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Chapter 7 Drugs

In U.S. ________% of evidence examined in forensic laboratories is considered drug related, either the ____________ themselves or evidence from _____________________ crimes.

A drug: natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject ______________ or _______________________..

“Controlled substances:” drugs that are _____________________________

Controlled Substances Act: ________________________________________; it lists illegal (or illicit) drugs, their category and their penalty for possession, sale or use.

Categories of Controlled Drugs:

Hallucinogens are mostly naturally occurring substances that can change _____________ ____________________processes, perceptions, and moods marijuana, LSD, PCP,

Stimulants act on the _________________________ to make the user feel better and increase his or her __________________ alertness while suppressing appetite and fatigue caffeine, cocaine

Narcotics are analgesics, that is, substances affecting the central nervous system to _____________________________. Mild analgesics are found in many over-the-counter (OTC) drugs such as aspirin, Tylenol, and Motrin. These are the opiates: __________, morphine, codeine

Depressants: Slow central nervous system ____________________ is a common depressant—alcohol, barbiturates, Quaaludes

Controlled Substances Act Drug Classification:

Schedule I—______________________________for abuse; no currently acceptable medical use in the US; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision

heroin (diacetylmorphine), LSD, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA)

Schedule II—high potential for abuse; a currently __________________________ use with ___________________________; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence: cocaine, morphine, amphetamines (including methamphetamines), PCP, Ritalin

Schedule III—______________________________ for abuse than drugs in I or II; currently accepted medical use in US; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence: intermediate acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids,

ketamine

Schedule IV—________________________________ relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological _____________ relative to drugs in III

other stimulants & depressants:Valium, Xanan, Librium, phenobarbital, Darvon

Schedule V—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IV: codeine in low doses in cough medicines, and in painkillers such as Percocet, vicoden

False/positive results

Amphetamines - Includes: _______________, decongestants, medication for Parkinson’s

Cocaine: _____________ can cross react with the following immunoassays : cocaine EIA but not cocaine FPIA

Marijuana: Sustiva can cross react with THC EIA Immunoassays can’t distinguish between smoked marijuana and Marinol

Opiates: can cross react with_______________________, levofloxacin and ofloxacin

can yield false positive results for: imipramine, papaverine, rifampin

Benzodiazepines (Librium) “Benzo’s” can cross react with oxaprozin (daypro) diphenhydramine, can cross react with sertaline (zoloft)

Barbituates: primidone (mysoline) metabolized __________________________to phenylethylmalonamide and phenobasrbital which are excreted in the urine

Identification of Drugs

• PDR—Physicians’ Desk Reference

• Field Tests—presumptive tests

• Laboratory Tests—conclusive tests

The _______________________________ (PDR) info on prescription/OTC drugs, updated annually - identifies manufactured pills, tablets and capsules, identifier of legally made drugs found at crime scene – with picture of the drug, whether it is a prescription, over the counter, or a controlled substance; and detailed information about the drug.

Human Components Used for Drug Analysis

Blood

Urine

Hair

Gastric Contents

Bile

Liver tissue

Brain tissue

Kidney tissue

Spleen tissue

Vitreous Humor of the Eye

Drug Identification: Screening or presumptive tests

Spot or color tests

Microcrystalline test: reagent added producing a crystalline precipitate unique for a certain drug.

Chromatography

Confirmatory tests:

Spectrophotometry

Ultraviolet (UV)

Visible

Infrared (IR)

Mass spectrometry

Presumptive Color Tests

Marquis—turns ____________in the presence of most opium

Dillie-Koppanyi—turns ____________________in the presence of barbiturates

Duquenois-Levine—turns a _______________ color in the presence of marijuana

Van Urk—turns a _______________________ in the presence of LSD

Scott test—color test for cocaine, ________________

Chromatography: technique for ________________________ into their components

Includes two phases—a ________________that flows past a_______________________.

The mixture interacts with the stationary phase and separates.

Types of Chromatography

Paper

Thin Layer (TLC)

Gas (GC)

Pyrolysis Gas (PGC)

Liquid (LC)

High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)

Column

Paper Chromatography

Stationary phase—paper

Mobile phase—a liquid solvent

Thin Layer Chromatography

Stationary phase— a thin layer of coating (usually alumina or silica) on a sheet of

plastic or glass

Mobile phase—a liquid solvent

Retention Factor (Rf) number that represents _______________________________ in a particular solvent. Determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled.

Gas Chromatography: Phases

Stationary—a solid or a viscous liquid that lines a tube or column

Mobile—an inert gas like nitrogen or helium

Analysis: Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present

Uses retention time instead of Rf for the qualitative analysis

Spectroscopy—the interaction of _____________________________________ with matter.

Spectrophotometer—an instrument used to measure and record the ________________

________________________ of a chemical substance.

_____________________________________

Drug Wasps: antennae are as sensitive to __________________.__________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

, enabling him to identify 212 of the 287 naturally occurring elemental isotopes.

Drug wasps: antennae are as sensitive to smells as the wet nose of a drug-sniffing police dog. A contraption called the Wasp Hound: a canister the size of a medium-size soda cup filled with insects trained to detect smells. The insects are taught to associate a particular odor with food. When the wasps in the canister catch a whiff of that odor—such as a chemical linked to a drug, bomb, toxin, or corpse—they cluster around the source; a minicamera inside the Wasp Hound monitors the insects' movements and transmits the results to a nearby laptop.

Chapter 7 Drugs

In the United States, as much as 75 percent of the evidence being examined in forensic laboratories is considered drug related, either the drugs themselves or evidence from drug-related crimes.

A drug: a natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject psychologically or physiologically.

“Controlled substances:” drugs that are restricted by law

Controlled Substances Act: a law that was enacted in 1970; it lists illegal drugs, their category and their penalty for possession, sale or use.

Categories of Controlled Drugs:

Hallucinogens are mostly naturally occurring substances that can change normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods marijuana, LSD, PCP,

Stimulants act on the central nervous system to make the user feel better and increase his or her energy alertness while suppressing appetite and fatigue caffeine, cocaine

Narcotics are analgesics, that is, substances affecting the central nervous system to relieve pain. Mild analgesics are found in many over-the-counter (OTC) drugs such as aspirin, Tylenol, and Motrin. These are the opiates: heroin, morphine, codeine

Depressants: Ethyl alcohol is a common depressant—alcohol, barbiturates, Quaaludes

Controlled Substances Act Drug Classification:

Schedule I—high potential for abuse; no currently acceptable medical use in the US; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision

heroin (diacetylmorphine), LSD, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA)

Schedule II—high potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence

cocaine, morphine, amphetamines (including methamphetamines), PCP, Ritalin

Schedule III—lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence

intermediate acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids, ketamine

Schedule IV—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in III

other stimulants and depressants including Valium, Xanan, Librium, phenobarbital, Darvon

Schedule V—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IV

codeine found in low doses in cough medicines, and in painkillers such as Percocet, vicoden

Amphetamines - Includes:

diet agents

decongestants

medication for parkinsons

Cocaine:Quinine can cross react with the following immunoassays : cocaine EIA but not cocaine FPIA

Marijuana: Sustiva can cross react with THC EIA

Immunoassays can’t distinguish between smoked marijuana and Marinol

Opiates: can cross react with antibiotics, levofloxacin and ofloxacin

can yield false positive results for: imipramine, papaverine, rifampin

Benzodiazepines (Librium) “Benzo’s”

������ can cross react with oxaprozin (daypro)

������ can cross react with diphenhydramine

������ can cross react with sertaline (zoloft)

False/positive results

Barbituates

primidone (mysoline) metabolized in the liver to phenylethylmalonamide and phenobasrbital

which are excreted in the urine

Identification of Drugs

• PDR—Physicians’ Desk Reference

• Field Tests—presumptive tests

• Laboratory Tests—conclusive tests

The Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) info on prescription/OTC drugs, updated annually. it is used to identify manufactured pills, tablets and capsules.

quick and easy identifier of the legally made drugs that may be found at a scene. gives a picture of the drug, whether it is a prescription, over the counter, or a controlled substance; as well as more detailed information about the drug.

Human Components Used for Drug Analysis

Blood

Urine

Hair

Gastric Contents

Bile

Liver tissue

Brain tissue

Kidney tissue

Spleen tissue

Vitreous Humor of the Eye

The vitreous humor or body is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.

Urine Testing General Precautions: should be taken to ensure that a urine sample cannot be altered or diluted during the collection or procedure and that the information on the urine bottle and the documentation can identify the individual from whom the sample was collected.

Drug Identification

Screening or presumptive tests

Spot or color tests

Microcrystalline test—a reagent is added that produces a crystalline precipitate which is unique for a certain drug.

Chromatography

Confirmatory tests

Spectrophotometry

Ultraviolet (UV)

Visible

Infrared (IR)

Mass spectrometry

Presumptive Color Tests

Marquis—turns purple in the presence of most opium

Dillie-Koppanyi—turns violet-blue in the presence of barbiturates

Duquenois-Levine—turns a purple color in the presence of marijuana

Van Urk—turns a blue-purple in the presence of LSD

Scott test—color test for cocaine, blue

Chromatography: technique for separating mixtures into their components

Includes two phases—a mobile one that flows past a stationary one.

The mixture interacts with the stationary phase and separates.

Types of Chromatography

Paper

Thin Layer (TLC)

Gas (GC)

Pyrolysis Gas (PGC)

Liquid (LC)

High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)

Column

Paper Chromatography

Stationary phase—paper

Mobile phase—a liquid solvent

Thin Layer Chromatography

Stationary phase— a thin layer of coating (usually alumina or silica) on a sheet of plastic or glass

Mobile phase—

a liquid solvent

Retention Factor (Rf)

This is a number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent

It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled.

If the Rf value for an unknown compound is close to or the same as that for the known compound, the two compounds are likely similar or identical (a match).

Gas Chromatography

Phases

Stationary—a solid or a viscous liquid that lines a tube or column

Mobile—an inert gas like nitrogen or helium

Analysis

Shows a peak that is proportional to the quantity of the substance present

Uses retention time instead of Rf for the qualitative analysis

Uses of Gas Chromatography - Not considered a confirmation of a controlled substance

Used as a separation tool for mass spectroscopy (MS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR)

Used to quantitatively measure the concentration of a sample. (In a courtroom, there is no real requirement to know the concentration of a substance. It does not affect guilt or innocence).

Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy—the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.

Spectrophotometer—an instrument used to measure and record the absorption spectrum of a chemical substance.

Spectrophotometry

Components

A radiation source

A frequency selector

A sample holder

A detector to convert electromagnetic radiation into an electrical signal

A recorder to produce a record of the signal

Types

Ultraviolet

Visible

Infrared

Infrared Spectometry

Material absorbs energy in the near-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Compares the IR light beam before and after passing through a transparent sample.

Result—an absorption or transmittance spectrum

Gives a unique view of the substance; like a fingerprint

Mass Spectrometry

Gas chromatography has one major drawback, it does not give a specific identification. Mass spectrometry cannot separate mixtures. By combining the two (GCMS), constituents of mixtures can be specifically identified.

Mass Spectrometry

In a mass spectrometer, an electron beam is directed at sample molecules in a vacuum chamber. The electrons break apart the sample molecules into many positive charged fragments. These are sorted and collected according to their mass-to-charge ratio by an oscillating electric or a magnetic field.

Mass Spectra

Each molecular species has its own unique mass spectrum.

IR Spectrophotometry and Mass Spectrometry work well in identifying pure substances.

Mixtures are difficult to identify in both techniques

Both are compared to a catalog of knowns

People of Historical Significance

Arthur Jeffrey Dempster: in 1918, developed the 1st modern mass spectrometer still used 100 times more powerful than the previous.

Francis William Aston: won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in the invention of the mass spectrograph. He used a method of electromagnetic focusing to separate substances, enabling him to identify 212 of the 287 naturally occurring elemental isotopes.

Drug wasps: antennae are as sensitive to smells as the wet nose of a drug-sniffing police dog. A contraption called the Wasp Hound: a canister the size of a medium-size soda cup filled with insects trained to detect smells. The insects are taught to associate a particular odor with food. When the wasps in the canister catch a whiff of that odor—such as a chemical linked to a drug, bomb, toxin, or corpse—they cluster around the source; a minicamera inside the Wasp Hound monitors the insects' movements and transmits the results to a nearby laptop.

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