McGraw-Hill Education MCAT

[Pages:10]MCAT-3200184 mca88378_V2_fm November 13, 2015 15:18 MHID: 1-25-958837-8 ISBN: 1-25-958837-2

McGraw-Hill Education

MCAT CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

2O16

MCAT-3200184 mca88378_V2_fm November 13, 2015 15:18 MHID: 1-25-958837-8 ISBN: 1-25-958837-2

McGraw-Hill Education

MCAT

Test Preparation Series

? Biomolecules ? Molecules, Cells,

and Organs ? Systems of Tissues

and Organs

? Physical Foundations of Biological Systems

? Chemical Foundations of Biological Systems

? Perception and Response

? Behavior ? Self and Others ? Social Structure ? Social Strata ? Critical Analysis and

Reasoning Skills

? Practice Test 1 ? Answers and Explanations

? Practice Test 2 ? Answers and Explanations

MCAT-3200184 mca88378_V2_fm November 13, 2015 15:18 MHID: 1-25-958837-8 ISBN: 1-25-958837-2

McGraw-Hill Education

MCAT CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

2O16

George J. Hademenos, PhD

Candice McCloskey Campbell, PhD Shaun Murphree, PhD Amy B. Wachholtz, PhD

Jennifer M. Warner, PhD Kathy A. Zahler, MS

Thomas A. Evangelist, MA Contributor

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Copyright ? 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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ISBN 978-1-25-958837-2

MHID

1-25-958837-8

e-ISBN 978-1-25-958838-9 e-MHID 1-25-958838-6

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MCAT-3200184 mca88378_V2_fm November 13, 2015 15:18 MHID: 1-25-958837-8 ISBN: 1-25-958837-2

Contents

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii How to Use the McGraw-Hill Education

MCAT Preparation Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Introducing the MCAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

MCAT Basics | The Computerized Test Format | Where and When to Take the MCAT | How to Register for the MCAT | Taking the MCAT More Than Once | Your MCAT Scores | How Medical Schools Use MCAT Scores | Reporting Scores to Medical Schools | For Further Information | The Format of the Test | What Is Tested in the Science Sections | What Is Tested in Critical Analysis | General Test-Taking Strategies

Unit I Physical Foundations of Biological Systems

Chapter 1 Translational Motion, Forces, Work, Energy, and Equilibrium in Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Translational Motion | Forces and Equilibrium | Work, Energy, and Power Chapter 2 Importance of Fluids for the Circulation of Blood,

Gas Movement, and Gas Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Fluids at Rest | Fluids in Motion | Circulatory System | Gases Chapter 3 Electrochemistry and Electrical Circuits and

Their Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Electrostatics | Electric Circuits | Magnetism | Electrochemistry | Specialized Cells--Nerve Cells Chapter 4 How Light and Sound Interact with Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Sound | Light | Molecular Structure and Spectra | Geometrical Optics

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Contents

Chapter 5 Atoms, Nuclear Decay, Electronic Structure, and Atomic Chemical Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Atomic Nucleus | Electronic Structure | The Periodic Table: Classification of Elements into Groups by Electronic Structure | The Periodic Table: Variations of Chemical Properties with Group and Row

Unit I MINITEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Unit II Chemical Foundations of Biological Systems

Chapter 6 The Unique Nature of Water and Its Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Acid?Base Reactions | Ions in Solutions | Solubility | Acid?Base Titrations

Chapter 7 The Nature of Molecules and Intermolecular Interactions . . 203 The Chemical Bond | Molecular Shape | Molecular Orbitals | Noncovalent Bonds

Chapter 8 Separation and Purification Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Principal Techniques | Special Applications for Biomolecules

Chapter 9 Structure, Function, and Reactivity of Biologically Relevant Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds | Fundamental Reaction Mechanisms | Chemistry of Biologically Important Compound Classes

Chapter 10 Principles of Chemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics . . . . 337 Enzymes | Principles of Bioenergetics | Thermodynamics: Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions | Kinetics and Equilibrium: Rate Processes in Chemical Reactions

Unit II MINITEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

CUMULATIVE MINITEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 EVALUATION CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

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About the Authors

George J. Hademenos, PhD, is a former Visiting Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Dallas. He received his BS from Angelo State University, received his MS and PhD from the University of Texas at Dallas, and completed postdoctoral fellowships in nuclear medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center and in radiological sciences/biomedical physics at UCLA Medical Center. His research interests have involved potential applications of physics to the biological and medical sciences, particularly with cerebrovascular diseases and stroke. He has published his work in journals such as American Scientist, Physics Today, Neurosurgery, and Stroke. In addition, he has written several books including The Physics of Cerebrovascular Diseases: Biophysical Mechanisms of Development, Diagnosis and Therapy, and Schaum's Outline of Biology. He currently teaches general and advanced physics courses. Candice McCloskey Campbell, PhD, received her doctorate in organic chemistry from Georgia Tech in 1985. She has been teaching at the undergraduate level since 1987. She currently teaches at Georgia Perimeter College in Dunwoody, Georgia. Her professional work has been in synthetic organic chemistry and mechanistic organic chemistry. She has been active with the Two-Year College Chemistry Consortium to enhance the chemistry curriculum at the two-year college level. Shaun Murphree, PhD, is Professor and Chair of Chemistry at Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He received a BA in chemistry from Colgate University (Hamilton, New York) and a PhD in organic chemistry from Emory University (Atlanta, Georgia), and he conducted a postdoctoral study at Wesleyan University (Middletown, Connecticut). His current research interests include microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS), synthetic methodology, and heterocyclic synthesis. In addition to the present work, he has coauthored a monograph on microwave chemistry, several chapters and reviews on heterocyclic synthesis, and numerous articles in both the synthetic chemistry and chemistry education literature. Amy B. Wachholtz, PhD, MDiv, MS, is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Massachusetts Medical School and the Director of Health Psychology at UMass Memorial Medical Center. Dr. Wachholtz graduated with a Master of Divinity degree from Boston University, where she specialized in Bioethics. She then continued

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About the Authors

her education to earn a Master's and PhD in Clinical Psychology from Bowling Green State University, where she had a dual specialization in Behavioral Medicine and Psychology of Religion. She completed an internship through a fellowship at Duke University Medical Center, where she focused on medical psychology. She has also completed a postdoctoral Master's of Science degree in Psychopharmacology. Dr. Wachholtz has multiple funded research projects with her primary focus on (1) bio-psycho-social-spiritual model of chronic pain disorders and (2) the complexities of treating of comorbid pain and opioid addiction in both acute pain and chronic pain situations. She enjoys teaching students from a variety of health disciplines, both in the classroom and on the clinical floors of UMass Memorial Medical Center Hospitals.

Jennifer M. Warner, PhD, is the Director of the University Honors Program and a member of the faculty in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. She received her BS in Biology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, her MS in Biology with a focus in microbiology from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and her PhD in Curriculum and Teaching from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her current research interests revolve around variables that influence student success and retention in the sciences. She currently teaches a variety of courses including principles of biology, human biology, the nature of science, and pathogenic bacteriology.

Kathy A. Zahler, MS, is a widely published author and textbook writer. She has authored or coauthored numerous McGraw-Hill Education preparation guides for tests, including the GRE?, the Miller Analogies Test, the Test of Essential Academic Skills (TEAS?), and the Test Assessing Secondary CompletionTM (TASCTM).

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