DR
Veterinary Drug Prescription
For: (Name of Beef Operation) .
DR. Good Vet
NAME OF PRACTICE
ADDRESS OF PRACTICE
CITY, STATE, ZIP
PHONE NUMBER’S
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|DATE: |Effective for 60 days unless otherwise noted: | | | |SIG: |
|Date |Vets |Date |Vets |Date |Vets |
|Extended: |Initials: |Extended: |Initials: |Extended: |Initials: |
|Product Trade or Generic |Special Instructions, | |
|Name |(Handling, Limits, Comments) | |
|(No Substitutions) |Withdrawals will be found in the Treatment Book | |
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Includes all products that have a withdrawal time …
This include feed additives, injectable and oral medications (antibiotics, vitamins, supportives), vaccines, pesticides (individual animal and premise)
NOTE: The label directions for use for ALL feed additives and feed medications must be strictly followed … they can not be used other than as directed on the label
TEMPLATE TO BE USED ONLY BY A LICENSED VETERINARIAN.
(Items listed are to serve only as an example for the veterinarian to follow in developing his unique protocol.)
DR. Good Vet
NAME OF PRACTICE
ADDRESS OF PRACTICE
CITY, STATE, ZIP
PHONE NUMBER’S
NAME BEEF OPERATION
TREATMENT PROTOCOL BOOK
This protocol is valid only if accompanied by a valid
Veterinary Drug Order/Veterinary Prescription
THINK SAFETY:
Safety of yourself, the animal(s), the food & the others you are working around!!!
NOTE: NEVER GIVE INJECTIONS IN THE RUMP OR ROUND, NEVER EXCEED 10CC/ IM INJECTIONS SITE
Give ALL IM injections ahead of the shoulder neck.
Withdrawal times should be calculated from the last day of treatment and use the longest time listed.
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|DATE: |Effective for 60 days unless otherwise noted: | |SIG: |
|Date | | | |
|Extended: | | | |
Terms and Codes:
Depression Cattle that have less interest in their environment (See Notes at the end of the protocol)
Fill Refers to lack of feed (smaller than normal) in the animal’s rumen
RTP Return To Pen
CWT Per 100 lbs body weight
Important note: Don’t let the thermometer do your thinking. Not all cattle with temperatures above normal (102.5) are “sick” and not all cattle with normal temperatures are “not sick”. Additionally, not all sick cattle with a significant temperature will respond to antibiotic therapy. Carefully observe the cattle that are pulled for treatment. Evaluate the symptoms and signs as well as the temperature. If you have any questions about how to proceed with a case visit with you manager and/or veterinary service.
Dealing with Non-performing Cattle … VERY IMPORTANT
Non-performing cattle are a HIGH RISK for causing a violative residue problem. Non-performing cattle should have records reviewed by both the veterinarian and manager before being released for salvage. Establish a minimum withdrawal (WD) time that reflects the longest WD for any of the products administered. Animals recovering from illness may have organ damage that interferes with the normal clearing of medications. A residue-screening test such as the Live Animal Swab Test (LAST) test may offer a margin of comfort if these cattle need to be shipped close to their withdrawal time. Establish a residue-screening program for non-performing animals before releasing them for salvage.
[pic]
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| | | |On Each Treatment Record Include The Following: | | |
| | | |DATE, | | |
| | | |ANIMAL ID, | | |
| | | |PRODUCT(S) USED (record serial numbers) | | |
| | | |DOSE (never more than 10cc/site IM unless otherwise indicated and never inject rump or round) | | |
| | | |INDICATED WITHDRAWAL TIME. | | |
| | | |PERSON ADMINISTERING THE MEDICATION | | |
| | | | | |WITH - |
| |METAPHYLAXIS / PROPHYLAXIS | |Processing |PRODUCTS & ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION |DRAWAL |
| |(Mass Medication) | | | | |
| |BRD Imminent Pneumonia Aureomycin | |( Feed 5 days) |Aureomycin – As labeled (10 mg/lb in feed for 5 days) |10 Days |
| |BRD – Imminent Pneumonia – Excede | |1 |Excede 1.5 cc / CWT ERA (Ear Route of Administration) |13 Days |
| |BRD – Imminent Pneumonia – LAOxy | |1 |Biomycin C 6.5 cc / CWT SQ (Limit 15 cc / injection site) |36 Days |
| |BRD – Imminent Pneumonia – Micotil | |1 |Micotil 1.5 cc / CWT SQ (Limit 15 cc / injection site) |42 Days |
| | | |COMMENTS: Closely observe for BRD during the following 3 to 7 days to examine. | | |
| | | | | |WITH - |
| |DIAGNOSIS | |DAY |PRODUCTS & ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION |DRAWAL |
| |Non-Eater | |1 |B-Complex 1cc / CWT SQ & Sick-Pen |7 Days |
| | | | |Oral Electrolytes, Probios | |
| | | |2 |Evaluate Daily, Repeat or RTP | |
| | | |1 |Observation & TLC until eating sufficiently to RTP | |
| | | |COMMENTS: These are frequently cattle with sub-clinical disease (respiratory, liver, kidney, lameness) that can’t compete in their home | | |
| | | |pen. These cattle should be pulled from their home pen for evaluated. Typically these animals will have normal temperatures. If a fever| | |
| | | |develops, initiate treatment for pneumonia or other probable diagnosis. All of these animals should be examined by veterinary service on | | |
| | | |the next visit. Between the time they are pulled and their examination, they should be placed in a hospital pen that provides adequate | | |
| | | |bunk space, clean water, and high quality feed (including loose high quality hay). | | |
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| |Pneumonia / Early | |1 |Draxxin 1.1cc / CWT SQ |18 Days |
| | | |2-10 |RTP and Observe closely for proper response | |
| | | |1 |Non-response –re-examine, treat with Nuflor 3 cc / CWT SQ |44 days |
| | | |2-3 |If improved. Return To Pen (RTP); then observe in home pen | |
| | | |1 |If no improvement – Nuflor 3cc/CWT (realize after WD | |
| | | |COMMENTS: The animals pulled in this category are pulled because of holding back from feed, are usually active but mildly depressed and | | |
| | | |may have a high early fever (T 105-107 F) or a mild fever (T 103-105 F). Following treatment they will be put in a “3-day sick pen” for | | |
| | | |recovery and not retreated daily. They will be observed daily but not handled or hassled until they are evaluated on the third day. If | | |
| | | |much improved, observe the fourth day for continued improvement and Return To Pen (RTP). If not improved, move to the “Non-Performer” pen| | |
| | | |for veterinary service and management to examine. | | |
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| |Pneumonia-Typical –Severe | |1 |Baytril 1cc / CWT SQ |28 Days |
| | | |4 |Evaluate: RTP or if no improvement change treatment to Excenel | |
| | | |1 |Minimal-response – treat with Baytril 1 cc / CWT SQ (28+24=52) |52 Days |
| | | |2-3 |If improved. Return To Pen (RTP); then observe in home pen | |
| | | |1 |Non-response (3 days) re-examine, treat with Nuflor 3 cc / CWT SQ |44 Days |
| | | |1 |If worse move to Non-Performer pen (realize after WD | |
| | | |COMMENTS: The calves in this group are more severely ill than the above group and will show signs for more severe depression, rapid | | |
| | | |respiration in the cool of the day and perhaps will show signs of labored breathing. Evaluate as described above. If there is not a | | |
| | | |dramatic improvement continue therapy on the 4th day as follows: (1) “repeat"- be retreated another 3 days with the same treatment and the| | |
| | | |treatment code changed to indicate a second round (repeat) (2) “chronic"- be treated with the treatment described below for animals not | | |
| | | |responding to the typical treatment. If there is a significant improvement the animal may be RTP, but closely observed in the pen for | | |
| | | |relapse and examination by veterinary service. | | |
| | | |NOTE: USE NAXCEL (1.5 cc / CWT) or STATIS (5 cc / CWT) SQ IN CASES REQUIRING ANTIBIOTICS IN HEAVY WEIGHT CATTLE NEARING MARKETING TIME. | | |
| | | |Withdraw 7 days for both drugs. | | |
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| |Pneumonia / Chronic | |1 |Nuflor 3cc / CWT IM in the neck |44 Days |
| | | |2 |Observe | |
| | | |3 |Nuflor 3cc / CWT IM in the neck |44 Days |
| | | |4 |Evaluate: RTP or move to Non-Performer pen of over 700 lbs | |
| | | | | Cattle under 700 lbs that have been treated with Nuflor | |
| | | |COMMENTS: These cattle will be treated a reasonable time following which they will return to their original pen or be classified as | | |
| | | |chronic non-responders that have little chance of recovery and will not adequately compete with pen-mates, in which case they will be | | |
| | | |placed in the Realizer or Nor-Performer pen and observed to determine if salvage is possible. NOTE: These cattle are classified as a | | |
| | | |high risk for violative residues and should have their records closely checked by veterinary service and management before releasing for | | |
| | | |salvage. Usually, the urine of these animals should have their urine checked for antibiotics before releasing. Veterinary service will | | |
| | | |evaluate all the cattle from this category that have been placed in the Non-Performer pen on each visit. | | |
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| | | | | |WITH - |
| |DIAGNOSIS | |DAY |PRODUCTS & ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION |DRAWAL |
| | | | | | |
| |AIP / Dust Pneumonia | |1 |No Treatment if mild. |0 Days |
| |MILD | | |No water 24 hours, no feed for 48 hours. | |
| | | | |If keep, later administer antibiotics (Status SQ or Naxcel follow WD) | |
| |AIP / Dust Pneumonia | |1 |Advocin 1.5 cc/CWT IM |4 Days |
| |SEVERE | | |Flunixin 1 cc/ CWT IV | |
| |(Labored breathing and temperatures greater | | |Dex 2 cc/ CWT SQ | |
| |than 105.0) | | | | |
| | | |3 |A180 1.5 cc/CWT IM |4 Days |
| | | |5 |Excenel 2cc/CWT SQ |4(11site) |
| | | |7 |Excenel 2cc/CWT SQ |4(11site) |
| | | |COMMENTS: This diagnosis is similar to cow asthma or allergic pneumonia and may be associated with the BRSV (Bovine Respiratory Syncytial| | |
| | | |Virus). It usually occurs in animals that have been on feed for some time and is more common in heifers. Signs are acute severe | | |
| | | |respiratory distress (e.g. open mouth breathing, tongue out, frothy white saliva). It is easily confused with chronic pneumonia relapses. | | |
| | | |If animals are having problems breathing it is best to leave them alone, remove feed and water until they can breathe easier, evaluate | | |
| | | |their condition and then possibly realize them without treating them. In some cases if treatment is desirable it is best to use drugs with| | |
| | | |short or no withdrawal periods. If the cattle fail to respond within 48 hours bring them to the attention of veterinary service and | | |
| | | |management. | | |
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| |Diphtheria | | | Cattle with less than 100 DOF | |
| | | |1 |Nuflor 3 / CWT SQ |44 Days |
| | | | |If symptoms severe give 1 cc Dexamethasone / CWT (IV - IM - SQ) | |
| | | |4 |Evaluate, continue treatment, RTP, etc. | |
| | | | | Cattle with greater than 100 DOF | |
| | | |1 |Excede 1cc / CWT IM |13 Days |
| | | | |If symptoms severe give 1 cc Dexamethasone / CWT (IV - IM - SQ) |7 Days |
| | | |5 |Excede if needed |13 days |
| | | |5 |Evaluate, continue Treatment, RTP or Non-Performer pen | |
| | | |COMMENTS: Diphtheria or necrotic laryngitis may be confused with “honkers” but the important difference indicating diphtheria is the | | |
| | | |presence of active infection indicated by the presence of fowl smelling breath and fever, especially in the early stages. Affected cattle| | |
| | | |will have loud breathing sounds, mildly foul breath and body temperatures greater than 103.5. If affected cattle fail to respond with in | | |
| | | |48 hours bring them to the attention of veterinary service. Cattle that are affected in the latter stages of feeding (less than 30 days | | |
| | | |estimated to the packer) should be evaluated by management and veterinary service for the potential of salvage. Temperatures must be less| | |
| | | |than 105.0 to consider salvage. | | |
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| |Hard Breather | |1 |Dexamethasone 2 cc / CWT SQ |0 Days |
| | | | |… Custom packing ASAP after temp 103.5) temperature. An infected uterus will lack tone. If an animal appears depressed following calving you should always suspect | | |
| | | |either uterine infection or mastitis. This treatment is different from a “retained placenta” because this indicates a definite infection | | |
| | | |in the uterus, usually with fever. Discuss each case of with veterinary service on their next visit. | | |
| |Retained Placenta | |1 |If cow not sick = Do nothing | |
| | | |1 |Infuse Uterus, Oxy100 30cc |36 Days |
| | | | |Biomycin200 4.5cc / CWT | |
| | | |COMMENTS: Most retained placenta will drop without intervention. Intervention must be approached with caution. More damage and | | |
| | | |infection can be created than the retained placenta causes. Do not attempt to remove a retained placenta for at least 10 days post | | |
| | | |calving. Bring the case to the attention of veterinary service if the animal shows any signs of depression. | | |
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| |Dystocia (routine) | |1 |Biomycin200 4.5 cc / CWT SQ |36 Days |
| | | | |Oxytocin 0.5cc / CWT | |
| | | |1 |Severe: Abnormal presentation or can’t be pulled without the aid of a | |
| | | | |fetal extractor. Call Veterinary Service | |
| | | |COMMENTS: Insure calf get colostrum (milk colostrum and feed to calf if necessary). Cattle should have their uterus examined 7 to 10 | | |
| | | |days following calf delivery for suspected uterine infection. Discuss each case of with veterinary service on their next visit. | | |
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| |Vaginal / Rectal Prolapse | |1 |Lidocaine Epidural 0.5cc / CWT |7 Days |
| | | | |Clean, lubricate prolapsed tissue and replace | |
| | | | |Apply a Breuhner stitch to prevent re-prolapsing | |
| | | | |Remove suture in 7-10 days | |
| | | |COMMENTS: It is extremely important to be very clean when fixing a prolapse. It is also important to ensure each stitch is completely | | |
| | | |buried (has not exposure to feces). Vaginal prolapse in heifers are frequently associated with high estrogen levels, therefore remove | | |
| | | |implant their implant. Discuss each case of with veterinary service on their next visit. | | |
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| |Mastitis -Acute (MILD) | |1-3 |Milk out affected quarter(s) & infuse with 1 tube Albacillin |60 Days |
| | | | |Biomycin200 4.5cc / CWT SQ | |
| | | | |Recovr 2cc / CWT SQ | |
| | | |4 |Evaluate | |
| |Mastitis -Acute (SEVERE) | |1-3 |Call Veterinary Service to evaluate and treat |60 Days |
| | | | |Milk out affected quarter(s) & infuse with 1 tube Albacillin | |
| | | | |Biomycin200 4.5cc / CWT SQ | |
| | | | |Recovr 2cc / CWT SQ | |
| | | |COMMENTS: Mastitis can be a fatal disease. Watch all cattle post calving for swollen quarters. The cow should be examined if any signs | | |
| | | |of depression are noticed. Discuss each case of with veterinary service on their next visit. | | |
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NOTES: Finding Sick Cattle Early
Pneumonia is the biggest killer of newly weaned cattle. Many factors influence the outcome of the disease, but one of the most important is finding the sick cattle and starting treatment early. Finding sick cattle early in the course of the disease can be one of the toughest jobs any of us has to do. The necropsies and treatment records of thousands of cattle have shown that appropriate therapy started within the first 48 hours of the onset of pneumonia will improve a sick feedlot animal's chance of survival. The most important early symptom associated with pneumonia is appetite depression. To observe this symptom, cattle should have protection from their environment; plenty of pen and bunk space, and cattle checkers must have plenty of time early in the morning to observe cattle. Never bite off more than you can chew or more than your pens can handle.
Time: The number one rule is make sure you have plenty of time early in the morning. You need to be finished feeding, identifying sick cattle, sorting sick cattle, treating sick cattle, and returning sick cattle to their pens before eleven every morning. You must be absolutely finished. It is very stressful to work sick cattle past late morning when the weather is reaching temperatures over 80 degrees. Try to handle only the number of newly weaned cattle two people can feed, sort, and treat easily and slowly during the four hours from six to ten each morning, and stagger the receiving periods so that no more than 200 animals per person are being started at one time.
Pen and Bunk Space: Pens should provide cattle the opportunity to rest, eat, and be medicated with ease. Pens should provide approximately 150 square feet of dry space per animal. Bunks should provide at least 10 inches of linear space per weaned calf and it is best if the calf has 16 inches of space to eat. A pen 80 feet by 175 feet will provide enough room for a load of 500 weight weaning calves. It is not a good idea to have hay racks in the pen. Try to feed all feed in the bunk. Water flow rates and water tank reserve capacity should match the needs of the cattle. In general, you need to supply enough water so that all the cattle can get their fill in an hour. For new cattle on a hot day this may be five to ten gallons of water, or 500 to 1,000 gallons per hour per 100 head of new cattle. Waterers with a 5/8 inch nozzle fed by 25 pounds of pressure of water will deliver about eight gallons of water a minute to the tank, or 480 gallons of water per hour. On hot afternoons with lots of cattle drinking, the water pressure on a system can be cut in half. Reserve capacity in water tanks is critical in these situations. Generally, if a tanks provides four inches of linear space per animal the reserve capacity needs will be met.
Protection from the Environment: Temperature fluctuations greater than 30 degrees per day are very stressful to cattle. Loss of hair coat insulation through dampness magnifies the effect. If possible, provide protection to newly weaned cattle from both dampness and severe temperature fluctuations. Windbreaks provide relief from cold winter winds but can prevent air movement when the weather is warm. Design windbreaks to meet both conditions. If overhead shelter is provided it should be designed to allow air movement, protection from radiant heat, and allow for drying under the shelter by permitting sunlight to contact all of the covered surface during the day. Overhead shelters should be at least ten feet high, provide eighteen square feet of covered area per animal, and be oriented north to south to allow sun light to shine on all areas under the shelter.
How Sick Cattle Eat: The second rule is to pull for treatment any newly weaned calf that is slow to come to the bunk to eat. Sick cattle are generally slow to come to feed. All cattlemen know this, but few use this observation to their advantage. The best time to look for cattle that are sick is when you put out feed. If you don't have too many cattle to look after, you can remember which ones were slow and come back and pull them for treatment later. Pen riders in large feedlots may not be able to watch cattle come to the bunk when they are fed but the good pen riders watch the fill on cattle very closely because it is the best indication they have of whether the cattle have been eating. Cattle that have not been eating will often have a little bounce in their abdomen when they walk, and appear weak. You need to know the first day cattle are slow coming up to eat. Research by Drs. Dave Hutchinson and Andy Cole at the Bushland, Texas USDA station documented that the feed consumption in cattle exposed to viral respiratory disease starts to drop 48 hours before a rise in body temperature can be detected. In fact, the consumption will drop by 50 percent 24 hours before the animal's temperature starts to rise. If you are carefully watching consumption you can get ahead of most cases of typical respiratory infections in weaned calve.
The Key to Sorting Sick Cattle: The best time to spot and sort sick cattle away from healthy cattle is when cattle have just been fed. As soon as the feed is in the bunk someone should be watching for the cattle that are slow to come to feed. Have someone stand quietly in the pen with them, and identify the animals that will be treated later in the morning. If the pen checkers are horseback, let them get in the pen early in the morning when cattle are being fed. If from the first day cattle are received you start this procedure and let cattle get used to having someone in their pen with them, soon the cattle will let pen checkers walk among them without getting excited. When cattle start getting sick, your pen checkers will be able to sort sick cattle away from the group much easier. It is good to have pen checkers work in pairs. They do not have to work each pen together, but having a second person close by to help if a pen checker is having trouble getting a sick animal out of a pen can be valuable for saving time and minimizing stress on sick cattle.
Other Important Symptoms: In addition to coming to the bunk more slowly, sick cattle will be a little depressed and will hold their heads a bit lower than normal. Their attitude will be a bit distant, they will be less interested in the things going on in their environment and not quite as curious. Often these cattle will try to hide behind other cattle or in the corner next to the end of the bunk. They will have less intestinal fill than normal cattle. They may appear slab sided, and their abdomen will shake slightly when they walk. Listen for a soft, repetitive cough and watch for a slight increase in respiration rate. Sick cattle will often have watery, dull eyes, a clear nasal discharge and will not be cleaning their noses as often as normal cattle. Their movement will be a little stiff and weakness will cause them to shortened their stride, drag their toe or knuckle slightly. You may notice their tails are tucked slightly between their hocks.
Sharpening Skills: The best way to improve someone's skill for finding sick cattle early is to let them follow the progress of the cattle they pull for treatment, especially if all treatments are given before noon. Cattle treated in the afternoon are much harder to evaluate. If 90 percent of the cattle are responding to treatment within three days, the pen checker is on the mark. If the treatment program is appropriate and less than 80 percent of the cattle are responding to treatment or the relapse rate is more than 10 percent, the pen checkers are starting treatment too late.
Summary
1. Make sure you have plenty of time early in the morning is the best time to look for sick cattle.
2. New cattle need at least 150 square feet of dry, dust free pen space per animal.
3. Important symptoms to look for include: depression of appetite and attitude, slow movement, and rapid respiration.
Sick Sign / Pull Sheet.
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|AM |NAME: |
|DATE: | |
|PM | |
|ID | | | | | |
|PEN | | | | | |
|DEPRESSION | | | | | |
|BREATHING | | | | | |
|COUGHING | | | | | |
|NAS DISCHARGE | | | | | |
|WATERY EYES | | | | | |
|+/- FILL | | | | | |
|STIFF | | | | | |
|LOOSE FECES | | | | | |
|OTHER | | | | | |
|SEVERITY SCORE | | | | | |
|DIAGNOSIS | | | | | |
|Definition of clinical illness score |
|Score |Description |Appearance |
|0 |Normal |Normal |
|1 |Slightly ill |Gaunt, nasal/ocular discharge |
|2 |Moderately ill |Gaunt, nasal/ocular discharge, lags behind other animals in the group, cough, labored breathing |
|3 |Severely ill |Purulent nasal/ocular discharge, labored breathing, not responsive to human approach |
|4 |Moribund |Near death |
Clinical illness score (CIS) determined daily by trained animal health care personnel and used in conjunction with a depression score to determine morbidity of feedlot cattle. Cattle are considered a clinical bovine respiratory disease case if: a) score of 1 was assigned for both the CIS method and the depression score method, or b) score of ≥ 2 was assigned for either evaluation method.
|Definition of depression score |
|Score |Depression |Appearance |
|0 |None |Normal, no signs of depression |
|1 |Slight |Slower than pen mates but still perks up when approached and does not appear weak, actively follows your movements with a |
| | |raised head |
|2 |Moderate |Stands with head lowered, will perk up when approached but will return to depressed stance, moves slowly and falls towards |
| | |back of group, may display signs of weakness such as incoordination |
|3 |Severe |Obviously very weak, difficulty in moving with group, raises head only when approached closely |
|4 |Moribund |Near death, non-responsive to human approach |
Depression score is determined daily by trained animal health care personnel and used in conjunction with a clinical illness score to determine morbidity of feedlot cattle. Cattle are considered a clinical bovine respiratory disease case if: a) score of 1 was assigned for both the CIS method and the depression score method, or b) score of ≥ 2 was assigned for either evaluation method.
DURABLE CURE, A management program that returns sick animals to a productive state and significantly reduces costly relapses. The goal of the DURABLE CURE program is two-fold: 1) A first-time treated animal is more likely to become a high-performing, profitable animal again; and 2) That animal stays with its group mates and does not suffer a disease relapse.
D.A.R.T. An acronym for the four areas that MUST be thoroughly assessed and monitored, especially in high stress or cattle with a high risk of developing disease. DART stands for; Depression, Appetite, Respiratory index and Temperature.
All four areas must be returning to normal before treatment is discontinued. It is very important to monitor the first three items on all cattle every day.
Try to address an animal’s disease condition during the early stages. This will greatly improve the treatment response and minimize production loss associated with disease.
Sick Animal Evaluation: Daily monitoring of animals undergoing treatment is a key factor in the success of the DURABLE CURESM program. If each DART element - Depression, Appetite, Respiratory index and Temperature - is normal, and the treatment cycle has been completed, then the animal is ready to its production group (medication withdrawals met as appropriate). If any one of the factors is not normal, then the animal MUST remain for treatment and evaluation. Questions or concerns about the animal’s treatment response should be discussed with your veterinarian.
Depression: Depression is rated on four levels: normal, mild, moderate and severe. A normal animal is alert and moves with its group mates. Mild depression may include signs like droopy ears or head, but the animal is easily stimulated into normal behavior. Moderate depression means an animal appears listless and acts sore. It responds to stimulation but does not behave like its group mates. An animal with severe depression is too weak to walk and looks close to dying.
Moving animals from its group to the treatment pen can influence behavior. An animal can easily move from severe depression to moderate or from moderate to mild. Cattle health checkers should carefully note the animal's behavior in the home pen and communicate that to the person responsible for treating the sick animal.
Appetite: One of the first signs of many systemic diseases, such as respiratory, intestinal or severe reproductive infections can be loss of appetite. Animals are going off feed when they fail to show interest in feed. Watch your animal’s response to feed deliver. If they do not appear interested something may be wrong. Try to catch animals before they have been off feed long enough to lack fill and appear - gaunt.
One of the goals of therapy is return to full appetite, so it's important to closely monitor animals being treated for disease. Animals with a full appetite will have a full rumen, and a normal shaped flank. Ideally, the animal should be weighed daily, but this is seldom practical.
Respiratory Index: An additional sign of many systemic diseases is an irregular breathing pattern. This is especially true if the animal is suffering from respiratory disease. Its respiratory rate can be accelerated, its effort to take breaths can be exaggerated, and the depth of its breaths can be noticeably different. Essentially, an animal's respiratory index is abnormal when its rate, depth and effort differ from those of its normal group mates.
The respiratory index is determined by observing respiratory effort, pattern of expiration and the rate of expiration. Unless the person responsible for medical treatments uses a stethoscope to listen to lungs, close visual observation is a must.
Temperature: The normal temperature of a healthy cow or calf is approximately 102.5° F. The temperature can is influence not only by disease, but by the animal’s environment, housing, and temperament. Remember if appropriate; adjust your definition of normal temperature to account for these factors.
Rectal temperature is influenced by a number of factors. However, an animal with a temperature of 104° F or higher that also has abnormal depression, appetite and respiratory index scores probably is suffering from an infective process than will require additional evaluation and potential medical treatment. Measurement of temperature should be performed at a time of day - early morning or early evening - when it's least likely to be influenced by ambient temperature. Temperatures of infected animals tend to spike and respond quickly once treatment begins. But the animal's temperature must remain normal day after day, which requires monitoring the animal for at least three consecutive days.
biosecurity
Biosecurity is a practice designed to prevent the spread of disease by minimizing the movement of biologic organisms (viruses, bacteria, rodents, etc.) onto and within your operation. Biosecurity can be very difficult to maintain because the interrelationships between management, biologic organisms and biosecurity are very complex. While developing and maintaining biosecurity is difficult it is the cheapest, most effective means of disease control available and no disease prevention program will work without it.
Infectious diseases can be spread between operations by:
• the introduction of diseased cattle or healthy cattle incubating disease,
• introduction of healthy cattle who have recovered from disease but are now carriers,
• vehicles, equipment, clothing and shoes of visitors or employees who move between herds,
• contact with inanimate objects that are contaminated with disease organisms,
• carcasses of dead cattle that have not been disposed of properly,
• feedstuffs, especially high risk feedstuff which could be contaminated with feces,
• impure water (surface drainage water, etc),
• manure handling and aerosolized manure and dust,
• non-livestock (horses, dogs, cats, wildlife, rodents, birds and insects).
Develop at biosecurity resource group
An important first step is to develop a biosecurity resource group / team. Include those that may have special knowledge in control of biologic organisms. Generally beef operations have been open to vehicle traffic and visitors.
Biosecurity has three major components: Isolation, Traffic Control and Sanitation.
Isolation refers to the prevention of contact between animals within a controlled environment. The most important first step in disease control is to minimize commingling and movement of cattle. This includes all new purchases as well as commingling between established groups of cattle. Even in operations that have high cattle turn over such as feedlots, keeping feeding groups from mixing is an import biosecurity measure. Isolate feedlot hospital cattle and returned them to their home pen as soon as possible. Long acting therapies have improved our ability to minimize movement of infectious organisms between groups. An important biosecurity action on ranches is to separate cattle by age and/or production groups. Facilities should be cleaned-up and disinfected appropriately between groups.
Traffic Control includes traffic onto your operation and traffic patterns within your operation.
It is important to understand traffic includes more than vehicles. All animals and people must be considered. Animals other than cattle include dogs, cats, horses, wildlife, rodents, and birds. The degree of control will be dictated by the biology and ecology of the infectious organism being addressed and the control must be equally applied.
Traffic control within the operation should be designed to stop or minimize contamination of cattle, feed, feeding handling equipment and equipment used on cattle. Pit silos should not be accessible from non-feed handling equipment such as loaders used outside the feeding area or vehicles that travel outside the feed mixing and handling facility. No one (manager, nutritionist, veterinarian, banker … no one) should be allowed to drive onto the surface of a trench silo. The only equipment allowed should be the loader used for handling the feedstuff. In large pits it may be acceptable to allow feed trucks to enter provided they are loaded at least 100 feet away from the working face of the stored feed. If possible, separate equipment should be used for handling feedstuffs and manure.
Vehicles and employees should not travel from the dead cattle area without cleaning and disinfecting. The dead animal removal area should be placed in a location that allows rendering trucks access without cross-contaminating healthy cattle. Vehicle cleaning areas are becoming more common in commercial feedlots. Unfortunately they are frequently only used for trucks and heavy equipment. Management should consider extending a decontamination policy to other vehicles (especially tires) that are used across biosecurity control areas on the operation.
Sanitation addresses the disinfection of materials, people and equipment entering the operation and the cleanliness of the people and equipment on the operation.
The first objective of sanitation is to prevent fecal contaminates from entering the oral cavity of cattle (fecal – oral cross contamination). Equipment used which may contact cattle’s oral cavity or cattle feed should be a special target. The first objective in sanitation is to remove organic matter, especially feces. Blood, saliva, and urine from sick or dead cattle should also be targeted. All equipment that handles feed or is introduced into the mouth of cattle should be cleaned, including disinfection as appropriate, before use. Loaders used for manure or dead cattle handling must be cleaned thoroughly before use with feedstuff. It would be best if different equipment could be used. Minimize the use of oral equipment and instruments such as balling guns, drench equipment, and tubes. If used at processing and treatment thoroughly clean and disinfected between animals. Store cleaned equipment in clean, dry areas. Avoid storage in tanks or containers containing disinfectants.
Guide for Judicious Use of Antimicrobials in Cattle
1. Prevent Problems: Emphasize appropriate husbandry and hygiene, routine health examinations, and vaccinations.
2. Select and Use Antibiotics Carefully: Consult with your veterinarian on the selection and use of antibiotics. Have a valid reason to use an antibiotic. Therapeutic alternatives should be considered prior to using antimicrobial therapy.
3. Avoid Using Antibiotics Important In Human Medicine As First Line Therapy: Avoid using as the first antibiotic those medications that are important to treating strategic human or animal infections.
4. Use the Laboratory to Help You Select Antibiotics: Cultures and susceptibility test results should be used to aid in the selection of antimicrobials, whenever possible.
5. Avoid Combination Antibiotic Use: Combination antibiotic therapy is discouraged unless supported by sound science!
6. Avoid Inappropriate Antibiotic Use: Confine therapeutic antimicrobial use to proven clinical indications, avoiding inappropriate uses such as for viral infections without bacterial complication.
7. Treatment Programs Should Reflect Best Use Principles: Regimens for therapeutic antimicrobial use should be optimized using current pharmacological information and principles.
8. Treat the Fewest Number of Animals Possible: Limit antibiotic use to sick or at risk animals.
9. Treat for the Recommended Time Period: To minimize the potential for bacteria to become resistant to antimicrobials.
10. Avoid Environmental Contamination with Antibiotics: Steps should be taken to minimize antimicrobials reaching the environment through spillage, contaminated ground run off or aerosolization.
11. Keep Records of Antibiotic Use: Accurate records of treatment and outcome should be used to evaluate therapeutic regimens and always follow proper withdrawal times.
12. Follow Label Directions: Follow label instructions and never use antibiotics other than as labeled without a valid veterinary prescription.
13. Extralabel Antibiotic Use Must follow FDA Regulations: Prescriptions, including extra label use of medications must meet the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) amendments to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and its regulations. This includes having a valid Veterinary-Client-Relationship.
14. Subtherapeutic Antibiotic Use Is Discouraged: Antibiotic use should be limited to prevent or control disease and should not be used if the principle intent is to improve performance.
The “4 S’ …
Safety of yourself, Safety of the people you are working with, Safety of the animal(s) and Safety of the food supply.
It is crucial to your success in working around livestock to establish a working relationship with the operation’s and management and personnel early when beginning your work with the operation. You should know what they want you to accomplish and what to expect from you. If you and the personnel are not on the same page, your presence can jeopardize your safety, their safety, the safety of the animal(s) you are working with and/or the safety of the intended food use of the animals you are working with.
The "4 S's"
Safety is your most important objective: safety for your self, safety of the people you are working with, safety of the animal(s) you are working with and safety of the intended food product from which the animals will are being raised to produce. Remember you are working with food and there are three food safety targets in the USDA-FSIS Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) food safety program. These are biologic, chemical and physical safety defects.
For our part, understanding safety, being able to recognize unsafe conditions and helping others to understand safety when handling products and animals is critical. In addition, the importance of preventing CROSS CONTAMINATION of feces, chemicals and metal to livestock feed is also critical. HACCP can have a much broader application. HACCP has been used by generations of people to protect their safety. Every generation has used the principles to ensure their families safety. For example consider a physical hazard. If a young child is playing in the front yard of a home, what is the hazard? Going in the street and being hit by a car would be one hazard. What would be a critical control point? Building a fence, sit in the yard with the child to catch it be for it got into the street … There are several ways to address the potential hazard. But by taking time to figure out what might go wrong, then figuring out how to prevent, reduce or eliminate the hazard will complete the HACCP plan. Similarly, the system is applied in the home. What is a chemical safety hazard in the home? Chemical under the sink … Controlled by a child safety lock on the cabinet door. What is a biologic hazard? Bacteria contaminating food before and/or during preparation … Controlled by washing preparer’s hands and cooking at the proper temperature of the required time.
Taking time to evaluate the potential safety hazard(s) that exist when working with livestock is an important “what can go wrong” first step. Figuring out how to avoid having something that jeopardizes safety go wrong is the important next step. If these two items are continually being evaluated in light of the “4 S’s” the likelihood of accidents will be decreased.
Cattle Product Safety Use Guide
By Dee Griffin, University of Nebraska, GPVEC; March 2004
Vaccines:
• Modified Live Virus (MLV)
o Minimal Risk
▪ Most if not all fit in this category.
o Dangerous
▪ None recognized.
o Safety Action If Exposed:
▪ Wash exposed / injected area and treat with a topical antibacterial ointment
▪ See a doctor if swelling or pain develops.
• Modified Live Bacterial (MLB)
o Minimal Risk:
i) None.
o Dangerous:
i) All have the potential to cause disease in humans.
o Safety Action If Exposed:
i) See a doctor immediately and take the label / bottle of vaccine with you.
ii) The doctor will likely begin treatment with an appropriate antibiotic.
• Killed (virus/bacteria)
o Minimal Risk:
i) Most if not all fit in this category.
o Dangerous:
i) None recognized.
o Safety Action If Exposed:
i) Wash exposed / injected area and treat with a topical antibacterial ointment
ii) See a doctor if swelling or pain develops.
Medications:
• Injectable and Oral:
o Minimal Risk:
i) Most fit in this category.
ii) A potential allergic response in some individuals.
1) People with known allergies to one or more antibiotics should not work in areas in which animals are being treated … OR remove the class of antibiotics for which they are allergic from the treatment protocol and thoroughly clean the treatment area to remove remaining traces of the offending antibiotic before the person works in the area.
o Dangerous:
i) Micotil, IF INJECTED WILL LIKELY CAUSE DEATH IN HUMAN.
1) Do not load syringe until the animal is properly and adequately restrained.
2) Use the “one-hand” SQ tented technique for giving injections.
3) As per all injections … Micotil should be given ahead of the shoulder.
4) As per all SQ injections … there is no BQA limit to the amount of Micotil that can be given in one site.
o If Micotil is accidentally injected, Apply ice to injection site. Take label to ER/attending physician for information.
Micotil Continued: In addition to calling 911 they should themselves or instruct/demand the physician call 1-800-722-0987 or 1-317-276-2000 those are the numbers for Rocky Mountain Poison control and the Lilly emergency hotline. They often have more accurate and up to date information for tilmicosin than local or regional poison control centers.
i) Lutalyse, Estrumate & other prostaglandins), PREGNANT WOMEN CAN/WILL ABORT OR GO INTO LABOR IF EXPOSED TO THIS MEDICATION … this product can be absorbed through the skin … therefore pregnant women should not handle a prostaglandin bottle, work in an area or touch equipment that may be contaminated with a prostaglandin.
ii) Dexamethasone PREGNANT WOMEN CAN POTENTIALLY ABORT OR GO INTO LABOR IF EXPOSED TO THIS MEDICATION.
iii) Oxytocin PREGNANT WOMEN CAN POTENTIALLY ABORT OR GO INTO LABOR IF EXPOSED TO THIS MEDICATION.
o Safety Action If Exposed:
i) For products other than MICOTIL … wash exposed / injected area and treat with a topical antibacterial ointment and see a doctor if swelling or pain develops
ii) An accidental injection with MICOTIL should be treated as an extreme emergency … CALL 911 and rush person to the emergency room … however there is no known antidote.
iii) For pregnant women LUTALYSE (and other prostaglandins), and for pregnant women Dexamethasone … wash exposed / injected area AND see a doctor ASAP
iv) A person exposed to antibiotic or other medication for which they are allergic should see a doctor ASAP … if the allergy is severe will need to call 911.
Antiparasitics:
• Injectable:
o Minimal Risk:
i) Most fit in this category.
ii) No known allergies.
iii) Should a person develop an allergic like response they should see or be taken to a doctor ASAP … if the response is severe call 911.
o Dangerous:
i) None.
o Safety Action If Exposed:
i) Wash exposed area and contaminated clothing.
ii) Should a person develop an allergic like response they should see or be taken to a doctor ASAP … if the response is severe call 911.
• Pour-On/Topical/Oral:
o Minimal Risk:
i) Most fit in this category.
ii) Organophosphates potentially can be a serious hazard if handled improperly.
iii) No known allergies.
iv) Should a person develop an allergic like response they should see or be taken to a doctor ASAP … if the response is severe call 911.
o Dangerous:
i) Only organophosphates are considered dangerous unless an allergic like response should develop.
o Safety Action If Exposed:
i) Newer generation synthetic pyrethrins can cause a severe paraesthesia in some people depending on location of exposure.
ii) Wash exposed area and contaminated clothing.
iii) Should a person develop weakness, tremors or an allergic like response they should see or be taken to a doctor ASAP … if the response is severe call 911
NC-BQA
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Needles should have hubs of the quality designed to not allow the needle to break off in the animal. Metal hubs are generally considered to the standard for excellent quality but some studies indicated plastic hubs may be superior.
Change needles frequently (10 to 15 head)
Change needle -#=?@‘’˜š©ËÐ- . N a v w Å Æ Ç 0DUñãÕÅÕ㹬㬟¬ã¬”ˆyˆn`Rn”¹FheA/hlB¾5?OJQJheA/hn[Ð5if contaminated or damaged. Never straighten a needle… the second time it bends there is a chance it will break.
14 to 16 gauge ½ to ¾ inch needles work well for SQ
16 to 18 gauge 1 to 1 ½ inch needles work well for IM
NEVER INJECT ANYTHING BEHIND THE SLOPE OF THE SHOULDER !!!
NEVER EXCEED 10CC / IM SITE !!!
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