MEDICINE MADE SIMPLE



4037965-11684000Aims of Britain France, USSR, USA Britain (Chamberlain) adopted a policy of Appeasement, negotiating with Hitler to prevent a war at all costs. The French Government (Daladier) had so many problems of his own after the Depression and France was politically unstable. Stalin (USSR) was very wary of every country, especially Germany as Hitler had promised to destroy communism.America (Roosevelt) continued its policy of isolationism in the 1930s.Steps to WarReoccupation of Rhineland, March 1936: 22,000 German troops entered the Rhineland greeted with flowers. No action against Hitler taken.Unification with Austria, March 1938: The Nazis invaded Austria. Again soldiers were greeted with flowers and gifts. No action taken against Hitler.Sudeten Crisis: At Munich (Sept 1938) together with the French and Italians Britain agreed to let Hitler have the Sudetenland (without agreement from the Czechs). In return Hitler promised peace in Europe. In Oct 1938, Hitler invaded the Sudetenland. In March 1939, Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia.The Nazi-Soviet Pact, August 1939: Russia and Germany agreed to split Poland into two. The pact persuaded Britain that war was imminent.The invasion of Poland, Sept 1939: On 1st September, 1939 the German battleship, the Schleswig-Holstein opened fire on the port of Danzig. At the same time, 62 divisions of the German army and 1300 Luftwaffe planes invaded Poland. WWII had begun. Why did WWII begin?Hitler was to blame: Hitler hated communism. Hitler’s aims were to overturn the Versailles Treaty, create a greater Germany and unite a German speaking people and to acquire LebensraumThe failure of the League of Nations: Britain and France undermined the League. It had no army. It was only successful with smaller countries. The structure meant it was weak. Treaty of Versailles: Created new states like Czechoslovakia and Poland where many Germans were living. Hitler was determined to reunite these people into a greater Germany. Britain felt Hitler should be allowed to overturn the treaty so didn’t intervene (until too late).The Depression: Desperate people turned to dictators like Hitler and Mussolini. Countries more preoccupied in dealing with own problems to worry about others. 40144707620000AQA GCSE 9-1 SUMMARY REVISION GUIDE: Conflict and Tension 1918-39Exam QuestionsThe Source says…. How do you know? (4)5 minsHow useful are Sources B and C? (12)15 minsWrite an account of how x led to a crisis (8)10 minsThe main reason foe x is… How far do you agree with this statement? (16+4)20 mins38150804762500Part 1: PeacemakingAims: Clemenceau wanted to cripple Germany to make sure Germany could never attack France again. David Lloyd George was cautious; he wanted trade with Germany and keep the British Empire by taking German colonies and reducing her navy. Woodrow Wilson wanted a world free from war, the right for self-determination (countries to rule themselves) and freedom of the seas (called the 14 points)The Versailles Peace Treaty13% land lost, including Saar for 15 years, Alsace-Lorraine, Eupen and Malmedy, Polish Corridor and Schleswig-Holstein, Reparations of ?6.6billion, Army reduced to 100,000 men, no tanks or submarines, 6 battleships, war guilt clause (blame) and not allowed to join League of NationsHow satisfied were the Allies?Lloyd George of Britain liked the fact that Britain gained colonies and the German navy was restricted. But he also felt the terms were too harsh.Clemenceau had compromised but wanted the treaty to be harsher such as Germany having no army. He was soon voted out of office.Wilson was devastated that America would not join the League of Nations, his brainchild and that America would adopt a policy of isolationism.The German people were shocked by the severity of the Treaty. The Government who signed it were immediately hated by the people and became known as the November Criminals who had stabbed them in the backPart 2: The League of Nations and International PeacemakingThe League was a vision for bringing peace to the world.StructureAn assembly which met once a year on the first Monday of September, Vote had to be unanimous for decisions to be taken.A council which met regularly to consider crises (4 permanent members being Japan, France, Britain and Italy).A small secretariat to handle the paperwork.A Court of International Justice made up of 11 judges and 4 deputies who could only advise.A number of Committees such as the International Labour organisation and the Health Committee, the Disarmament Commission, the Slavery Commission and the Commission for Refugees – all to carry out its humanitarian work.The Successes and Failures of the League in the 1920s1920: Vilna, Poland invaded Vilna in Lithuania where Poles lived. League and France supported Poland as an ally against Hitler.1921-5: Upper Silesia. Area divided between Poland and Germany (although both sides unhappy with land received; Germany received rural, Poland fertile land but less).1921: The Aland Islands. Disputed over by Finland and Sweden, League gave islands to Finland who were forbidden to build forts and gun emplacements. Sweden agreed. 1923: Corfu. Invaded by Mussolini of Italy after claiming advisors killed by Greeks. League ordered Greece to pay compensation and failed to stop Mussolini.1925: Bulgaria. Invaded by Greece who had soldiers killed. League forced Greece to withdraw and pay compensation.1929 Wall Street Crash led to economies around Europe collapsing. League powerless to stop people turning to extremist groups like the Nazis. Manchurian CrisisChronology: On 18th September 1931, there was an explosion on the South Manchurian Railway. The Japanese army claimed the train had been attacked by Chinese soldiers and invaded.Causes: Japan was overcrowded with a growing population. The silk industry had collapsed. Manchuria was rich in minerals, forestry and rich agricultural land. Japan had invested heavily in the Manchurian railway.Consequences: Lord Lytton condemned invasion. League reluctant to act. Japan left League began conquest of China. Abyssinia CrisisChronology: In December 1934, Italian soldiers fought with the Abyssians at Wal Wal. 150 Abyssinians and Italians were killed. After deals with France and Britain Italian troops finally marched in the capital city, Addis Ababa on 5 May 1936.Causes: Abyssinia rich in minerals, easy to conquer, Mussolini wanted to become a new Roman Emperor. The League failed to act in the Corfu crisis.Consequences: Trade sanctions placed on Mussolini (not iron, coal, oil or steel). Hoare-Laval Pact of Dec 1935 allowed Mussolini to invade. In May 1936, Italy left the League.Was the League destined to fail?The League had no army. Trade sanctions did not work. Depression led people to follow Dictators. League had to be unanimous.League was too slow to Act.British and French were always undermining League by making secret deals.The Great Depression meant countries more worried about own problems.League only effective against weaker smaller countries.America refused to join.The League met only once a year.The League was too ambitious to make the world a better place.Countries like Germany and the USSR banned from joining at first.Part 3: The origins and Outbreak of WWIIAims of HitlerDestroy the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, rearm Germany, unite Germans together (Volksdeutsche), unite Austria and Germany (Anschluss), destroy Communism, take Lebensraum (living space) to conquer land for Germany in Eastern Europe.1934 Dollfuss Affair: The Austrian Nazis, with the backing of Hitler assassinated Dollfuss, the Austrian Chancellor. Hitler decided to cover up affair as realised he was not strong enough to invade Austria.1935 Rearmament: Hitler had already withdrawn Germany from the League of Nations and brought in conscription in Germany.1935 Saar Plebiscite: When the agreement was due to expire, 90% of Germans voted to rejoin Germany. Hitler used this to show that German speaking people wanted to unite with the Nazis.1935 Stresa Front: This was an agreement between Britain, France and Italy stating they would guarantee the Locarno Treaty, guarantee Austrian independence and try to stop Hitler breaking the Versailles Treaty.1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement: Britain signed an agreement with Germany saying that Hitler could build his navy to 35% of the size of the British one. ................
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