Age - Novella



Appendix

Summary of Commonly Used Theories of Development

|Age |Erikson's Conflicts |Freud's Stages |Piaget |Kohlberg |

|In years |Psychosocial |Psychosexual |Cognitive |Morality |

|0-1 |Trust vs. Mistrust | | | |

| | |Oral | | |

| | | |Sensorimotor | |

|1-1 1/2 | | | | |

| |Autonomy vs. Shame | | | |

|1 1/2-2 | | | | |

| | |Anal | | |

|1-2 | | | | |

|2-4 | | | | |

| |Initiative vs. guilt |Phallic | | |

| | | |Preoperational | |

|4-5 | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | |Preconventional |

| | | | |morality |

|5-6 | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| |Industry vs. Inferiority | | | |

|6-7 | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | |Latency | | |

|7-8 | | | | |

| | | |Concrete Operational | |

|8-9 | | | | |

|9-10 | | | | |

|10-11 | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | |Conventional |

| | | | |Morality |

|11-12 | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | |Formal Operational | |

|12-13 |Identity vs. | | | |

| |Identity Confusion | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | |Genital | | |

|13-20s | | | | |

|20s-30s | | | | |

| |Intimacy vs. Isolation | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | |Postconventional |

| | | | |Morality |

|30s-35 | | | | |

|35-40s | | | | |

|40s-50s |Generativity vs. Stagnation | | | |

|50s-60s | | | | |

| | | | | |

| |Integrity vs. despair | | | |

|60s-70s | | | | |

|70s-80s | | | | |

|Above 85 | | | | |

Note: As nurses refer to this chart, it may be helpful to understand that Erikson based his theory on his understanding of Freud's work and that Kohlberg believed that moral development was preceded by cognitive development.

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