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Harvard UTS Referencing GuideTable of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Book PAGEREF _Toc493167948 \h 3Authors PAGEREF _Toc493167949 \h 3Journal Article PAGEREF _Toc493167950 \h 8Authors PAGEREF _Toc493167951 \h 9Quote from a work citing another author PAGEREF _Toc493167952 \h 10Online journal article PAGEREF _Toc493167953 \h 10BMJ and other journals that have article numbers PAGEREF _Toc493167954 \h 10In press PAGEREF _Toc493167955 \h 11Tips and Tricks PAGEREF _Toc493167956 \h 11Newspaper or Magazine PAGEREF _Toc493167957 \h 11Authors PAGEREF _Toc493167958 \h 12Quote from a work citing another author PAGEREF _Toc493167959 \h 12Online PAGEREF _Toc493167960 \h 13Website and Social Media PAGEREF _Toc493167961 \h 13In Text PAGEREF _Toc493167962 \h 14Blog or Tweet PAGEREF _Toc493167963 \h 14Facebook post PAGEREF _Toc493167964 \h 14Government or company website PAGEREF _Toc493167965 \h 15Website post (including Instagram) PAGEREF _Toc493167966 \h 15No date or no author PAGEREF _Toc493167967 \h 16Sound, Film and Image PAGEREF _Toc493167968 \h 16Image PAGEREF _Toc493167969 \h 16Graph, Figure or Table PAGEREF _Toc493167970 \h 18YouTube PAGEREF _Toc493167971 \h 19Podcast PAGEREF _Toc493167972 \h 20Film, Video and Audiovisual PAGEREF _Toc493167973 \h 20TV and Radio Programs PAGEREF _Toc493167974 \h 21Legal Material PAGEREF _Toc493167975 \h 21Case Law PAGEREF _Toc493167976 \h 22Legislation PAGEREF _Toc493167977 \h 22Bills PAGEREF _Toc493167978 \h 23Parlimentary Debates (Hansard) PAGEREF _Toc493167979 \h 23Treaties PAGEREF _Toc493167980 \h 23Indigenous Materials PAGEREF _Toc493167981 \h 24Images of Indigenous Artworks, Designs or Objects PAGEREF _Toc493167982 \h 24Other Sources PAGEREF _Toc493167983 \h 25Cochrane Reviews PAGEREF _Toc493167984 \h 25Datasets PAGEREF _Toc493167985 \h 26Dictionaries and Encyclopedias PAGEREF _Toc493167986 \h 26Golden Target Awards PAGEREF _Toc493167987 \h 27Graphs, Figures and Tables PAGEREF _Toc493167988 \h 28Joanna Briggs Institute documents PAGEREF _Toc493167989 \h 29Lecture notes, PowerPoint, or something listed in UTS Online PAGEREF _Toc493167990 \h 30Paper from a Conference PAGEREF _Toc493167991 \h 31Monument PAGEREF _Toc493167992 \h 33Pamphlets and Zines PAGEREF _Toc493167993 \h 33Personal communications PAGEREF _Toc493167994 \h 34Play or Concert performance PAGEREF _Toc493167995 \h 34Poem PAGEREF _Toc493167996 \h 35Poster PAGEREF _Toc493167997 \h 35Press release or Media release PAGEREF _Toc493167998 \h 36Reports (including ABS reports, reports from databases) PAGEREF _Toc493167999 \h 36Slogan PAGEREF _Toc493168000 \h 38Song (performance) PAGEREF _Toc493168001 \h 38Speeches PAGEREF _Toc493168002 \h 39Standards and Patents PAGEREF _Toc493168003 \h 39Thesis PAGEREF _Toc493168004 \h 40More Information PAGEREF _Toc493168005 \h 40In-Text References and the Reference List PAGEREF _Toc493168006 \h 40Rules about authors PAGEREF _Toc493168007 \h 42If the author is a long organisational name PAGEREF _Toc493168008 \h 42Rules about titles PAGEREF _Toc493168009 \h 43Rules about online material PAGEREF _Toc493168010 \h 43Referencing quotations PAGEREF _Toc493168011 \h 44Some useful abbreviations PAGEREF _Toc493168012 \h 45BookWhen referencing a book in the Harvard UTS Style, you will need the following information about the book:the author or authors of the bookthe year the book was publishedif the book has been edited, the editors namesthe title of the book (in italics)if there are several editions, the edition numberthe name of the publisherthe place of publicationIn most cases this information can be found either on the front cover of the book or within the first few pages or by checking the library catalogue. Once you have collected this information you will need to arrange it as follows:Author [Year], Title In Italics, Publisher, Place of Publication.Two examples follow:Davinson, D.E. 1977, Theses and dissertations as information sources, C. Bingley, London.Chissick, M. & Kelman, A. 2002, Electronic commerce : law and practice, 3rd edn, Sweet & Maxwell, London.AuthorsOne authorIn textFormat in-text references as follows: (Author [Year])Examples follow:(Allen?1973),?(Davinson?1977)Reference listExample: Allen, G.R.?1973,?The graduate students' guide to theses and dissertations: a practical manual for writing and research,?Jossey-Bass,?San Francisco.More than one authorIn textIf there are two authors use an ampersand symbol between their names, eg.?(Ashima?&?Hogue?2006)If there are three use the ampersand symbol before the last author surname, eg.?(Butler,?Severino?&?Guerra?1997)If there are?four or more?authors, list just the first author, followed by 'et al.', eg. (Olysen?et al.?2003)Reference list?(using these three examples. Note that in the reference list all authors must be listed even if there are four or more)Examples:Ashima, A. & Hogue, A.?2006,?Writing academic English,?4th edn,?Pearson Longman,?White Plains, NY.Butler, J.E., Severino, C. & Guerra, J.C.?1997,?Writing in multicultural settings,?Modern Language Association of America,?New York.Olysen, B., Patching, R., Oakham, K.M. & Sedorkin, G.?2003,?Reporting in a multimedia world,?Allen & Unwin?Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW.No authorWhen a book has no author, omit the author and use the book title for your in-text reference.In textExample: (Maximum Linux security: a hacker's guide to protecting your Linux server and workstation?1999)Reference listExample: Maximum Linux security: a hacker's guide to protecting your Linux server and workstation?1999,?Prentice Hall,?Hemel Hempstead, anisation as an authorIf a book is produced by an organisation rather than an individual, use the name of the organisation as the author.In textExample: (Mueller Associates & United States Department of Energy?1978)?Reference listExample: Mueller Associates & United States Department of Energy?1978,?Status of alcohol fuels utilization technology for highway transportation,?Dept. of Energy,?Washington, D.C.Foreword with a different authorIf you wish to cite the foreword to a book, mention the name of the foreword writer in the text and use the name of the book’s author in the reference proper.In textExamples:Price said 'times were tough' (Spencer?2012,?p. 4)Price in her foreword to?The neon jockey?said 'times were tough' (Spencer?2012,?p .4)Reference listExamples: Spencer, T.?2012,?The neon jockey,?Alabaster Press,?Windhoek.Quote from a work citing another authorSometimes a work you are using quotes a work from another author. For example, on page 78 of a book by Thorne, written in 1994, you find a quote from a 1906 paper by Albert Einstein. To cite the work by Einstein you should mention Einstein's paper in the text and use Thorne as your in-text reference, with page number. nThere are many ways you could do this. Here are three examples:Einstein stated in 1906 that 'time is relative' (Thorne?1994,?p. 78).Thorne (1994,?p. 78)?quotes Einstein as saying in 1906 that 'time is relative'.The theory that 'time is relative' was first stated by Einstein in 1906 (Thorne?1994,?p. 78).In your reference list you?must?have the full reference for Thorne. If you wish, you may also include the reference for Einstein (you can get this from Thorne's bibliography), but this isn't normally recommended because you haven't actually consulted the Einstein paper directly.Translation or Adaptation from an originalIf referencing a translation or adaptation, use the publication details of the translation or adaptation (such as the year and place?of publication, and the publisher), not the details of the original work.If you have used the work in its original language, reference it with the original language details including the spelling conventions of the original language. If you wish you can add a translation of the title in parentheses (see the first?Baudelaire example below).In textExamples:(Baudelaire?2004),?(Baudelaire?2008), (Marquez?1998),?(O'Brien?2008)Reference list Examples:Baudelaire, C.P.?2004,?Les fleurs du mal?(Flowers of evil),?Gallimard,?Paris.Baudelaire, C.P.?2008,?The flowers of evil,?trans.?J.N.?McGowan,?Oxford University Press,?Oxford, UK.Marquez, G.G.?1998,?One hundred years of solitude,?trans.?G. Rabassa,?Perennial Classics,?New York.Kindler, L.L. & Polomano, R.C.?2015,?‘Pain management’,?adapted by C. Douglas, in D. Brown, H. Edwards, L. Seaton & T. Buckley (eds),?Lewis's medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems,4th edn,?Elsevier Australia, Chatswood, NSW,?pp. 48-80.The year of the reference is the year of publication of the translation or adaption, not of the original. In the Kindler example, it is the chapter that has been adapted, not the book, so the adapter's name comes after the chapter title not the book title.Edited bookOne editorIn text(Hamilton?2005)Reference listHamilton, P.?(ed.)?2005,?Visual research methods,?vol. 4,?Sage,?London.More than one editorIn text(Turner & Roth?2003)Note for?in text?referencing, if there are?four or more editors, list just the first editor, followed by et al.Reference listTurner, S.P. & Roth, P.A.?(eds)?2003,?Blackwell guide to the philosophy of the social sciences,?Blackwell,?Oxford.Chapter within a print Edited BookIn text(Coleman?2003),?(Riddick-Thomas?2009)Reference listColeman, S.?2003,?'Democracy in an e-connected world',?in R. Davidson (ed.),?The e-connected world: risks and opportunities,?McGill Queens University Press,?Montreal,?pp. 125-32.Riddick-Thomas, N.M.?2009,?'Ethics in midwifery',?in D.M. Fraser & M.A. Cooper (eds),?Myles textbook for midwives,?15th edn,?Churchill Livingstone,?Edinburgh,?pp. 55-66.Tips and TricksUse this format for a chapter within an edited book, where?each chapter of the book has its own author and its own title.If an electronic book chapter has an equivalent printed version, reference it as if it was the print version. Otherwise, use the?chapter from online book?format below.In the examples,?note the word 'in' in front of the editor names, and also that the editor initials come?in front of?their surnames, unlike the author initials which come after their surnames. Use (ed.) for one editor, (eds) for more than one editor.In some textbooks, chapters are grouped together into Units, with unit editors, and some chapters have no listed authors. In such a case, use the chapter author if there is one, and otherwise use the unit editor in place of the author (see first example below). If a chapter has been adapted, and so has both an author and an adapter, list the adapter's name after the chapter title (see second example below),White, J.?2009,?'Nursing today',?in J. Crisp & C. Taylor (eds),?Potter & Perry's fundamentals of nursing,?3rd edn,?Elsevier Australia,?Chatswood, NSW,?pp. 1-15.Lazear, J.?2015,?'Nursing management: diabetes mellitus', adapted by J. Alford, in D. Brown, H. Edwards, L. Seaton & T. Buckley (eds),?Lewis's medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems, 4th edn,?Elsevier Australia,?Chatswood, NSW,?pp. 1181-220.Zomorodi, M. 2015, 'Nursing management: the patient with a stroke', adapted by E.M. O'Brien & J. Barr, in?D. Brown, H. Edwards, L. Seaton & T. Buckley (eds),?Lewis's medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems, 4th edn,?Elsevier Australia,?Chatswood, NSW,?pp. 1436-58.Online or electronic bookThere are three possibilities here:The online or electronic book is has the same structure and page numbering as the equivalent print version, for example if the book is in pdf format. In this case, reference it as the print version.The online book is essentially a website and is significantly different from the print version, or there is no print version. In this case, reference it like a website. The publisher and place of publication now refer to the producer or host of the online version, and the city where the host is based (this can be left out if not clear). You must also include the date you viewed the book online, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.The electronic book is on an ereader, such as Kindle. In this case reference it similarly to a print book (see the Martin example below) with the words 'electronic book' directly after the title. Get the book's citation details from the page after the title page, or by using the 'Copyright' link in the table of contents, or from the site from which you downloaded the book, or as a last resort from Google. You don't need to put the place of publication if this is not clear. Do not put a URL or the type of reader.In textThis is the same for all three cases (using the reference list examples below):?(Black?2008),?(Kim?2000),?(Martin?2003).If you need a page number in text (eg if you are quoting from the book) then in the three cases:Use the page numbers from the electronic book, eg?(Black, 2008,?p. 14).Use chapter and/or paragraph numbers (abbreviate to 'para.'), eg?(Kim?2000,?chapter 1,?para. 5).?If your book is an online graphic novel with no page numbers, and you wish to quote from a specific panel, use chapter and/or panel numbers, eg?(Spiegelman?, 2011,?chapter 2,?panel 3).This is tricky as most readers can re-size pages, which changes the numbering. However at the bottom of the page you should see both the page number and the total number of pages (these are sometimes called locations). Use the ratio of these two numbers, eg?(Martin?2003,?p. 83/10893).?Use p. even if the reader uses locations.Reference list?(these are examples of the each of the three possibilities)Black, A.?2008,?The West and Islam: religion and political thought in world history,?Oxford University Press,?Oxford, UK.Kim, A.J.?2000,?Community building on the web,?Safari Books Online,?Boston,?viewed 1 June 2009, <, G.R.R.?2003,?Game of thrones,?electronic book, Harper Voyager,?London.Chapter within a online or electronic edited bookWe have the same three possibilities as for an online or electronic book:The online or electronic book is has the same structure and page numbering as the equivalent print version, for example if the book is in pdf format. In this case, reference your chapter as the print version.The online book is essentially a website and is significantly different from the print version, or there is no print version. In this case, reference your chapter like a website. The publisher and place of publication now refer to the producer or host of the online version, and the city where the host is based (this can be left out if not clear). You must also include the date you viewed the book online, followed by the full URL within angle brackets. You don't need to put any chapter page numbers.The electronic book is on an ereader, such as Kindle. In this case reference your chapter similarly to a print book chapter (see the Lloyd example below) with the words 'electronic book' directly after the book title. Get the book's citation details from the page after the title page, or by using the 'Copyright' link in the table of contents, or from the site from which you downloaded the book, or as a last resort from Google. You don't need to put the place of publication if this is not clear. Do not put a URL or the type of reader. Getting the page numbers for a chapter in an ebook reader is tricky as most readers can re-size pages, which changes the numbering. However at the bottom of each page you should see both the page number and the total number of pages (these are sometimes called locations). Use the ratio of the chapter page numbers and the total number (see the Lloyd example below, where the 75-119 are the chapter page numbers and 605 is the total number of pages). Use pp. even if the reader uses locations.Journal ArticleIn textThis is the same for all cases (using the reference list examples below):(Odih & Knights?2000),?(Lloyd?2006)If you need to insert page numbers in text, to reference a quotation for example, follow the examples in the online or electronic book section above.Reference list?(these are examples of the two possibilities - note that in a true reference list these would be listed in alphabetical order?by first author surname)Odih, P. & Knights, D.?2000,?'Just in time?',?in J.R. Bryson, P.W. Daniels, N. Henry & J. Pollard (eds),?Knowledge, space, economy,?Routledge,?London,?pp. 96-117.Lloyd, C.?2006,?'Race and ethnicity',?in M. Cook & G. Davie (eds),?Modern France: society in transition,?electronic book,?Routledge,?London,?pp. 75-119/605.When referencing a journal article in the Harvard UTS Style, you will need the following information about the journal article:the author or authors of the journal articlethe year the journal article was publishedthe title of the articlethe journal title?(in italics)volume and Issue numberspage numbersIn most cases this information can be found at the top of the article itself. Once you have collected this information you will need to arrange it as follows:Author [Year], ‘Article Title’, Journal Title in Italics, vol. [volume number], no. [issue number], pp. [page numbers]Example: Islamoglu, H. & Keyder, C.?1977,?'Agenda for Ottoman history',?Review, vol. 1,?no. 1,?pp. 31-55.AuthorsOne authorIn text(Bruggeman?1935)Reference listBruggeman, D.A.G.?1935,?'Physical constants in heterogeneous substan,ces',?Annals of Physics,?vol. 24,?no.10,?pp. 636-79.More than one AuthorIn textIf there are two or three authors, list their surnames with "&" before the last one. If there are?four or more authors, list the first author only, followed by et al. The second example is of a journal that has article numbers instead of page numbers.Example 1 - two authors(Islamoglu?&?Keyder?1977)?Example 2 - three authors(Barnoud,?Rossi?&?Monticelli?2014)Example 3 - four or more authors(Gillespie?et al.?1986)Reference listIn your reference list you must always list all the author names.Islamoglu, H. & Keyder, C.?1977,?'Agenda for Ottoman history',?Review, vol. 1,?no. 1,?pp. 31-55.Barnoud, J., Rossi, G. & Monticelli, L.?2014,?'Lipid membranes as solvents for carbon nanoparticles',?Physical Review Letters, vol. 112,?no. 6,?068102.Gillespie, N.C., Lewis, R.J., Pearn, J.H., Bourke, A.T.C., Holmes, M.J., Bourke, J.B. & Shields, W.J.?1986,?'Ciguatera in Australia: occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and management',?Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 145,?no. 11-12,?pp. 584-90.No AuthorIn text(‘Schuth wins Leibniz prize’?2003)Reference list‘Schuth wins Leibniz prize’?2003,?Materials Today,vol. 6,?no. 6,?p. 61.Quote from a work citing another authorSometimes a work you are using quotes a work from another author. For example, on page 78 of a book by Thorne, written in 1994, you find a quote from a 1906 paper by Albert Einstein. To cite the work by Einstein you should mention Einstein's paper in the text and use Thorne as your in-text reference, with page number. There are many ways you could do this. Here are three examples:Einstein stated in 1906 that 'time is relative' (Thorne?1994,?p. 78).Thorne (1994,?p. 78)?quotes Einstein as saying in 1906 that 'time is relative'.The theory that 'time is relative' was first stated by Einstein in 1906 (Thorne?1994,?p. 78).In your reference list you?must?have the full reference for Thorne. If you wish, you may also include the reference for Einstein (you can get this from Thorne's bibliography), but this isn't normally recommended because you haven't actually consulted the Einstein paper directly.Online journal articleIf there is no printed version, or if the online version is significantly different from the printed one, or there are no page numbers then use the format below. You must include the date you viewed the article, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.In textNote for in-text referencing, if there are four or more authors, list the first author followed by et al.(Clark?et al.?2003)Reference listClark, J., Diefenderfer, C., Hammer, S. & Hammer, T.?2003,?'Estimating the area of Virginia',?Journal of Online Mathematics and its Applications,vol. 3,?viewed 6 October 2009,<? >.BMJ and other journals that have article numbersSome journals such as British Medical Journal (BMJ) and Physical Review Letters use an unusual numbering system where with all articles are marked with an article number and all articles begin on page 1. To reference these articles we the journal article template, but replace the issue number with the article number.In text(Grabowska & Kaplan 2016), (Semsarian & Ingles 2016)Reference listGrabowska, D.M. & Kaplan, D.B. 2016, ‘Nonperturbative regulator for chiral gauge theories?’,?Physical Review Letters, vol. 116, no. 211602, pp. 1-5.Semsarian, C. & Ingles, J. 2016, ‘Preventing sudden cardiac death in athletes’,?BMJ, vol. 353, no. i1270, pp. 1-2.In pressIf the article has been accepted for publication (so you know the journal name) but you don't know when it will be published, use 'in press' instead of the year and leave out all details following the journal title. If you know the year of publication (this must be the year of?print?publication even if it is published first electronically), you can use that and then use 'in press' following the journal title. If the article has been submitted but not yet accepted, use 'submitted' in place of the year and leave out the journal name as well.In text(Johnston?in press),?(Jilette?&?Teller?2012),?(Whitbury?submitted)Reference listJohnston, A.H.?in press,?'Images of jellyfish in human history',?Annals of Oceanic Art.Jilette, P. & Teller, R.J.?2012,?'How to make fish disappear',?Canadian Journal of Magic, in press.Whitbury, M.J.?submitted,?'New evidence on fake moon landings'.Tips and TricksAlmost all online journals have a printed equivalent. When this is the case reference it as the print version. This is partly because URLs for online articles are usually very long, and change with time; and partly because not everyone will be able to access the online journal in the same way that you did.When referencing a journal article retrieved from an online database do not include the database name. The reason is the confusion that often arises when journals are duplicated across different databases, publishing companies merge, or online access to a provider stops.Some journals don't use page numbers, but instead each article has its own number. An example is?Physical Review Letters. In this case use the article number in place of the page numbers (there is an example above in the authors section).If your journal article does not have a printed equivalent, or if the online version is significantly different from the print version, use the?Online journal article?format.If your journal article is not yet published use the?In press?format.Newspaper or MagazineWhen referencing a newspaper or magazine article in the Harvard UTS Style, you will need the following information about the article:the author or authors of the articlethe year the article was publishedthe title of the articlenewspaper or magazine title?(in italics)issue datepage numbers of the articleIn most cases this information can be found at the top of the article itself. Once you have collected this information you will need to arrange it as follows:Author [Year], ‘Title of Article’, Title of Magazine in Italics, Date of Publication, pp. [page numbers]Example: Gutner, T.?2003,?'Fashion Futures',?Business Week (Fashion Industry Supplement),?30 August,?pp. 9-10.If the article comes from a special section that has its own page numbering, you need to specify the section (in brackets) after the name of the newspaper or magazine, as in the example above.AuthorsOne AuthorGutner, T.?2003,?'Fashion Futures',?Business Week (Fashion Industry Supplement),?30 August,?pp. 9-10.More than one authorIn text(Peating?&?Malkin?2004)Note for in-text referencing, if there are?four or more authors, list the first author followed by et al.Reference listPeating, S. & Malkin, B.?2004,?'Employers face ban on email spying',?Sydney Morning Herald,?31 March,?p. 17.No authorIn text(‘Foreign cyber-spies’?2009)Reference list'Foreign cyber-spies'?2009,?Sydney Morning Herald,?24 November,?p. 7.Quote from a work citing another authorSometimes a work you are using quotes a work from another author. For example, on page 78 of a book by Thorne, written in 1994, you find a quote from a 1906 paper by Albert Einstein. To cite the work by Einstein you should mention Einstein's paper in the text and use Thorne as your in-text reference, with page number. There are many ways you could do this. Here are three examples:Einstein stated in 1906 that 'time is relative' (Thorne?1994,?p. 78).Thorne (1994,?p. 78)?quotes Einstein as saying in 1906 that 'time is relative'.The theory that 'time is relative' was first stated by Einstein in 1906 (Thorne?1994,?p. 78).In your reference list you?must?have the full reference for Thorne. If you wish, you may also include the reference for Einstein (you can get this from Thorne's bibliography), but this isn't normally recommended because you haven't actually consulted the Einstein paper directly.OnlineMost online newspapers and magazines have a printed equivalent. When this is the case?and page numbers are displayed, for example if you accessed the article via an online database, reference it as the print version.If you accessed a publicly accessible newspaper or magazine website, where the article is freely available, or if there are no clear page numbers, or if the online version is significantly different from the print version, use the online article format below.ExampleDarby, A.?2004,?'Furious Butler quits as governor',?Sydney Morning Herald,?10 August,?viewed 10 November 2009, < you may need to reference an article that originally came from an online newspaper or magazine, that you have found in a database such as Factiva, and where you do not have any page numbers and there is no URL to the original online source. In this case, you cannot use the URL provided by the database (these are normally too long and complicated, and would not be usable to people outside UTS anyway); instead you should use the name of the database as the URL as shown in the example below:ExampleAwaba, A. 2017, 'How to break sugar addiction',?New Vision, 15 March, viewed 22 March 2017, <Factiva database>.Website and Social MediaThe website referencing format should only be used for websites where the online version is the only version, or the most commonly used version; or where there is a print version but it is significantly different from the online version. If your website is an online book, journal, newspaper or magazine article, conference paper, thesis etc, use those formats instead.Before referencing a website you will need to collect the following information:person or organisation who wrote or created the webpage (if known)year the webpage was created or last updated. If the year is not found you can use n.d. instead.title of the webpage (in italics)type of website (if necessary, eg weblog, podcast)organisation responsible for the website. If this is the same as the author, it can be left out.place where the organisation is located (can be left out if it is unclear)day month and year you last accessed the website eg. viewed 31 January 2012full URL <in angle brackets>.Once you have collected this information you will need to arrange it as follows:Author [Year], Title of Report in Italics, Publisher if different from the author, place of publication, viewed [date of being viewed], pp. [page numbers]Example: Department of Immigration?2011,?Fact Sheet 1 - Immigration: The Background Part One,?Canberra,?viewed 5 March 2012, < TextIn the text of your document the format is (Author Year). Note that the year here is the year the webpage was created or last updated, not the year you accessed it.If you are sourcing a quotation from a website, you will not be able to quote a page number, so instead use the paragraph number, abbreviated with the term 'para.'Eg:?(Department of Finance?2009,?para. 5)If the webpage is particularly long and unwieldy, describe the section of the website that contains your quotation in the body of your writing, and then mention the paragraph number in the in-text citation.Eg: In the Summer Collections section of the Fashion Report for 2013, it was predicted that 'red would be the colour for 2014'?(Style Daily?2013,?para. 16).Blog or TweetIf your website is a blog you can (if you wish) reference a particular posting ('in single quotes') as well as the blog's main title. Type the word?weblog?(which blog is short for) after the main title.To reference a tweet, use the author's real name; use the Twitter handle as the author only if the author's real name in unknown. Enclose the tweet itself in 'single quotes'. Type the words?Twitter post, and the day and month of the post, after the text of the tweet.In text(Green?2009)?or?(Obama?2009)Reference listObama, B.?2009,?'Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020',?Twitter post,?28 January,viewed 24 February 2012,?<, A.?2009,?'Fremantle by-election: should the Liberals run?',?Antony Green's election blog,?weblog,?ABC?Sydney,viewed 10 April 2009,?< postPlace the first few words of the post (up to about 10 words) in 'single quotes', using [...] if necessary to indicate that some words have been left out. Type the words?Facebook post, and the day and month of the post, after the text of the post. Use the URL of the Facebook home page containing the post.In text(UTS Library?2014)Reference listUTS Library?2014,?'Welcome back to uni! In the spirit of returning to student life [...]',?Facebook Post,?25 February,?viewed 27 February 2014, < or company websiteNormally you should use for your author the name of the department, organisation, or company that created the website. However, if there?are?people listed as the authors of the page, use them as the authors.In text(Australian Broadcasting Corporation?2012)?or?(Department of Immigration and Citizenship?2011)?or?(Hallet & O’Meara2002)Reference listAustralian Broadcasting Corporation?2012,?ABC Radio National,?viewed 13 March 2012,?< of Immigration?2011,?Fact Sheet 1 - Immigration: The Background Part One,?Canberra,?viewed 5 March 2012,?<, B. & O'Meara, B.?2002,?Australia celebrates the 100th anniversary of women's right to votee,?Australian Electoral Commission,?Canberra,?viewed 17 November 2009, < post (including Instagram)To reference a website post, will need to collect the following information:AuthorYearFirst few words of the text of the post or Instagram caption (in single quotes; up to about 10 words, using […] if necessary to indicate that there are extra words left out)website post (use the name of the site if you can, eg Facebook post or Instagram)Date of the post (day month)date you viewed the post (day month year)URL of the site containing the post (in <angle brackets>).In text(UTS Library 2014), (UTS Library 2017)?Reference ListUTS Library 2014, ‘Welcome back to uni! […]’, Facebook post, 25 February, viewed 27 February 2014, < Library 2017, ‘What is Librarian Ana Looking at? […]’, Instagram, 3 March, viewed 29 March 2017, < date or no authorIt is very rare for a website to have no date - you can usually find the year of the latest update at the bottom of the page. If there really is no date, use n.d. (for 'no date') instead of the year, eg (White n.d.)If there are no listed authors, list the organization as the author and do not mention them again as after the title. If there is no obvious organisation that created the webpage (check down the bottom of the page), use the title of the webpage as the author, followed by the year published or last updated. In the following example the website has no author or date, and no listed publication details, so it has to be referenced very minimally! Note that (as always) the web page title is in italics.In text(Jeu du Tock?n.d.)Reference ListJeu du Tock?n.d.,?viewed 12 March 2012,?<, Film and ImageImageIn textIn-text references use the name of the creator of the original artwork, or when this is not known, the title of the artwork (in italics), plus the year the artwork was created. This might be a range of years if the artwork was created over several years or if only a time period is known. You can also use c. (short for?circa, meaning 'around' in Latin) in front of the year to indicate an approximate year. Use n.d. (short for 'no date') when the year is unknown.(Van Gogh?1890),?(Rodin?1884-89),?(Brodhead Public Library?c.?1900),?(Sculpture by the sea - Elephant??2009), (Yardley & Co., Ltd.?1928),?(Degas c.?1874),?(Emperor Claudius?40-50),?(Gaunt?1970,?p. 17),?(Rodin?1886),(Olley?2000)Reference listThe reference list details depend on where the image was found. There are a number of different formats, see the examples below.Website image:If the image is on a hosted site such as Google Cultural Institute or Flickr, place the site name after the title. If the name of the photographer or the organisation that posted the image is known this can be indicated after the title as in the examples below.?Van Gogh, V.??1890,??Undergrowth with two figures,?Google Cultural Institute,?viewed 4 March 2014, <, A.?1884-89,?Burghers of Calais,?photographed by J. Howe,?Boston College Fine Arts Department,?viewed 3 April 2014, ?< Public Library?c. 1900,?Wisconsin Historical Images,?Flickr,?viewed 8 December 2013, < by the sea - Elephant?2009,?photographed by A. Wain,?Flickr,?viewed 27 February 2014, < imageWhen the image is from a commercial database (for example a database that is only accessible via the UTS Library website). Note that the URL is replaced by the name of the database plus any identifying cataloguing numbers.?Yardley & Co., Ltd.?1928,?Yardley's old English lavender soap,?viewed 8 December 2010,?<Ad*Access database, item: BH1950>.Degas, E. c.?1874,?The rehearsal of the ballet onstage,?viewed 4 March 2014,?<ARTstor database, ID number: 594>.Emperor Claudius?40-50,?photographed by I. Geske,?viewed 5 March 2014,?<ARTstor database, accession number: 1965.10>.Printed ImageWhen the image is in a printed source, reference the source and indicate where the image is within the source by a page number in the in-text reference (see the in-text example for Gaunt above):Gaunt, W.?1970,?The impressionists,?Thames & Hudson,?London.?Original ArtworkIf you are referencing the original artwork itself (not an image created by someone else), the format is: Artist Year,?Title, Type of Work, Museum or Gallery, City.?You should use this format if you are using your own image of an original artwork. If an artwork is in a private collection you do not need the city.Rodin, A.?1886,?The lovers,?sculpture,?Rodin Museum, Paris.Olley, M.?2000,?Proteas in the kitchen,?painting,?private collection.If you are using an image of your own that is not an image of someone else's work, for example a photograph you took of a street scene or of an artwork you created, you do not have to reference it. Just make it clear in the text that the image is yours.Images of Indigenous Artworks, Designs or ObjectsReferences to Indigenous artworks, designs, objects, or images, need to note the Nation or Country and/or language group of the Indigenous person or community who created them, and where the people or Country are located. Sometimes this is not known, in which case we use "unrecorded location". This information is placed directly after the title. If the creator is not known we use "Unrecorded" in place of the creator. If there is no title, we use "Untitled". If there is no date, we use "n.d.". If the year is only known approximately we write "c." in front of the year, or use a range of years.The references below would be referenced in text as follows: (McRae 1899), (Yirawala c. 1965), (Unrecorded 1912-13), (Wilson 2003), (Unrecorded n.d.), (Unrecorded 1800/1940), (Unrecorded 1860/1940), (Tjanpitjinpa 2001), (Campbell Jr 1988), (Apuatimi n.d.)McRae, T. 1899,?Rutherglen corroboree, Kwat Kwat clan, Wahgunyah district, Northeast Victoria, Australia, Google Cultural Institute, viewed 27 October 2016, < c. 1965,?Maratlaitj, mother of tribes, Kuninjku (Eastern Kunwinjku) people, Maningrida, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, Google Cultural Institute, viewed 27 October 2016, < 1912-13,?Ancestor and snake, Western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, Google Cultural Institute, viewed 28 October 2016, <, R. 2003,?Syaw - fish net, Peppimenarti people, Fitzmaurice region, Northern Territory, Australia, Google Cultural Institute, viewed 29 October 2016, < n.d.,?Baiame cave, Wonnarua people, Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia, photographed by R. Downie, Flickr, viewed 31 October 2016, < 1800/1940,?X-ray kangaroo, Maung language group, Wellington Range, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, Google Cultural Institute, viewed 30 October 2016, < 1860/1940,?Solid white female figure, Maung language group, Wellington Range, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, rock painting, Djulirri, Western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia.Tjanpitjinpa, R. 2001,?Untitled, Pintupi people, Central and Western Desert, Northern Territory, Australia, painting, Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney.Campbell Jr, R. 1988,?Abo history (facts), Ngaku people, Kempsey, NSW, Australia, painting, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.Apuatimi, D. n.d.,?Bark painting, Tiwi people, Melville Island, Northern Territory, Australia, painting, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.The last few examples are references to the actual artworks, viewed and possibly photographed in person. In these cases, we also add the type of artwork or object immediately after the location of the Country.Graph, Figure or TableWhen using a graph, figure or table from some source, reference that source both in your text and in the reference list. Place an in-text reference after the caption of the graph, figure or table. If the original source has many pages, it is a good idea to include a page number in the in-text reference to indicate the page where the graph, figure or table was found. Page numbers are not needed if the source has only a few pages.If you made a table or graph with data that you found in several sources, include all these sources in the in-text reference after the caption (with page numbers if appropriate), and include all the sources in your reference list.The format of the caption is:for a graph or figure: the word Figure followed by a number, a colon, a brief description, and (if required) an in-text reference. The caption is placed?belowthe graph or figure.for a table: the word Table followed by a number, a colon, a brief description, and (if required) an in-text reference. The caption is placed?above?the table.So you might have a caption?underneath?a figure such as:Figure 4: The Sydney Harbour Bridge (Smith 2015, p. 76).In your text, you might say: We can see in Figure 4 one of the impressive bridges in Sydney.And in your reference list, you might have:Smith, K. 2015,?Famous bridges of Australia, Random House, Melbourne.In the above example, the figure was found on page 76 of the book by Smith.Similarly you might have a caption?above?a table such as:Table 3: Tide levels in Sydney 1999-2012 (Bureau of Meteorology 2005, p. 88-90; Bureau of Meteorology 2010; Williamson 2013)In your text you might say: Table 3 shows that tides in Sydney have shown great variation over recent years.And in your reference list you might have:Bureau of Meteorology 2005,?NSW Tides 1999-2004, AGPS, Canberra.Bureau of Meteorology 2010,?NSW Tides 2005-2010, viewed 16 May 2016, <.au/tides2005/sydney/>.Williamson, J.L. 2013, 'Recent tide variations in Sydney',?Journal of Coastal Change, vol. 7, issue 11, pp. 36-40.In the above example, the table used data from three sources. Page numbers were used in the in-text citation when the data came from a book, but were not needed in the in-text citation when the data came from a webpage or a short journal article.YouTubeThe information you need to gather to reference a YouTube clip includes:author(s)year (it was uploaded)title (in italics)reference to type of source (video recording)hosting site (YouTube)date you viewed the videoURLOnce you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In text(UTS Library?2009)If you need to reference a quote in a YouTube video, use the start time of the quote within the video, eg (UTS Library 2009, 0:54)Reference listUTS Library?2009,?It's the UTS Library with Mr Hank,?video recording,?YouTube,?viewed 21 September 2009, < information you need to gather to reference a Podcast includes:author(s)year (it was uploaded)title (in italics)reference to type of source (video or audio recording)program namestation namestation locationbroadcast datedate you viewed the videoURLOnce you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In text(Crawford?2009)?or?(Small town salvation?2009)Reference listCrawford, M.?2009,?Shop class as soulcraft,?audio podcast,?Future Tense, Radio National,?ABC Radio,?Sydney,?5 November,?viewed 18 November 2009,?< town salvation?2009,?video podcast,?Compass,?ABC TV,?Sydney,?1 November,?viewed 18 November 2009, <, Video and AudiovisualThe information you need to gather to reference a film, video or audiovisual source includes:title (in italics)year of publication or releaseformat (use motion picture for films; use video recording, CD-ROM, DVD, audio casette, slide, or microform etc for other audiovisual material)distributor (for films) or publisherplace of recording or publication (for audiovisual material)Once you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In text(Muriel’s wedding?1994)Reference listMuriel’s wedding?1994,?motion picture,?Roadshow Entertainment,?Sydney.The Edge of the possible?1998,?DVD,?Ronin Films,?Canberra.Although you are likely to view most feature films (ie movies) as DVDs you should still reference feature films with the format?'motion picture'?rather than 'DVD'.TV and Radio ProgramsThe information you need to gather to reference a film, video or audiovisual souce includes:title of the broadcast (in italics)year of broadcastformat (use television program or radio program)series title (if appropriate)television or radio station namelocation of the stationbroadcast date (day month)Once you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In text(Canberra firestorm?2003),?(PM?2004)Reference listCanberra firestorm?2003,?television program,?Catalyst,?ABC TV,?Sydney,?3 March.PM??2004,?radio program,?ABC Radio 702AM,?Sydney,?25 October.Legal MaterialPlease also note that?this section is for Harvard UTS Style only. Please double check the reference style required, because?Law students are?usually required to use the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC)?style instead of Harvard UTS.Case LawCases should be referenced as if in print?even if viewed electronically. Cases are usually 'reported cases', which means they are written up in full in a legal report series (which is what is being cited). Occasionally reported cases require the year to be enclosed in square brackets rather than round ones - this will be clear to you from where you find the case. Also, sometimes a case is 'unreported', meaning it has not been written up in a legal report series, but can still be cited by referring to its court and judgment date (see example below).The information you need to gather to reference a case includes:case name in full (in italics)year of judgmentvolume number of the law reportabbreviated name of the law reportfirst page numberOnce you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In text (reported case, reported case with square brackets, unreported case)(Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd?1920)(R v Kenney?1983)(Maguire v Leather?2009)Reference list (reported case, reported case with square brackets, unreported case)Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd?(1920)?28?CLR?129.R v Kenney?[1983]?2?VR?470.Maguire v Leather?[2009]?HCASL?48?(12 March 2009).LegislationLegislation should be referenced as if in print,?even if viewed electronically.The information you need to gather to reference legislation includes:name of Act (in italics)yearjurisdictionThe Jurisdiction should be enclosed in parentheses, and in Australia should be one of Cth, NSW, Vic, Qld, WA, SA, Tas, ACT or NT.In Text(Crimes Act?1900)You can specify particular sections of an Act if you wish, using s. for one section or ss. for several sections. For example:(Crimes Act?1900,?s. 41A)Reference listCrimes Act?1900?(NSW)BillsThe information you need to gather to reference a Bill includes (note the name of the Bill is not in italics):name of BillyearHouse of Parliament where introducedIn text(Anti-terrorism Bill?2004)Reference listAnti-terrorism Bill?2004?(House of Representatives)Parlimentary Debates (Hansard)In text(Australia,?House of Representatives?2000),?(New South Wales,?Legislative Assembly?2012)Reference list?Australia,?House of Representatives?2000,?Debates,?vol. HR103,?pp. 2-9.New South Wales,?Legislative Assembly?2012,?Debates,?3 May,?pp. 11095-11100.Traditionally you should include the volume number of the Debates, as in the first example above, but many online versions of Hansard do not mention the volume number. In such cases it is acceptable to put the day and month of the debate instead, as in the second example above. You do not need to put the URL even if you viewed the Hansard online. Page numbers of online Hansard can be found on the pdf version.TreatiesThe information you need to gather to reference a Treaty includes:name of treaty (in italics)year the treaty was signed or opened for signature (in parentheses)volume number of treaty seriesabbreviated name of treaty seriesfirst page numberdate signed or opened for signaturedate the treaty entered into force (if different from previous date)In text(Convention relating to the non-fortification and neutralisation of the Aaland Islands?1921)Note: if the treaty name is quite long (as in this example) and you want to refer to it many times in the text, you can use the short form of the treaty name for your in-text citations, in this case (Aaland Islands convention?1921). You would need to add a 'see' reference into your reference list to direct readers to the full citation (see below).Reference listConvention relating to the non-fortification and neutralisation of the Aaland Islands?(1921)?9?LNTS?211, opened for signature 20 October 1921, entered into force 6 April 1922.Sometimes a treaty enters into force as soon as it is signed. In this case,?after the first page you would instead have: signed and entered into force?6 April 1922.Note: if you used a short form of the treaty name for your in-text citations you still need to put the full citation of the treaty in your reference list as above; but you?also?need to add a 'see' reference into the reference list to direct readers to the full citation. The 'see' reference goes into the reference list in alphabetical order just like a regular reference does. In this example, that would be:Aaland Islands convention?- see?Convention relating to the non-fortification and neutralisation of the Aaland IslandsIndigenous MaterialsImages of Indigenous Artworks, Designs or ObjectsReferences to Indigenous artworks, designs, objects, or images, need to note the Nation or Country and/or language group of the Indigenous person or community who created them, and where the people or Country are located. Sometimes this is not known, in which case we use "unrecorded location". This information is placed directly after the title. If the creator is not known we use "Unrecorded" in place of the creator. If there is no title, we use "Untitled". If there is no date, we use "n.d.". If the year is only known approximately we write "c." in front of the year, or use a range of years.The references below would be referenced in text as follows: (McRae 1899), (Yirawala c. 1965), (Unrecorded 1912-13), (Wilson 2003), (Unrecorded n.d.), (Unrecorded 1800/1940), (Unrecorded 1860/1940), (Tjanpitjinpa 2001), (Campbell Jr 1988), (Apuatimi n.d.)McRae, T. 1899,?Rutherglen corroboree, Kwat Kwat clan, Wahgunyah district, Northeast Victoria, Australia, Google Cultural Institute, viewed 27 October 2016, < c. 1965,?Maratlaitj, mother of tribes, Kuninjku (Eastern Kunwinjku) people, Maningrida, Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, Google Cultural Institute, viewed 27 October 2016, < 1912-13,?Ancestor and snake, Western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, Google Cultural Institute, viewed 28 October 2016, <, R. 2003,?Syaw - fish net, Peppimenarti people, Fitzmaurice region, Northern Territory, Australia, Google Cultural Institute, viewed 29 October 2016, < n.d.,?Baiame cave, Wonnarua people, Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia, photographed by R. Downie, Flickr, viewed 31 October 2016, < 1800/1940,?X-ray kangaroo, Maung language group, Wellington Range, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, Google Cultural Institute, viewed 30 October 2016, < 1860/1940,?Solid white female figure, Maung language group, Wellington Range, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, rock painting, Djulirri, Western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia.Tjanpitjinpa, R. 2001,?Untitled, Pintupi people, Central and Western Desert, Northern Territory, Australia, painting, Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney.Campbell Jr, R. 1988,?Abo history (facts), Ngaku people, Kempsey, NSW, Australia, painting, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.Apuatimi, D. n.d.,?Bark painting, Tiwi people, Melville Island, Northern Territory, Australia, painting, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.The last few examples are references to the actual artworks, viewed and possibly photographed in person. In these cases, we also add the type of artwork or object immediately after the location of the Country.Other SourcesCochrane ReviewsCochrane systematic reviews are usually sourced from the Library’s Wiley online databases or can be sourced from Cochrane Library online. For referencing purposes we recommend you use Wiley online database to view the key reference elements.The information you need to gather to reference Cochrane systematic reviews includes:author(s)year (assessed as up to date)titleCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (in italics)issue number (located after opening How to Cite link within the Wiley online database)date you viewed the reportURLOnce you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In text(Bellemare?et al.?2006)Reference listBellemare, S., Wiebe, N., Russell, K.F., Klassen, T.P. & Craig, W.R.?2006,?'Oral versus intravenous rehydration for treating dehydration to gastroenteritis in children',?Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,?Issue 3,?viewed 31 August 2011,?< are files of data associated with a piece of research. In the past, research papers have been published without the accompanying data. Recent practice and improved online storage and access has enabled researchers to make their data available to other researchers online, and indeed the trend is for this to become standard practice. Datasets are normally stored in online data repositories. The information you need to reference a dataset is:?author/syeartitle of the dataset (in 'single quotes')name of data repository (in?italics)the words: electronic data setthe word: viewed, followed by the date that you viewed the dataset as: day month yearURL (in <angle brackets>)Once you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the example below:In textPremolar length in museum specimins of?Otocolobus?manul?ranges from 10.2mm to 11.9mm (Meachen-Samuels & Van Valkenburgh?2009).Raw data from a dataset should not be quoted directly but should instead be summarised.Reference listMeachen-Samuels, J. & Van Valkenburg, B. 2009, 'Data from: Craniodental indicators of prey size preference in the Felidae',?Dryad Digital Repository, electronic data set, viewed 18 April 2015, < and EncyclopediasDictionaries and Encyclopedias are referenced like a book with no author. If in print (or if online but the same as the print) you only need an in-text reference for a dictionary reference. You don't need to put print dictionaries or print encyclopedias in your reference list.For an online-only dictionary or encyclopedia, because you need to include information about the web address, reference like an online book with no author, and include in your reference list. The web address should be the main website address,?not?the address of the particular entry you looked up (see examples below). As with an online book, if the place of publication is not given you can leave it out.If quoting from an encyclopedia, use page numbers if in print; if online use the method for quoting from an online book. You don't need to put page numbers if quoting from a dictionary (because it's obvious where the quote comes from).The information you need to gather to reference a Dictionary or Encyclopedia includes:titleyearpublisher (if online and different from print version)place of publication (if online and different from print version)date you viewed the source (if online and different from print version)URL (if online and different from print version)Remember, even if you viewed a dictionary or encyclopedia online, if what you viewed is just an online version of a print dictionary or encyclopedia then you should reference it as if you used the print version: which means you don't need an entry in the bibliography.Once you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In textPaper dictionary: Macquarie dictionary defines spruik as 'to harangue or address a meeting' (Macquarie Dictionary?2012).Online dictionary: Collins dictionary defines the action to wimple as 'to cover with or put a wimple on' (Collins Dictionary2012).Paper Encyclopedia: Lemons are described as 'yellowy soury things that grow on trees' (Wiseman's Encyclopedia?2010, p. 767).Online Encyclopedia: Oranges are described as 'round tangy things that grow on trees' (Acumen Encyclopedia?2007).Reference list[First example does not appear in the reference list because it's a print dictionary]Collins Dictionary?2012,?HarperCollins,?London,?viewed 15 November 2012,?<;.[Third example does not appear in the reference list because it's a print encyclopedia]Acumen Encyclopedia?2007,?Acumen Publishing,?viewed 15 November 2012,?< Target AwardsThe information you need to gather to reference Golden Target Award includes:entrant company (the company that prepared the campaign)yeartitle (in single quotes because they are not formally published)publisher: Public Relations Institute of Australiaplace of publication: Sydneydate you viewed the source (if online)URL (if online)Once you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In text(ACT Government?2006)?or?(Weber Shandwick Australia?2009)?or?(Ergon Energy?2012)Reference listACT Government?2006,?'Live in Canberra campaign',?Golden Target Award entry,?Public Relations Institute of Australia,?Sydney.Weber Shandwick?2009,?'Bidwill Blitz Build',?Golden Target Award entry,?Public Relations Institute of Australia,?Sydney.Ergon Energy?2012,?'Townsville Queensland solar city',?Golden Target Award entry,?Public Relations Institute of Australia,?Sydney,?viewed 2 February 2015,?<, Figures and TablesWhen using a graph, figure or table from some source, reference that source both in your text and in the reference list. Place an in-text reference after the caption of the graph, figure or table. If the original source has many pages, it is a good idea to include a page number in the in-text reference to indicate the page where the graph, figure or table was found. Page numbers are not needed if the source has only a few pages.If you made a table or graph with data that you found in several sources, include all these sources in the in-text reference after the caption (with page numbers if appropriate), and include all the sources in your reference list.The format of the caption is:for a graph or figure: the word Figure followed by a number, a colon, a brief description, and (if required) an in-text reference. The caption is placed?below?the graph or figure.for a table: the word Table followed by a number, a colon, a brief description, and (if required) an in-text reference. The caption is placed?above?the table.So you might have a caption?underneath?a figure such as:Figure 4: The Sydney Harbour Bridge (Smith 2015, p. 76).In your text, you might say: We can see in Figure 4 one of the impressive bridges in Sydney.And in your reference list, you might have:Smith, K. 2015,?Famous bridges of Australia, Random House, Melbourne.In the above example, the figure was found on page 76 of the book by Smith.Similarly you might have a caption?above?a table such as:Table 3: Tide levels in Sydney 1999-2012 (Bureau of Meteorology 2005, p. 88-90; Bureau of Meteorology 2010; Williamson 2013)In your text you might say: Table 3 shows that tides in Sydney have shown great variation over recent years.And in your reference list you might have:Bureau of Meteorology 2005,?NSW Tides 1999-2004, AGPS, Canberra.Bureau of Meteorology 2010,?NSW Tides 2005-2010, viewed 16 May 2016, <.au/tides2005/sydney/>.Williamson, J.L. 2013, 'Recent tide variations in Sydney',?Journal of Coastal Change, vol. 7, issue 11, pp. 36-40.In the above example, the table used data from three sources. Page numbers were used in the in-text citation when the data came from a book, but were not needed in the in-text citation when the data came from a webpage or a short journal article.Joanna Briggs Institute documentsDocuments from the?Joanna Briggs Insititute for Evidence Based Practice?database come in several different formats, which are referenced slightly differently. The examples below show how to reference: evidence summaries, systematic reviews, systematic review protocols, recommended practices, and best practice information sheets.The information you need to gather to reference a Joanna Briggs Institute Document includes:authorsyeartitle (in single quotes)type of sourcedate you viewed the sourcereference to the databaseOnce you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In text(Fong?2013),?(Pearson?&?Chalmers?2004),?(Whitelaw?&?Wilson?2007),?(Joanna Briggs Institute?2013),?(Joanna Briggs Institute?2008)Reference listFong, E.?2013,?'Hand hygiene: alcohol-based solutions',?evidence summary,?viewed 30 April 2014, <Joanna Briggs Insititute EBP database>.Pearson, A. & Chalmers, J.?2004,?'Oral hygiene care for adults with dementia in residential aged care facilities',?systematic review,?viewed 30 April 2014, <Joanna Briggs Insititute EBP database>.Whitelaw, J. & Wilson, A.?2007,?'Barriers to compliance with effective hand hygiene practices by neonatal health care workers: a systematic review',?systematic review protocol,?viewed 29 April 2014, <Joanna Briggs Insititute EBP database>.Joanna Briggs Institute?2013,?'Hygiene management',?recommended practice,?viewed 12 March 2014, <Joanna Briggs Insititute EBP database>.Joanna Briggs Institute?2008,?'Management of peripheral intravascular devices',?Best Practice: evidence-based information sheets for health professionals,?vol. 12,?no. 5,?pp. 1-4,?viewed 30 April 2014, <Joanna Briggs Insititute EBP database>.The name of the database appears instead of a URL because these documents come from a subscription database that is not accessible except via the library. If a document does not have an author, as in the last two examples, use Joanna Briggs Institute as the author. The last example is for a best practice information sheet.Lecture notes, PowerPoint, or something listed in UTS OnlineReferencing a PowerPoint slide, lecture notes or subject documents found on the web (eg UTS Online) is similar to referencing a website. So you need to include the date you viewed it, and the URL.If you are referencing an article or book chapter contained within course material, reference it as the original hard copy article or book chapter, even if the course material is online.If you are referencing lecture notes that you took in class, see the?In class notes?section below.The information you need to gather to reference material on UTS Online includes:authoryeartitle (in single quotes)subject number?(in italics)type of sourcepublisherplace of publicationdate you viewed the sourceURLOnce you have collected the information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:Lecture Notes(Allen?2012)Allen, B.?2012,?'Things you need to know about groceries',?UTS Online Subject 95206,?lecture notes,?UTS,?Sydney,viewed 28 March 2012,?<online.uts.edu.au /95206/groceries/>.PowerPoint(Madden?2012)Madden, X.V.?2012,?'Lecture 6: The life cycle of a plastic bottle',?UTS Online Subject 77709,?PowerPoint presentation,?UTS,?Sydney,?viewed 22 March 2012,?<online.uts.edu.au/77709/lecture_6/>.Forum(Khan?2009)Khan, K.L.?2009,?'My take on this whole genetic engineering debate is that monkeys deserve bionic hearing as much as we do',?UTS Online Subject 11187,?forum post,?UTS,?Sydney,?viewed 26 November 2009,<online.uts.edu.au/11187/forum/#879/>.E-readings via the Library website or on UTS Online; articles from a Library DatabaseWhen you access readings such as journal articles or book chapters via the library website (eg as e-readings), UTS Online, or a Library Database, reference them as hard copy journal articles or book chapters, rather than webpages.Referencing a previous assignmentYou shouldn't reference a previous assignment. If you are referring to facts or quotes that you've employed before, you should use the references that you used in the previous assignment. This is because there is no way for a reader to trace your previous assignment.In class notesWords spoken by lecturerThis is very similar to referencing a personal communication. In the examples below Hansford, Smythe and Bright are the lecturers' names.Note the lecturer’s initials in front of the surname. You don’t need to put this type of reference in your reference list (becasue anyone who wants to see these notes will have to contact you directly). It's useful to put a bit of explanatory text in your document if you can, as in the second example below.(J. Hansford?2012,?lecture,?11 April)...when talking about microbiology at UTS, J.B. Smythe?(2014,?lecture,?11 April)?said that ...In class printed handout(Bright?2011)Bright, A.G.?2011,?'Week 6 Handout: Ways in which machines can feel love’,?UTS Subject 11187,?lecture handout,UTS,?Sydney.Quote from a work citing another authorA PowerPoint slide or lecture notes may sometimes quote a work from another author. You can use such a quote, and note the original author of the quote in the text of your assignment, but the in-text citation should be to the author of the PowerPoint slide or lecture notes where you actually read the quote. The?Book?and?Journal Article?sections of this guide have some examples of what this might look like.In your reference list you should have the full reference for the PowerPoint slide or lecture notes that cited the 'other' author. You don't need the 'other' author in your reference list because you did not actually use their work directly.Paper from a ConferenceUse this format for a single paper from a conference proceedings. To reference the?whole conference proceedings as one work, treat it as an?Edited Book?instead. If an online conference paper has an equivalent printed version, reference it as if it was the print version.The information you need to gather to reference a paper from a conference includes:author(s) of the paper,year of publication of the proceedingstitle of paper ('in single quotes')conference name (in italics)publisher of the proceedings (normally the organisation responsible for the conference)place of publication. Include the state or country if there is a chance of confusion (eg Perth, WA) or if the place is not well known.page numbers of the paper in the proceedingsOnce you have collected the information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below.In text(Smith, Thomas & Piekarski?2008)Note with in-text referencing, if there are four or more authors, list the first author followed by et al.Reference listSmith, R.T., Thomas, B.H. & Piekarski, W.?2008,?'Tech note: digital foam',?IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces 2008,?IEEE,?Piscataway, NJ,?pp. 35-8.Unpublished paperSometimes a paper presented at a conference does not get published as part of the official conference proceedings. This is called an?unpublished conference paper?and has a slightly different format. There is no publisher, or page numbers, and the year now refers to the year the conference was held. You must now also include the conference location, and the days and month the conference was held.In text(Bowden & Fairley?1996)Reference listBowden F.J. & Fairley, C.K.?1996,?'Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations of effective rates of partner exchange',?paper presented to the Scientific Meeting of the Royal Australian College of Physicians,?Darwin,?24-25 June.Paper viewed onlineIf there is no printed version, or if the online version is significantly different from the printed one, or there are no page numbers then use the format below. Publisher now refers to the producer or host of the online version. You must include the date you viewed the online paper, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.In text(Jakubowicz?2002)Reference listJakubowicz, A.?2002,?'Race vilification and communal leadership',?Beyond tolerance: national conference on racism,Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission,?Sydney,?viewed 2 September 2009,?< information you need to gather to reference a pamphlet or zine includes:Author (=creator of the monument, or the body or person that was responsible)yeardescription (in italics; if no description is given, make up a short description of what the monument or plaque is commemorating)format (=monument or plaque)LocationIn text(Sydney Markets Bell Tower?1911),?(Taylor 1910)Reference list?Sydney Markets Bell Tower?1911, monument, Haymarket, NSW.Taylor, A. 1910,?Commemoration of laying of first stone of Bell Tower, plaque, Haymarket, NSW.Pamphlets and ZinesThe information you need to gather to reference a pamphlet or zine includes:authoryeartitle (in italics)type of sourcepublisherplace of publicationdate you viewed the sourceURL(Not all zines will have complete information, but find what you can and use as much detail as possible).Once you have collected the information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In text(Jones?2012),?(NSW Health?2011),?(University of Technology Sydney?2009),Reference list?Jones, A.?2012,?Paper mountain,?zine,?no. 1,?Sydney.NSW Health?2011,?Welcome to the emergency department,?pamphlet,?NSW Health,?Sydney,?viewed 8 August 2012, < of Technology Sydney?2009,?UTS: Staff safety and wellbeing at work: computer comfort,?pamphlet,?UTS,Sydney.Personal communicationsPersonal communications can take a number of forms: conversations, emails, letters, interviews and so on. Records of these are normally kept in a secure location by the researcher and, for reasons of privacy, are not normally available for consultation except under special circumstances (eg by thesis examiners). For this reason it is not normally necessary to refer to personal communications in your reference list.In the text of your document you should specify the year and the date (day month) when the personal communication took place. Note the use of initials in front of the surname.In textM. Jones?(1989,?pers. comm.,?6 May)?believed that this was not relevant.This was confirmed by email?(R.J. Brown?2008,?pers. comm.,?3 July).Play or Concert performanceNote: To reference the text of a play or the written version of a piece of music use the book or website template as required.?The information you need to gather to reference a play or concert performance includes:Title of Play/ Music (in italics)Year of performanceformat (play/ concert)written/ composed by Writer/ Composerperformed by Theatre Company/ Orchestradirected by Director/ conducted by Conductor (if this is important)Date of performance (Day Month, if relevant)VenueLocation of Venue (if not obvious from the name of the venue).In text(Cat on a hot tin roof?2013), (Mass in B minor?2010)Reference ListCat on a hot tin roof?2013, play, written by T. Williams, performed by the Sydney Theatre Company, 30 March, Sydney Opera House.Mass in B Minor?2010, concert, composed by J.S. Bach, performed by the London Bach Choir, conducted by David Hill, 22 June, Royal Festival Hall, London.PoemIf the poem is well known and widely available, refer to the poem’s author and title (in italics) in the text but there is no need to include an entry in the reference list. If the poem is not well known, mention its author and title in the text but your in-text reference should be to the author and title (in italics) of the book or website where you found the poem (ie not to the author and title of the poem). Reference that book or website in your reference list.In text... in Milton’s?Paradise lost, stanza 73, …[no entry in reference list]In text… in Herrick’s?To the sour reader?(Allison & Barrows 1983, p. 243) …reference to the book in the reference list:Allison, A. & Barrows, H. (eds) 1983,?Norton anthology of poetry, W.W. Norton & Co., N.Y.In text… in Herrick’s?To the sour reader?(Poetry Cat?n.d.) …reference to the website in the reference list:Poetry Cat?n.d., viewed 13 May 2016, <: Poster means a poster on a wall; not a poster paper from a conference which is covered by paper presented at a conference.The information you need to gather to reference a press or media release includes:Author (use the title instead if there is no author - see examples below)Year (use n.d. if no year)Poster title (in italics; use poster text if necessary; if no title or text make up a short description and use that instead)Format (=poster)Publisher (leave out if same as author)Location (ie where you saw the poster)Dimensions (if known and relevant).?(Leave out anything that is not listed on the poster)In text(Chart Studio 1997),?(Lichtenstein 1976),?(Hopeless?n.d.), (Palm Sunday Rally?2016)Reference list?Chart Studio 1997,?Fruit, poster, UTS Library, Haymarket, NSW, 80cm x 50cm.Lichtenstein, R. 1976,?America: the third century, poster, Mobil Oil Corporation, Museum für Kunst und Gewerb, Hamburg, Germany, 89cm x 60cm.Hopeless?n.d., poster, Surry Hills, NSW, 70cm x 40cm.Palm Sunday Rally?2016, poster, Carlton, Vic.?Press release or Media releaseThe information you need to gather to reference a press or media release includes:authoryeartitle (in italics)type of sourcedate (day and month)publisherplace of publicationdate you viewed the source (if online)URL (if online)Once you have collected the information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:A press or media release can be in print or online. Note the words 'media release' or 'press release' after the title.In text(McDonald?1968),?(Watersmith?2000)Reference listMcDonald, J.E.?1968,?Gallery?expansion brings a new beginning,?press release,?6 July,?Art Gallery of New South Wales,?Sydney.Watersmith, C.?2000,?BHP enters new era,?media release,?1 March,?BHP Limited,?Melbourne,?viewed 18 February 2010,?< .au/mediarelease18897>.Reports (including ABS reports, reports from databases)Reports are referenced in a very similar way to books. Because many reports are freely available online, and sometimes hard to get hold of in print, it is common to reference the online version.Report authors are often organisations. Often, the author of a report is also its publisher. Examples of reports are company annual reports, heritage reports, departmental reports, research group reports, reports from library databases, and some ABS publications. If the place of publication is not stated, use the city where the publisher or organisational author is located (for example a report published by a state government department would be published in the state capital city). If you cannot find out where the publisher is located, leave out the place of publication. Reports often have a report number.Reports obtained through many of the library's online databases have a special format (see below), if their URLs are not publicly available.The information you need to gather to reference a report includes:authoryeartitle (in italics)type of sourcedate (day and month)publisherplace of publicationreport number (if available)date you viewed the source (if online)URL (if online)Examples of reports available in printIn text(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade?1999),?(Law Reform Commissioner of Tasmania?1996)Reference listDepartment of Foreign Affairs and Trade?1999,?Annual report 1998-99,?DFAT,?Canberra.Law Reform Commissioner of Tasmania?1996,?Report on public fundraising by charitable institutions,?report number 75,?Government Printer,?Hobart.Example of reports viewed onlineIf the report comes from a database that can only be accessed via the library's website, use the database name in place of the URL as in the examples for Passport, MarketLine and DatAnalysis below. This is because the URL is not publicly accessible for such databases. Only use the URL when the report is publicly accessible on the internet (as in the ABS example below). Indicate the type of report, if there is one, after the report title.In text(Australian Bureau of Statistics?2009),?(Ducel, Fabry & Nicolle?2002),?(Passport?2014),?(MarketLine?2013),?(DatAnalysis Premium?2014),Reference listAustralian Bureau of Statistics?2009,?Education and work, Australia, May 2009,?cat. no. 6227.0,?ABS,?Canberra,viewed 24 November 2009,?<, G., Fabry, J. & Nicolle, L.?2002,?Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: a practical guide,WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH2002.12,?World Health Organization,?Geneva,?viewed 10 April 2014,< bars in Argentina,?category briefing,?viewed 5 March 2014, <Passport database>.MarketLine?2013,?Childrenswear in Australia,?industry profile,?viewed 9 April 2014,?<MarketLine database>.DatAnalysis Premium?2014,?Qantas Airways Limited,?company report,?viewed 25 March 2014,?<DatAnalysis Premium database>.If you are having trouble finding a date for the source, or you aren’t sure how to reference a source with more than one author, please view our?More Information?page.SloganRefer to the slogan (in italics) in text with as much context as you can. No need to include an entry in the reference list.Song (performance)To reference the song as written (as opposed to a performance), use Book reference type.The information you need to gather to reference a song performance includes:Title of song (in italics)?Year of performanceperformed by singercomposed by composer (if relevant)arranged by arranger (if relevant)lyrics by writer (if relevant)format (YouTube, DVD etc)Date of performance (Day Month, if relevant)Venue (if relevant)Location of venue (if relevant)viewed Date (if relevant)URL (if relevant, in angle brackets).In text(Fly me to the moon?1964)Reference ListFly me to the moon?1964, performed by F. Sinatra, composed by B. Howard, arranged by Q. Jones, YouTube, viewed 13 May 2016, < the text of a speech is available online or in print, reference the webpage or printed material where the speech has been published. Similarly, if a speech has been posted on YouTube, reference the YouTube video.If the speech was made as part of a parliamentary debate, use the Parliamentray Debate format (see?Legal Material).If the text of the speech has not been published, and you are referencing your own notes from the speech, this is like a personal communication or your own notes from a lecture you attended. You only need an in-text references,?there is no need for an entry in your reference list?because anyone who wants to see the notes will have to ask you directly. Note the use of initials in front of the surname in the examples below. It can be helpful to include some details about the speech in your document, as in the second example.In text(R.M. Jones?2012,?speech,?3 May)... in her speech about Karl Marx at the Sydney Opera House, J. Lopez?(2014,?speech,?3 January)?said that ...If you are having trouble finding a date for the source, or you aren’t sure how to reference a source with more than one author, please view our?More Information?page.Standards and PatentsThe information you need to gather to reference a standard or patent includes:authoryeartitle (in italics)patent or standard numberpublisherplace of publicationOnce you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below:In text(Cookson?1985),?(Standards Australia?2008)Reference ListCookson, A.H.?1985,?Particle trap for compressed gas insulation transmission systems,?US Patent 4554399.Standards Australia?2008,?Personal flotation devices - general requirements,?AS 4758.1-2008,?Standards Australia,Sydney.If you are having trouble finding a date for the source, or you aren’t sure how to reference a source with more than one author, please view our?More Information?page.ThesisThe information you need to gather to reference a thesis includes:the author of the thesisyear of publicationtitle of the thesis ('in single quotes')type of thesis (eg PhD, MSc)university where the thesis was completedthe city where the university is located. If the university name includes the city name (eg University of Technology Sydney), you do not need to list the city separately. Include the state or country if there is a chance of confusion (eg University of Newcastle, NSW) or if the city is not well known.Once you have collected this information you will need to display it as shown in the examples below.In text(Babayan?1993),?(Kirk?2002)Reference listBabayan, K.?1993,?'The waning of the Qizilbash: the spiritual and temporal in seventeenth century Iran',?PhD thesis,?Princeton University,?NJ.Kirk, J.?2002,?'Theorising information use: managers and their work',?PhD thesis,?University of Technology?Sydney.Example of an online thesis:If you accessed the thesis online, you should add in the date you viewed it and the full URL:Nassif, N.M.?1984,?'Theoretical aspects of the continuously varying schedule process for timber drying',?M Eng. thesis,?University of Technology?Sydney,?viewed 23 November 2009,?< InformationIn-Text References and the Reference ListWhen you cite a reference in the text of your document, use the author surname and the year of publication. This is called an?in-text reference. For example:The theory was first propounded in 1970 (Larsen 1971), and was confirmed two decades later (Williams & Jones?1991).If there are?four or more authors, list the first author and abbreviate with et al. (Note that?all the authors?must still be listed in the reference list at the end of your document).This has also been shown experimentally (Brown et al. 1983).If the author name is already in the text immediately in front of the in-text reference, you can use just the year. For example:Larsen (1971) was the first to propound the theory. This was subsequently investigated by Brown et al. (1983) and then confirmed by Williams and Jones (1991).You can use either format for each in-text reference, it is totally up to you and just depends on how you think your writing reads best.If you have a group of references cited together in the text, they should be ordered alphabetically by first author surname: eg (Brown et al. 1983; Larsen 1971; Mueller 1997; Williams & Jones 1991).If you have no date for a reference, use n.d. (for 'no date') instead of the year. If you only have an approximate date, put c. (for 'circa', meaning around) in front of the year: eg (White n.d.) and (Beethoven c. 1813).Sometimes you may need to use a particular in-text reference quite often. In this case you can leave out the repeated in-text references within a particular paragraph provided it is very clear from your discussion what is being referred to. Normally you should still repeat the in-text reference when you start a new paragraph, or in the same paragraph after you mention a different in-text reference. For example:Larsen (1971) was the first to propound the new theory. He claimed that the old theory was 'manifestly inadequate' (p. 89), and follows this up with a series of arguments. The international implications of this are shown to be quite serious. Although it was shown later that parts of the old theory are still quite good (Brown et al. 1983), Larsen's (1971) overall criticism remains valid. They can be shown to be applicable in a wide variety of situations and across many disciplines.The principle point arises from how we interpret the 'ambiguity coefficient' (Larsen 1971, p. 3).All in-text references must be included in a single list of full references at the end of your document.The reference list should begin on a new page. This list must be arranged alphabetically by the surnames of the first authors. If these are the same, use author initials, and if necessary subsequent author names if there is more than one author. If these are all the same too, then order by year (oldest first). And if these are also the same, order alphabetically by their titles. In this final case (only), once the order is worked out, the years have a letter added to them (see?Rules about authors, below).When a reference is more than one line long, the extra lines are normally indented by a tab space (this is called a 'hanging indent'). There are numerous examples illustrating this on the other pages of this guide. You can have a blank line between references if you wish, in which case you may not need to indent the long references; however we strongly recommend always using indentation for references that extend over more than one line.The preference for indentation or non-indentation varies across faculties so if in doubt you should consult your lecturer, tutor, or faculty assignment writing guide about this. However we strongly recommend using indentation of long references in all cases, so you should do this unless specifically instructed not to.What each full reference looks like depends on what kind of reference it is (book, journal article, website etc). The sections of this guide show how different types of references should look in your reference list.Rules about authorsIf a reference has two or three authors, use?&?between the last two. If?four or more authors, list only the first author in the?in-text reference, and abbreviate the others by 'et al.' (Latin for 'and others'). However,?all?the authors must still be listed in the reference list.Sometimes an author can be an organisation such as a government or university department, or a company. In this case treat the name of the organisation as the author surname.If you have two references by the same author, but the references were printed in different years, list the references in chronological order in your reference list. Eg:Smith, A. 2003 ...Smith, A. 2005 ...If a reference has no author, use the book title, chapter title or article title instead,?both in text?AND?in the reference list. The title should keep the same formatting as it has normally, ie for books it should be in italics, for chapters and articles it should be in single quotes (see Rules about titles below).If you are using two or more works by the same author, published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a, b, c and so on after the year, both in-text and in your reference list. For example (Dickinson 1990a) and (Dickinson 1990b). In your reference list, works by the same author, in the same year, are ordered alphabetically by their title: the year of the first one then gets an "a", the next one a "b", and so on if necessary. Although it is very rare, sometimes you might use two works by the same author, where neither has a date. You would normally use "n.d." in place of the year for no date; in the case where the authors are the same, you should use "n.d.-a" and "n.d.-b" etc.If your author's name has 'Junior' or 'Senior', eg W. Strunk Jr, cite with just the surname in the text, eg (Strunk & White 1979), and in your reference list place Jr or Sr after the final initial of the author's first names, eg: Strunk W. Jr & White E.B. 1979,?The elements of style, 3rd edn, Macmillan, New York.If the author is a long organisational nameSometimes the author of a reference can be an organisation with a long name. This makes in-text referencing difficult if you need to reference it often. To deal with this, you may use an abbreviation of the organisation's name, if you wish, as follows.When you first mention the organisation in your document you need to make clear what its abbreviation is. For example (but there are many ways of doing this, you can choose to do this any way that makes it clear): According to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT 2006) ...Thereafter?in your document text?you can refer to the author using its abbreviated name (in this case, as DFAT), including in any in-text references, eg (DFAT 2007).In your reference list, you must list all the references as normal using the?full organisational name.You also need to put an extra entry into your reference list for the abbreviation,?in the appropriate place alphabetically, indicating what the full name is. This entry is of the form: Abbreviation - see Full name. For example:Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2006,?Policy guidelines, DFAT, Canberra.Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2007,?Policy amendments, DFAT, Canberra.DFAT - see Department of Foreign Affairs and TradeNote that the abbreviation's entry does not have a date. Note also that there might be one or more references in your list that come between the full names and the abbreviation. For example in this case you might have references by authors called, say, Derwin and Dexter, in between the full names and the abbreviation. You might then have:Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2006,?Policy guidelines, DFAT, Canberra.Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2007,?Policy amendments, DFAT, Canberra.Derwin, J.K. 1999, 'Referencing challenges for university students',?Journal of Higher Education, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 34-40.Dexter, A.J. & Smith, B. 2011,?Fresh water availability in New Zealand, Victoria University Press, Wellington.DFAT - see Department of Foreign Affairs and TradeRules about titlesBook titles, journal names and website titles should be in?italics.Chapter titles from books, article titles from a journal or magazine, and theses titles are not in italics but single quotation marks.All major words in the names of journals, newspapers and magazines should start with a capital letter. In other titles, all words should start with a lower case letter (except the first word and proper nouns).If you have to include a reference in your reference list that begins with a title (such as a film or a report with no author), place the reference in your list alphabetically. If the title of the reference begins with the words a, an or the, do not count this word when placing the reference into the list.For example:?The man who wasn't there?would go in your reference list under the letter M.Rules about online materialHow you reference an online source can be tricky because it depends on where it comes from and what kind of reference it is. The information below is just a brief summary, you should check the rest of our guide for the specific type of material you want to reference.If the source comes from a public website that anyone can access, you would normally use the website format (but there are some exceptions):Author Year,?Title of page (in italics), type of document (if necessary), publisher (not required if?same as the author), location of publisher (if necessary), viewed day month, <URL>.In many cases the author will be an organisation and will also be the publisher (eg a company or government department). In most cases you won't need the type, publisher or location. The URL must be freely accessible. If the URL is excessively long, use a cut-down URL (for example the URL of the web page that contains the link to the page you used), as long as it is clear how to get to the actual page used.If the source is a journal, newspaper or magazine article, or an online book, from a library database, but is really just an online copy of a print item, you should reference it as if you used the print version of the article or book. No viewed date or URL is required.If the source is a report, image or other material from a library database, the basic format is:Author Year,?Title (in italics), type of document (if necessary), publisher (not required if?same as the author), location of publisher (if necessary), viewed day month, <Name of Database plus the word database>.There are several variations though; sometimes the title is in single quotes instead of italics. Some examples of this format are in the?Reports?and?Images?sections of our guide.Referencing quotationsIf you are using a short quote, your in-text reference must give the page number(s) where the quote comes from. Use p. for a single page or pp. for several pages. For example:It has been suggested that 'the taxation advantage enjoyed by superannuation funds, relative to private investment in shares, was somewhat neutralised in 1988' (McGrath & Viney 1997, p. 137).If you are sourcing a quotation from a website, you will not be able to quote a page number, so instead use the paragraph number, abbreviated with the term 'para.'Eg: (Department of Finance 2009, para. 5)If the web page is particularly long and unwieldy, describe the section of the website that contains your quotation in the body of your writing, and then mention the paragraph number in the in-text citation.Eg: In the Summer Collections section of the Fashion Report for 2013, it was predicted that 'red would be the colour for 2014' (Style Daily 2013, para. 16).You may need to refer to a chapter, or some other part of a document, in your in-text citations (the last example uses a time stamp for a video or audio recording):Williams and Smith (2008, ch. 2, para. 7) stated that...(Jakubowicz 2014, slide 5), (Alberts 2002, fig. 7), (Spiegel 2009, 5:36)Quote of more than 30 wordsWhen making a direct quote of more than about thirty words do not use quotation marks but include the quote as a separate paragraph, indented from the text margin and set in smaller type.Quote from a work citing another authorSometimes a work you are using quotes a work from another author. For example, on page 17 of an article or book by Thorne, written in 1994, you find a quote from a 1906 paper by Albert Einstein. To cite the quote by Einstein you should mention it in the text and use Thorne as your in-text reference, with page number from Thorne. For example (and there could be many other variations):Einstein stated in 1906 that 'time is relative' (Thorne 1994, p. 17).Thorne (1994, p. 17) notes that in 1906 Einstein stated that 'time is relative'.According to Thorne (1994, p. 17) it was Einstein who stated that 'time is relative' in 1906.Einstein (1906, cited in Thorne 1994, p.17) stated that time is relative.'Time is relative' according to Einstein (Thorne 1994, p. 17).'Time is relative' (Einstein, cited in Thorne 1994, p. 17).In your reference list you?must?have the full reference for Thorne. If you wish, you may also include the reference for Einstein (you can get this from Thorne's reference list); but this isn't normally recommended because you haven't actually consulted the Einstein paper directly.ParaphrasingIf you are merely summarising or paraphrasing, rather than directly quoting, you do not need to give page numbers. However, you can if you wish, and it is strongly recommended to give page numbers when paraphrasing from a work of many pages such as a book, or a lengthy article or report (so that a reader can easily locate the section that you paraphrased).Some useful abbreviationscirca (used for approx date)panyCo.CorporationCorp.DepartmentDept.editionedneditor, -sed. edsgovernmentgovt.illustratorill.introductionintrod.no date of publicationn.d.number, -sno.page, -sp. pp.revisedrev.supplementsuppl.translatortrans.volume, -svol. vols ................
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