AS Psychology Developmental Approach



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|Describe the background to Samuel & Bryant’s study – at what age to children conserve according to Piaget? |

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|What was the aim of Samuel & Bryant’ study? |

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|Describe the participants in Samuel & Bryant’ study. |

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|What method did Samuel & Bryant use and what was the design? |

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Look at the table below which has been done for volume. Using it to guide you and using the plasticine and counters provided, try to complete the other two tables… Volume …

| |Pre transformation |Pre Transformation Question |Transformation |Post Transformation Question |

|Two Questions | | | | |

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| |Shown two same size beakers of |Asked if either beaker contains |One beaker poured into another |Asked if either beaker contains |

| |water |more water or same |beaker |more water or same |

|One Judgement | | | | |

| |Shown two same size beakers of | |One beaker poured into another |Asked if they are the same or |

| |water | |beaker |different or same |

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|Fixed Array | | |Shown two beakers of water, one | |

| | | |tall one small each containing |Asked if they are the same or |

| | | |the same amount of water |different |

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Mass …

| |Pre transformation |Pre Transformation Question |Transformation |Post Transformation Question |

|Two Questions | | | | |

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|One Judgement | | | | |

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|Fixed Array | | | | |

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Number...

| |Pre transformation |Pre Transformation Question |Transformation |Post Transformation Question |

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|One Judgement | | | | |

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Results (Mean number of errors made) – complete the following table, what do the results tell us?

|Age |Standard |One Judgement |Fixed Array |

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|5years | | | |

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|6 years | | | |

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|8 years | | | |

Compete the following paragraph by filling in the missing words:-

There were ________ children in the sample. They all came from _________ in __________. They were divided into ________ groups. The children were __, __, __ & __ years old. Each group was subdivided into ___ more groups matched by age. There were ____ children in each subgroup and they were tested using _________ different types of materials. These were _________________, _____________________ and ___________________. There were 3 different conditions. The children were asked __________ questions or _________ question or _________ array. This last group did not see the __________________ being made.

|[pic] |Weaknesses of the Study [pic] |

|Strengths of the Study … | |

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Section A questions…test your knowledge by answering these short answer questions: holah.co.uk

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(a) From the study on conservation by Samuel & Bryant, outline the main differences between the children’s responses to the “one question condition”, compared to the “two question condition” (Piaget’s original design).

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(b) Suggest reason for this difference.

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2. The study by Samuel & Bryant is usually described as a criticism of Piaget’s explanation of cognitive development. However, the results also contain some support for Piaget. From the results of the study,

(a) Give one piece of evidence that challenges Piaget

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(b) Give one piece of evidence that supports Piaget.

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(a) In the study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation, in the ‘one question condition’ children are asked a question about number, mass or volume, only after they have seen the substance changed in front of them. Identify the other two conditions of this experiment.

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(b) In addition to these conditions, two other factors affected the children’s ability to conserve. Identify both of these factors.

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6. The study by Samuel and Bryant looks at cognitive development.

(a) Describe one way in which the results show cognitive development has taken place.

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(b) Suggest one problem that psychologists face when studying development.

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7. The study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation highlights a criticism of Piaget's original method of testing. Outline this criticism.

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SECTION B QUESTIONS

a) What was the aim of the Samuel and Bryant study? (2 marks)

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b) Describe the sample used in the Samuel and Bryant study and give one limitation of it. (6 marks)

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c) Describe how data was gathered in the Samuel and Bryant study. (6 marks)

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d) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of the way data was collected. (6 marks)

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e) Suggest two changes to the Samuel and Bryant study and outline any methodological implications these changes may have. (8 marks)

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f) Outline the results of the Samuel and Bryant study. (8 marks)

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Strengths & Weaknesses of Bandura’s Study?

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Section A questions…test your knowledge by answering these short answer questions: holah.co.uk

In Bandura’s study on aggression the researchers observed the ‘imitative aggression’ (copying behaviour of the model) and the ‘non imitative’ aggression of the children. Give one example of imitative aggression and one example of non-imitative aggression in the study. (2)

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Why did the researchers look at both types of aggression? (2)

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The introduction to the study of Bandura, Ross and Ross (transmission of aggression) includes four predictions (hypotheses)

a Give one of these predictions. (2)

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b Evaluate whether the results of the study support this prediction. (2)

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In the study by Bandura’ Ross & Ross on aggression, the researchers used a ‘matched pairs’ design.

a How were the children matched in this study? (2)

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b Why were they matched in this study? (2)

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SECTION B QUESTIONS

a) What was the aim of Bandura’s study? (2 marks)

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b) Describe the sample used in the Bandura study study and give one limitation of it. (6 marks)

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c) Describe how data was collected in Bandura’s study. (6 marks)

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d) Suggest changes to your chosen study. (8 marks)

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e) Outline the methodological implications of the changes you have suggested. (8 marks)

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He also suggests there are three parts to our personalities. Label the table below with the correct term:-

|Freud’s Theory of Personality |

| |Name |Definition |An example from real life |

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Ego defence mechanisms…

… the ego’s job is to defend us from dangerous or harmful impulses, feelings or behaviour … Freud suggests that conflicts in our lives e.g. with our families can lead to feelings of anxiety or guilt … he suggests that the ego does this through ego defence mechanisms. There are lots of these but make sure you understand a couple which might be helpful in the study …

|Denial |Repression |Displacement |

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And the final thing you need to know before we look at the study is that Freud thought we all went through stages in our development, he called these the psychosexual stages … with your teacher’s help, complete the following table:-

|Freud’s Psychosexual Stages |

|Age |Name |Pleasure source |Conflict |

|0–2 | | | |

|2–4 | | | |

|4–5 | | | |

|6–puberty | | | |

|Puberty onward | | | |

| Strengths & Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic Perspective |

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1. What three elements were in Freud’s idea of the mind?

2. What is the difference between pre-conscious and unconscious?

3. What is the child like part of the personality called?

4. What is the voice of ‘conscience’ called in Freud’s theory?

5. What three elements were in Freud’s idea of the mind?

6. What is the difference between pre-conscious and unconscious?

7. What is the child like part of the personality called?

8. What is the voice of ‘conscience’ called in Freud’s theory?

9. Name 2 methods used by Freud.

10. Identify what you think is the biggest weakness in Freud’s theory?

FREUD (1909) ‘Analysis of a Phobia in a Five Year Old Boy’

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Read the study in your text book and complete the following revision template …

|Aim of Study |

|Action Research – what does this mean? |

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| Key Events in the Study … |

|Little Hans was born in 1903. |

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|aged 3 when … |

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|aged 3½ when … |

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|aged 3½ when … |

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|aged 3¾ when … |

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|aged 4 when … |

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|aged 4½ when … |

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|aged 4¾ when … |

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|aged 5 at … |

|Method and design |

|Case Study |

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| |Event |

| |Freudian interpretation |

| |Conclusion |

| |Alternative interpretation |

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| |Hans, aged 3–3¾, was very interested in his own – and others’ penises. |

| |Hans was moving from the anal stage of psychosexual development to the next stage. |

| |Hans was entering the phallic stage of psychosexual development. |

| |1. |

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| |Hans is jealous over the birth of his sister, Hannah. |

| |Hans was displaying jealousy of another rival for his mother’s attention. |

| |Hans was displaying the Oedipus complex. |

| |2. |

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| |Hans asked his mother why she did not powder his penis. |

| |This was a seduction attempt of mother. |

| |Seduction attempt – Oedipus complex |

| |3. |

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| |Hans felt anxiety over mother’s desertion. |

| |Sexual arousal of being taken into his mother’s bed. |

| |Oedipus complex – love for his mother |

| |4. |

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| |Hans had a fear of being bitten by a white horse with black blinkers and bit. |

| |The white horse symbolised his father. |

| |The blinkers and bit were symbolic of his father’s glasses and moustache |

| |Castration anxiety |

| |5. |

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| |Hans has a giraffe dream: taking the crumpled (smaller) giraffe away from the big one. |

| |This symbolised taking his mother away from his father. |

| |Oedipus complex – love for his mother |

| |6. |

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| |Hans had a fear of horses falling down/ |

| |fear of heavily loaded carts. |

| |This was a death wish against his father, fear of another birth due to jealousy over mother’s attention. |

| |The wish was to remove his father plus Oedipus complex. |

| |7. |

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| |Hans had a fear of his mother letting him fall in the bath. |

| |This was a fear of being punished for wanting Hannah to fall in the bath, a death wish against his sister. |

| |Oedipus complex. |

| |8. |

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| |Hans had a dream of plumber providing a large penis. |

| |This was symbolic of Hans wanting to be like his father. |

| |This was a fear of castration, although starting to identify with his same-sex parent: the beginning of the resolution of the Oedipus complex. |

| |9. |

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| |Hans had a fantasy about being a father with his own mother. |

| |Wish fulfilment of growing up to be with his mother, while keeping his father as a grandfather, rather than killing him. |

| |This is the resolution of the Oedipus complex. Hans no longer had a death wish against his father. |

| |10. |

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…so how would you evaluate Freud?

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Section A – Short Answer Questions …

1. Outline two pieces of evidence used by Freud to suggest that Hans’ fear of horses was symbolic of his fear of his father. (2)

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2. From the study by Freud, briefly describe one of Little Hans’ dreams or fantasies. (2)

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3. The study by Freud contains the following extract of a conversation between Hans and his father.

i. Father: When the horse fell down did you think of daddy?

ii. Hans: Perhaps, yes it’s possible.

What was Hans’ father trying to find out with this questioning? (2)

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Give one problem with this kind of questioning. (2)

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4a In a study by Freud. Hans is referred to as ‘Little Oedipus’. Briefly describe the Oedipus complex.

(2)

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4b Outline one piece of evidence from the study that is used to support the claim that Hans is a ‘little Oedipus’. (2)

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SECTION B QUESTIONS

a) What was the aim of Freud’s study? (2)

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b) Describe how the data was gathered in Freud’s study. (6)

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c) This study uses the case study method. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of the case study method. (6)

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d) Outline the main findings of this study. (6)

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e) Describe another way Freud could have investigated this aim and outline how this may have affected the results. (8)

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In the Core Studies exam, you could be asked a question on the Developmental Approach in Psychology. The question could look something like this:-

a) Outline one assumption of the developmental approach in psychology. (2)

b) Describe how the developmental approach could explain aggression. (4)

c) Describe one similarity and one difference between any two developmental studies. (6)

d) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the developmental approach using any examples from developmental approach studies. (12)

b) Describe how the developmental approach explains aggression (4)

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c) Describe how the developmental approach explains the development of children’s thinking. (4)

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d) Describe how the developmental approach explains the development of personality. (4)

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e) Describe one similarity and one difference between any two developmental studies. (6)

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f) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the developmental approach using any examples from developmental approach studies. (12)

|Acceptable Strengths |Acceptable Weaknesses |

|It offers an explanation on why individuals of differing ages demonstrate |It is often claimed to be reductionist. |

|different intellectual abilities, social skills and emotional responses. | |

| |Many proposals in relation to age-related development have been shown to be |

|It adds to the continuing nature versus nurture debate. |too rigid |

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| |Ethical concerns may be raised as it relies too heavily on the use of |

| |children. |

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Similarities & Differences!!!

|Similarities |Samuel & Bryant |Bandura |Freud |

| | |Similarities : use of opportunity samples of|Similarities |

| | |children; looking at development of | |

| | |important behaviour; both useful to teachers| |

|Samuel & Bryant | |& parents; | |

| |Differences; one emphasises nature, one | |Similarities |

| |nurture | | |

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| |Differences |Differences | |

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|Freud | | | |

Describe one similarity and one difference between any two developmental studies. (6)

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Strengths & Weaknesses of Developmental Approach …

Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the developmental approach using any examples from developmental approach studies. (12)

| |Point |Explain |Example |

|Paragraph |One strength is … | | |

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|Paragraph |Another strength is … | | |

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|Paragraph |One weakness is … | | |

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|Paragraph |Another weakness is … | | |

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In the Core Studies exam, you could be asked a question on the Psychodynamic Perspective in Psychology. The question could look something like this:-

a) Outline one assumption of the psychodynamic perspective in psychology. (2)

b) Describe how the psychodynamic perspective could explain phobias. (4)

c) Describe one similarity and one difference between any two psychodynamic studies. (6)

d) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic perspective using any examples from studies that take a psychodynamic view. (12)

These are the two studies you can use for the Psychodynamic perspective: How do they link?

b) Describe how the psychodynamic perspective explains multiple personality disorder. (4)

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b) Describe how the psychodynamic perspective explains the development of phobias. (4)

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c) Describe one similarity and one difference between any core studies that can be viewed from the Psychodynamic perspective. (6)

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d) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the Psychodynamic perspective using any examples from core studies that can be viewed from the Psychodynamic perspective. (12)

|Acceptable Strengths |Acceptable Weaknesses |

|It allows psychologists to: |- Studies which take this perspective often use unrepresentative samples. |

|- Suggest causes for mental disorders. |- Methodology may not be objective and therefore open to bias. |

|- Suggest why individuals behave in ways they cannot easily explain or |- The perspective is based on concepts that are difficult to test and verify|

|understand. |scientifically. |

|- To see how behaviour can develop over time as a result of subconscious forces. |- Ethical concerns may be raised. |

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These are the two studies you can use for the Behavioural perspective: How do they link?

The Terrible Story of Little Albert …

b) Describe how the Behavioural perspective could explain aggression. (4)

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c) Describe one similarity and one difference between any core studies that can be viewed from the Behavioural perspective. (6)

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d) Discuss strengths and weaknesses of the Behavioural perspective using any examples from core studies that can be viewed from the Behavioural perspective. (12)

|Acceptable Strengths |Acceptable Weaknesses |

|It allows psychologists to investigate the effect of the environment on |It is reductionist as it ignores the influences of nature and cognition on |

|behaviour. |behaviour. |

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|It is very scientific and usually uses controlled experimental methods. |Use of this perspective often relies on laboratory experiments which lack |

| |ecological validity. |

|It provides a strong counter-argument to the nature side of the nature-nurture | |

|debate. |Ethical concerns may be raised. |

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| |Many animal studies are used which open up the ethical debate/cause problems|

| |when generalising to humans. |

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1. Samuel and Bryant (conservation)

2. Bandura, Ross and Ross (aggression)

3. Freud (Little Hans)

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Short Questions …

1. Suggest one problem psychologists might have in studying cognitive development. (2)

2. Outline one ethical issues relating to studying child development. (2)

Piaget’s stages of development

Conservation: Conservation of volume is the ability to realise that something may have the same volume, even though it is a different shape.

This means that …

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Exam Tip – in the exam you will get better marks if you use point (explain (example

Links to Behaviourism

My name is Albert Bandura. I’m a social learning theorist. My study suggests that young children develop aggressive behaviour by observation and imitation of role models. This could be a problem for parents and teachers. Why? Can you think of any positive role models for young children? What about role models who are not so good? Here are three theories of learning which are the background to my study.

Classical Conditioning – what is it? Give an example …

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Operant Conditioning – what is it? Give an example …

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Social Learning Theory – what is it? Give an example …

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I have four hypotheses; can you put them in your own words?

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[pic]5-point scale

How many children?

Condition 2

Condition 1

Control

Non-aggressive

Aggressive

Shhhh!!

POW!!

Using your textbook, find the three stages that Bandura went through with the children. Write a few sentences summarising what happened at each stage …

Stage 1 MODELLING

Stage 2 – AGGRESSION AROUSAL

Stage 3 – TEST FOR DELAYED IMITATION

Collect some photographs of the study

2 STRENGTHS & 2 WEAKNESSES OF OBSERVATION

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Ψ Children observed for 20 minutes by two observers through a one way mirror ( 240 separate behaviours recorded @ 5 second intervals

Behaviours rated for:

Ψ imitative physical aggression

Ψ imitative verbal aggression

Ψ imitative non-aggressive

Ψ non-imitative physical & verbal aggression

Ψ mallet aggression

Ψ gun play

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My RESULTS are significant but very controversial. Have a look, what conclusion would you draw from these results?

1. Children in the aggressive condition showed significantly ______aggression than children who saw the non aggressive model or no model at all

2. Children in the aggressive condition usually showed ________partial imitation than those who saw the non-aggressive model or no model at all

3. Children in the non aggressive model condition showed _______________ aggression, although not always significantly less than the no model group

4. Boys were _________ likely to imitate male role models and girls were __________ likely to imitate female role models

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How representative was the sample?

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Can you think of any ethical issues?

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Weaknesses of the method?

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What are the strengths of the method?

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Exam Tip – in the exam you will get better marks if you use point (explain (example

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This approach comes from the work of Sigmund Freud. Freud was a doctor in Vienna in the late 19th & early 20th century. He specialised in nervous disorders. His work fits in developmental psychology and is also theory of psychodynamics. He suggests that:-

• We all have an unconscious mind which is very powerful in our lives

• Our behaviours are determined by our past experiences which have been stored in the unconscious mind

• We are engaged in a constant struggle with our feelings and behaviour

Freud’s theory of the mind is often illustrated by the idea of a mental iceberg.

• Conscious consists of thoughts we are aware of

• Preconscious is just beneath the surface –memories, dreams etc

• Unconscious –information which is very hard or even impossible to retrieve

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The Oedipus Complex – what is it? Where does it get its name from? What do you think?

[pic]What about Electra complex?

Techniques used by psychoanalytic psychologists such as Freud include:-

Dream Analysis Free Association

Hypnosis Case Studies

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Homework

1. Read about the psychodynamic perspective on page 5 of your textbook

2. Answer the 10 questions on the left.

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Could Freud have got it wrong? What about other interpretations?

Ethics

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Case Study? Strengths? Weaknesses? [pic]

…how could you change this study? Suppose you wanted to do an experiment? Or a questionnaire? What would be the effect of the change you make?

Sample? How representative is it?

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Usefulness? How useful do you think this study is? [pic]

Qualitative or quantitative data?

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Use of self reports?

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…and finally the examination

Freud

1 Looks at development of fears and phobias

2 Early experiences shape our personality in later life

3 Children go through stages; based on psychodynamic approach

4 tells us that development of personality is linked to psycho-sexual stages

Samuel & Bryant

1 Looks at development of children’s thinking – cognitive development

2 tells us that the ability to conserve develops through stages

3 tells us that children find conservation of volume most difficult of all

Bandura

1 Children develop aggression through imitation of role models

2 Learn behaviour from others, our environment and our experiences

3 Develop through rewards (behaviourism)

4 that aggression is learned not innate

This developmental approach assumes that:-

1.

2.

3.

a) Outline one assumption of the developmental approach in psychology. (2)

You must refer to BEHAVIOUR! We are Psychologists that is our interest!

Weaknesses

1. Some research is unethical ((

2. Longitudinal studies suffer from attrition (participants drop out) (

3. Case studies are difficult to generalise from(

4. Laboratory studies may have low ecological validity (

5. Deterministic – too much emphasis on early years (

Strengths

1. We can see the effects of maturation (aging) & experience (

2. Longitudinal research is a very useful way of investigating life changes (

3. These studies illustrates 3 different theories of child development – psychoanalytic, structuralist & behavioural(

4. Useful in education & childcare (

5. Helps us to understand children’s development

Freud

1 Hans is studies in relation to the psychosexual stages of development from 3 (Phallic). Evidence he’s in this stage is his obsession with his willy and poo.

2 Evidence of him going into the Oedipus complex i.e. the dream of the giraffe and the plumber taking away his bottom.

3 Freud’s interpretation of his phobia, the horse being a symbol of Hans’ father and that fear is displaced from the father to the horse (ego defence mechanism).

Thigpen + Cleckley

1 Looks at early childhood experiences as a reason for how MPD may have developed i.e. Christine having to view and kiss her dead grandmothers body

2 Uses hypnosis to communicate with the personalities which assumes the existence of the unconscious mind. The three personalities are like the id, ego and superego.

3 Use of the Rorshach test is used to uncover the conflict in the unconscious mind. i.e Eve Black was found to be regressive and Eve White Repressive.

This psychodynamic perspective assumes that:-

1.

2.

3.

e) Outline one assumption of the psychodynamic perspective in psychology. (2)

You must refer to BEHAVIOUR! We are Psychologists that is our interest!

Watson and Raynor

1 Little Albert is studied in where the experimenters are trying to induce within him a phobia through classical conditioning.

2 Evidence of him being conditioned to fear a rat and this fear developing into a fear of all things white and fluffy was evident by the end.

Bandura

1 Children develop aggression through imitation of role models

2 We learn behaviour from others, our environment and our experiences (Social Learning Theory)

3 We Develop through rewards (behaviourism)

4 Aggression is learned not innate

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_______________________________ _________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________

_______________________________ _________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________

_______________________________ _________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________

This Behavioural perspective assumes that:-

1.

2.

3.

a) Outline one assumption of the behavioural perspective in psychology. (2)

You must refer to BEHAVIOUR! We are Psychologists that is our interest!

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