expansion and its consequences

Questions on readings:

Summarize the main thrust of Qing expansion of the empire. What were its historically significant consequences? How did the Qing government administer the inner Asian territories that it acquired? What kinds of policies governed the Qing attitude towards non-Han subject peoples? Did the Qing expansion affect the lives of Han Chinese living in the Lower Yangzi?

Yingcong Dai, “Military Finance in the High Qing Period: An Overview.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, ed. Nicola Di Cosmo (Harvard University Press, 2009), pp. 296-316.

*Nicola Di Cosmo, “Qing Colonial Administration in Inner Asia,” International History Review 20.2 (1998): 287–309.

C. Patterson Giersch, “’A Motley Throng’: Social Change on Southwest China’s Early Modern Frontier, 1700-1880.” Journal of Asian Studies 60.1 (2001): 67-94.

*James A. Millward, “’Coming Onto the Map’: ‘Western Regions’ Geography and Cartographic Nomenclature in the Making of Chinese Empire in Xinjiang,” Late Imperial China 20.2 (1999): 61-98.

*James Millward, “A Uyghur Muslim in Qianlong’s Court: The Meanings of the Fragrant Concubine,” Journal of Asian Studies 53.2 (1994):427-59.

Peter C. Perdue, “Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia.” Modern Asian Studies 30.4 (1996):757-93.

*Peter C. Perdue, “Empire and Nation in Comparative Perspective: Frontier Administration in Nineteenth-Century China,” Journal of Early Modern History 5.4 (2001): 282-304.

Unit 3: Looking at China in terms of world history

Week 10: Putting China into world history context

Questions for discussion:

Describe the regional and global networks in which late Ming and Qing China participated.

Tonio Andrade, “A Chinese Farmer, Two African Boys, and a Warlord: Toward a Global Microhistory,” Journal of World History 21.4 (2011): 573-91.

Takeshi Hamashita, “The tribute trade system and modern Asia,” Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 46 (1988): 7-25.

*Mio Kishimoto-Nakayama, “The Kangxi Depression and Early Qing Local Markets,” Modern China 10.2 (1984): 227-56.

*Peter Perdue, “Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia,” Modern Asian Studies 30.4 (1996): 757-93.

*Sanjay Subrahmanyam, “Connected Histories: Notes Towards a Reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia,” Modern Asian Studies 31.3 (1997): 735-62.

Duarte de Sande, “An Excellent Treatise of the Kingdom of China (1590),” in Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery: An Anthology, ed. Peter C. Mancall (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 165-75.

Matteo Ricci, “A Discourse of the Kingdome of China,” in Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery: An Anthology, ed. Peter C. Mancall (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 176-86.

Week 11: World history from a Chinese perspective

Questions for discussion:

Compare the arguments posed in these articles with those posed in last week’s readings. Is there a significant difference? What is it?

*Sudipta Sen, “The New Frontiers of Manchu China and the Historiography of Asian Empires: A Review Essay,” Journal of Asian Studies 61.1 (2002): 165-77.

David Faure, “What Weber Did Not Know: Towns and Economic Development in Ming and Qing China,” in Town and Country in China: Identity and Perception, ed. David Faure and Tao Tao Liu (Palgrave, 2002), pp. 58-84.

*R. Bin Wong, “The Search for European Differences and Domination in the Early Modern World: A View from Asia,” American Historical Review 107.2 (2002): 447-69.

Wu Chengming, “Introduction: On Embryonic Capitalism,” pp. 1-20 in Chinese Capitalism, 1522-1840 (St. Martin’s Press, 2000) [GSPIA ECON HC427.6 C59613 2000]

Week 12: Historians’ fights over China

Questions for discussion:

What does “early modern” mean? When and how did it originate? Are there differences in scholars’ use of the term? Do these differences matter, and why? On the basis of these readings, contrast “early modern” with the historical concept of “late imperial.”

Richard von Glahn, “Imagining Pre-modern China,” in The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History, ed. Paul J. Smith and Richard von Glahn (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003), pp. 35-70.

John E. Wills, Jr. “Contingent Connections: Fujian, the Empire, and the Early Modern World,” in The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time, ed. Lynn A. Struve (Harvard University Asia Center, 2004), pp. 167-203.

*Jack A. Goldstone, “The Problem of the ‘Early Modern’ World,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 41 (1998):249-81.

Geoffrey Parker, “Crisis and catastrophe: the global crisis of the 17th century reconsidered,” American Historical Review 113 (2008): 1052-79. Parker has detailed his argument at greater length in Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century (Yale University Press, 2013).

Week 13-15 Student reports

During these meetings, each seminar participant will present his/her paper before the class and take questions.

Bibliographies for Potential Paper Topics

In consultation with the instructor, each student will select topics for one long (approximately 20 pages, including notes) or two short papers. The citations below are only a sample of potential topics; further citations will be supplied to match the interests of individual students. Papers will be due by 5 pm on December 8th (first day of final examinations).

Reference tools:

Endymion Wilkinson, Chinese History: A New Manual. This is the most revised and largest guide to Chinese-language resources. Harvard University Asia Center. Hillman call number for 2012 edition: DS735 W695 2012. This handbook provides information on a multitude of things: biographical collections, how to translate a Chinese calendrical date to the Western calendar, where to find translations of Chinese official titles, etc. It may come in handy as you write your paper.

Charles O. Hucker, A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press, 1985. Provides English translations of official titles. Hillman Ref JQ 1512.Z13 T53 1985

University of Chicago Press, comp. A Manual of Style. There are numerous editions of this work; any will do. See PITTCAT for the many copies that are held by the University. The point is, to follow the style prescriptions for humanities papers.

Maps: The most detailed map is a Chinese-language one: Zhongguo lishi dituji (Collection of historical maps of China), ed. Tan Qisiang et al. 8 vols. 1982-88 ed. Reprinted 1991-92. The relevant volumes are vol. 7 on Ming and vol. 8 on Qing. East Asian Collection (2nd floor) DS 706.5 C582 1982

Internet resources:

Go to the website of the Society for Ming Studies, which has a pdf file dated 1994, A guide to research on Ming history, a chart giving the Western calendrical equivalents of Ming calendrical dates, and information on Ricci’s world map. There is a website for the Society for Qing Studies which has similar information, plus information on other relevant sites. A similar website exists for the Manchu Studies Group. Log on to the site for blogs, news about recent scholarly events, etc.

A. Historiography

1. “Early modern” as a historical concept

Jack A. Goldstone, “Efflorescences and Economic Growth in World History: Rethinking the ‘Rise of the West’ and the British Industrial Revolution,” Journal of World History 13 (2002): 323-89.

Jack A. Goldstone, “Neither Late Imperial nor Early Modern: Efforescences and the Qing Formation in World History,” pp. 242-302 in The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time, ed. Lynn A. Struve (Harvard University Asia Center, 2004).

R. I. Moore, “The Birth of Europe as a Eurasian Phenomenon,” Modern Asian Studies 31.3 (1997): 583-601.

Wolfgang Reinhard, “The Idea of Early Modern History,” in Companion to Historiography, ed. Michael Bentley (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 281-92.

Peter Van der Veer, “The Global History of Modernity,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 41.3 (1998): 285-94.

Special issue, Daedalus127.3 (1998) devoted to “Early Modernities.”

2: Early modernity as the path to industrialization

Timothy Brook, “Capitalism and the Writing of Modern History in China,” pp. 110- 57 in China and Capitalism: Genealogies of Sinological Knowledge, ed. Timothy Brook and Gregory Blue (Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Yuming He, Paths Toward the Modern Fiscal State: England, Japan, and China. Harvard University Press, 2013.

Kenneth Pomeranz, “Re-thinking the Late Imperial Chinese Economy: Development, Disaggregation and Decline, ca. 1730-1930,” Itinerario 24.3/4 (2000): 29-74.

Jan Luiten van Zanden, “Early Modern Economic Growth: A Survey of the European

Economy, 1500-1800,” in Early Modern Capitalism: Economic and Social Change in

Europe, 1400-1800, ed. Maarten Prak (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 69-87.

Bjőrn Wittrock, “Modernity: One, None, or Many? European Origins and Modernity as

Global Condition,” Daedalus 129.1 (2000): 31-60.

3: History as the prelude to the rise of the nation state

James B. Collins, “State Building in Early-Modern Europe: the Case of France,” Modern Asian Studies 31.3 (1997): 603-33.

Nicola di Cosmo, “State Formation and Periodization in Inner Asian History,” Journal of World History 10 (1999): 1-40.

Istvan Hont, “The Permanent Crisis of a Divided Mankind: ‘Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State,’” Political Studies (special issue on ‘Contemporary Crisis of the nation State,” John Dunn, ed.) 42 (1994): 166-231.

Victor Lieberman, “Transcending East-West Dichotomies: State and Culture Formation in Six Ostensibly Disparate Areas,” in Beyond Binary Histories: Re-imagining Eurasia to c. 1830, ed. Victor Lieberman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), pp. 19-102.

Peter Perdue, “How Different was China? Or, Bringing the Army Back In: Coercion and Ecology in the Comparative Sociology of Europe and China,” pp. 311-30 in Agriculture, Population, and Economic Development in China and Europe, ed. Rolf Peter Sieferle and Helga Breuniger (Breunifer Stiftung, 2003)

4. Large-scale historical models: comparing Europe to China

Andre Gunder Frank, Re-Orient: Global Economy in the Asian Age ((Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).

Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800-1830, vol. 2: Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

Kenneth Pomeranz. The Great Divergence: Europe, China, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).

Jean-Laurent Rosenthal and R. Bin Wong, Before and Beyond Divergence: The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011).

John E. Wills, Jr. 1688: A Global History ((New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2001).

John E. Wills et al, eds. China and Maritime Europe, 1500-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

B. China topics

1. Social organization

Myron Cohen, “Lineage Organization in North China,” Journal of Asian Studies 49.3 (1990): 509-534.

Patricia B. Ebrey and James L. Watson, eds. Kinship Organization in Late Imperial China, 1000-1940. University of California Press, 1986.

Joseph W. Esherick and Mary B. Rankin, eds. Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance. University of California Press, 1990.

Joseph W. Esherick, Ancestral Leaves: A Family Journey Through Chinese History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. [Hillman CS1169 Y42 2011]

Johanna Meskill, A Chinese Pioneer Family: The Lins of Wu-feng, Taiwan, 1729-1895. Princeton University Press, 1979

Michael Szonyi, Practicing Kinship: Lineage and Descent in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press, 2002.

2. Economic history

Peter Golas, “Early Ch’ing Guilds,” pp. 555-80 in G. W. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China.

Christopher M. Isett, State, Peasant, and Merchant in Qing Manchuria, 1644-1862. Stanford University Press, 2007.

Man-houng Lin, China Upside Down: Currency, Society, and Ideologies, 1808-1856. Harvard University Asia Center, 2006.

Chin-keong Ng, Trade and Society: The Amoy Network on the China Coast, 1683-1735. Singapore University Press, 1983.

G. William Skinner, ed. The City in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press, 1977.

Richard von Glahn, Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000-1700. University of California Press, 1996.

Xu Dixin and Wu Chengming, eds. Chinese Capitalism, 1522-1840. St. Martin’s Press, 2000. [GSPIA ECON HC427.6 .C59613 2000]

Zhao, Gang. The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684-1757. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2013.

3. Confucian and other cultures

Cynthia J. Brokaw, Commerce in Culture: The Sibao Book Trade in the Qing and Republican Periods. Harvard University Asia Center, 2007.

Cynthia J. Brokaw and Kai-wing Chow, eds. Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China. University of California Press, 2005.

Kai-wing Chow, Publishing, Culture, and Power in Early Modern China. Stanford University Press, 2004.

William T. de Bary and John W. Chaffee, eds. Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Stage. University of California Press, 1989.

Benjamin A. Elman, Classicism, Politics, and Kinship: The Ch’ang-chou School of New Text Confucianism in Late Imperial China. University of California Press, 1990.

Benjamin A. Elman and Alexander Woodside, eds. Education and Society in Late Imperial China, 1600-1900. University of California Press, 1994.

Benjamin A. Elman, A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China. University of California Press, 2000.

Benjamin A. Elman, John B. Duncan, and Herman Ooms, eds. Rethinking Confucianism: Past and Present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Asia Institute, UCLA, 2002.

R. Kent Guy, The Emperor’s Four Treasuries: Scholars and the State in the Late Ch’ien-lung Era. Harvard University Council on East Asian Studies, 1987.

Kwang-ching Liu, ed. Orthodoxy in Late Imperial China. University of California Press, 1990.

Tobie Meyer-Fong, Building Culture in Early Qing Yangzhou. Stanford University Press, 2003.

Ichisada Miyazaki, trans. Conrad Schirokauer, China’s Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China. Yale University Press, 1976.

David Der-wei Wang and Shang Wei, eds., Dynastic Crisis and Cultural Innovation: From the Late Ming to the Late Qing and Beyond. Harvard University Asia Center, 2005.

R. Bin Wong, “Confucian Agendas for Material and Ideological Control in Modern China,” in Culture and State in Chinese History: Conventions, Accommodations, and Critiques, ed. Theodore Huters, R. Bin Wong, and Pauline Yu (Stanford University Press, 1997), pp. 303-25.

4. Religion in Chinese society

Brian R. Dott, Identity Reflections: Pilgrimages to Mount Tai in Late Imperial China. Harvard University Asia Center, 2004.

Philip A. Kuhn, Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768. Harvard University Press, 1990.

Kwang-ching Liu and Richard Shek, eds. Heterodoxy in Late Imperial China. University of Hawaii Press, 2004.

Susan Naquin, Shantung Rebellion: The Wang Lun Uprising of 1774. Yale University Press, 1981.

Susan Naquin and Chűn-fang Yű, eds. Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China. University of California Press, 1992.

Susan Naquin, Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900. University of California Press, 2000.

Daniel Overmyer, “Popular Religious Sects in Chinese Society,” Modern China 7 (1981):153-90.

4. Gender

Charlotte Furth, A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China’s Medical History, 960-1665. University of California Press, 1999.

Wilt Idema and Beata Grant, eds. Writing Women of Imperial China. Harvard University Asia Center, 2004.

Dorothy Ko, Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China. Stanford University Press, 1994.

Dorothy Ko, Every Step a Lotus: Shoes for Bound Feet. University of California Press, 2001.

Dorothy Ko, Jahyun Kim Haboush, and Joan R. Piggott, eds. Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan. University of California Press, 2003.

Susan Mann, Precious Records: Women in China’s Long Eighteenth Century, Stanford University Press, 1997.

Susan Mann, and Yu-Yin Cheng, eds. Under Confucian Eyes: Writings on Gender in Chinese History. University of California Press, 2001.

Paul S. Ropp, Paola Zamperini, and Harriet T. Zurndorfer, eds. Passionate Women: Female Suicide in Late Imperial China. E. J. Brill, 2001.

Matthew H. Sommer, Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press, 2000.

Janet M. Theiss, Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth-Century China. University of California Press, 2004.

Ellen Widmer and Kang-I Sun Chang, eds. Writing Women in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press, 1997.

5. Ethnic cultures

David G. Atwill, The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873. 0xford University Press, 2005.

Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, The Dao of Muhammad: A Cultural History of Muslims in Late Imperial China. Harvard University Asia Center, 2005.

Ning Chia, “The Lifanyuan and the Inner Asian Rituals in the Early Qing (1644-1795),” Late Imperial China 14.1 (1993): 60-92.

Pamela K. Crossley, Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. [DS 731 M35 C76 1990]

Ying-cong Dai, The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009).

Nicola Di Cosmo and D. J. Wyatt, eds. Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geography in Chinese History. X, 2003.

Mark C. Elliott, The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. [DS 731 M35 E55 2001]

Johan Elverskog, Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism and the State in Late Imperial China. University of Hawaii Press, 2006.

G. Patterson Giersch, Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China’s Yunnan Frontier. Harvard University Press, 2006.

R. Kent Guy, “Who were the Manchus? A Review Essay,” Journal of Asian Studies 61.1 (2002): 151-164.

Harry Lamley, “Subethnic Rivalry in the Ch’ing Period,” pp. 282-318 in Emily Ahern and Hill Gates, eds. The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society.

Jonathan Lipman, Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997. [DS 731 M87 L56 1997]

James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press, 2007.

James A. Millward et al, eds. New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. Routledge/Curzon, 2004.

Leo K. Shin, The Making of the Chinese State: Ethnicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Emma Jinhua Teng, “An Island of Women:The Discourse of Gender in Qing Travel Writing About Taiwan,” International History Review 20.2 (1998): 353-70.

Emma Jinhua Teng, Taiwan’s Imagined Geography: Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683-1895. Harvard University Asia Center, 2004.

6. Qing expansion

Pamela Kyle Crossley, Helen F. Siu, and Donald S. Sutton, eds. Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China. University of California Press, 2006.

Laura Hostetler, Qing Colonial Enterprise: Ethnography and Cartography in Early Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. [GN635 C5 H67 2001]

Shigeki Iwai, “China’s Frontier Society in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” Acta Asiatica 88 (2005): 1-20.

James A. Millward, Ruth W. Dunnell, Mark C. Elliott, and Philippe Forêt, eds. New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. Routledge Curzon, 2004.

James Millward, Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864. Stanford University Press, 1998.

Peter C. Perdue, China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Belknap Press, 2005.

Luciano Petech, China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972. [DS3 A2 T72 v.1]

7. Ming/Qing in World Time

Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. University of California Press, 1998.

Victor Lieberman, “Transcending East-West Dichotomies: State and Culture Formation in Six Ostensibly Dsparate Areas.” Modern Asian Studies 31.3 (1997): 463-546.

Kenneth A. Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton University Press, 2000. See also the debate between Philip Hung and Kenneth Pomeranz in Journal of Asian Studies 61.2 (2002)” 501-90, and a critique of Pomeranz’s book by Robert Brenner and Christopher Isett, pp. 609-62 in the same issue.

Lynn A. Struve, ed. The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time. Harvard University Asia Center, 2004.

R. Bin Wong, China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Cornell University Press, 1997.

Alexander Woodside, Lost Modernities: China, Vietnam, Korea, and the Hazards of World History. Harvard University Press, 2006.

8. Linkages with the Global Economy

Arjun Appadurai, ed. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Culture Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Craig Clunas, Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China. Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Nicola DiCosmo, “European Technology and Manchu Power: Reflections on the ‘Military Revolution’ in Seventeenth-Century China,” in Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume, ed. Sølvi Sogner (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2001), pp.119-39.

Frank Dikőtter, Exotic Commodities: Modern Objects and Everyday Life in China. Columbia University Press, 2006.

Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez. “China and the Manila Galleons.” In Japanese Industrialization and the Asian Economy, ed. A. J. H. latham and Heita Kawakatsu (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 71-90.

Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez. “Arbitrage, China, and World Trade in the Early Modern Period.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 38.4 (1995): 429-48.

Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Geoffrey C. Gunn, First Globalization: The Eurasian Exchange, 1500-1800. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.

Man-houng Lin, “The Shift from East Asia to the World: The Role of Maritime Silver in China’s Economy in the Seventeenth to Late Eighteenth Centuries.” In Maritime China in Transition, 1750-1850, ed. Wang Gungwu and Ng Chin-keong. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2004, pp. 77-96.

Wai-ming Ng, “Overseas Chinese in the Japan-Southeast Asia Maritime Trade during the Tokugawa Period (1603-1868).” In Maritime China in Transition, 1750-1850, ed. Wang Gungwu and Ng Chin-keong (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2004), pp. 213-26.

Richard Von Glahn, Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

Richard Von Glahn, “Myth and Reality of China’s Seventeenth-Century Monetary Crisis,” Journal of Economic History 56.2 (1996): 429-54.

Richard Von Glahn, “Money Use in China and Changing Patterns of Global Trade in Monetary Metals, 1500-1800,” in Global Connections and Monetary History 1400-1800 (Burlington: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 187-205.

Yi-long Huang, “Sun Yuanhua (1581-1632): A Christian convert who put Xu Guangqi’s military reform policy into practice,” trans. Peter Engelfriet. In Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China: The Cross-Cultural Synthesis of Xu Guangqi (1562-1633), ed. Catherine Jami et al. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2001, pp. 225-59.

Peter W. Klein, “The China Seas and the World Economy Between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: The Changing Structures of Trade,” in Interactions in the World Economy: Perspectives from International Economic History, ed. Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich (New York: New York University Press, 1989), pp. 61-89.

Yangwen Zheng, The Social Life of Opium in China. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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