Supreme Court of the United States
No. 18-107
In the
Supreme Court of the United States
__________________
R.G. & G.R. HARRIS FUNERAL HOMES, INC., Petitioner,
v.
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION, Respondent,
and AIMEE STEPHENS, Respondent-Intervenor.
__________________
On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit
__________________
BRIEF FOR AMICUS CURIAE
CENTER FOR ARIZONA POLICY IN SUPPORT OF THE PETITIONER
__________________
CATHI HERROD W. MICHAEL CLARK CENTER FOR ARIZONA POLICY, INC. 4222 E. Thomas Road, Ste. 220 Phoenix, AZ 85018 legal@ (602) 424-2525
AARON T. MARTIN Counsel of Record
MARTIN LAW & MEDIATION PLLC P.O. Box 45023 Phoenix, AZ 85064 aaron@ (602) 812-2680
Counsel for Amicus Curiae
Becker Gallagher ? Cincinnati, OH ? Washington, D.C. ? 800.890.5001
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I. The First Amendment protects individuals' right
not to speak contrary to their beliefs . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. Forcing individuals to use specific "preferred"
pronouns compels speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B. Forcing expression of a particular viewpoint
inhibits public debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 C. Compelling grammatical usage and coercing
speech will harm our society. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 II. Forcing individuals to speak certain words and
use someone's preferred pronouns will invite a host of lawsuits from all sides of the gender debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 A. Employers will face an unmanageable
challenge of balancing rights to avoid lawsuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 B. Although "[t]he classroom is peculiarly the `marketplace of ideas,'" educators have been punished for refusing to use preferred pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ii C. Medical professionals will be forced to profess
views about sex contrary to their medical training and judgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
iii
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CASES Agency for Int'l Dev. v. All. for Open Soc'y Int'l, Inc.,
570 U.S. 205 (2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Bd. of Educ., Island Trees Union Free Sch. Dist. No
26 v. Pico, 457 U.S. 853 (1982). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24, 25 Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310 (2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 13 Cohen v. Calif., 403 U.S. 15 (1971). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 14 Franklin v. Gwinnett Cnty. Public Schs., 503 U.S. 60 (1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64 (1964). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, 515 U.S. 557 (1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 14 Iselin v. United States, 270 U.S. 245 (1926). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Janus v. Am. Fed'n of State, Cnty., & Mun. Emps., Council 31, 138 S. Ct. 2448 (2018). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Josephson v. Bendapudi, 3:19-mc-99999 (W.D. Ky. Mar. 28, 2019) . . . 27, 28
iv
Keyishian v. Bd. of Regents, 385 U.S. 589 (1967). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Lorillard v. Pons, 434 U.S. 575 (1978). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Meriwether v. The Trs. of Shawnee State Univ., 1:18-cv-00753-SJD (S.D. Ohio Nov. 5, 2018) . . . 24
Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (1923). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Miami Herald Publ'g Co. v. Tornillo, 418 U.S. 241 (1974). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 28
Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct. 2584 (2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Olmstead v L.C., 527 U.S. 581 (1999). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164 (1989). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75 (1988). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
PG&E Co. v. Pub. Utils. Comm'n of Calif., 475 U.S. 1 (1986). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 5
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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