Brief History of Grants - The National Bureau of Economic ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research
Volume Title: Federal Grants and the Business Cycle Volume Author/Editor: James A. Maxwell Volume Publisher: NBER Volume ISBN: 0-870-14120-1 Volume URL: Publication Date: 1952
Chapter Title: Brief History of Grants Chapter Author: James A. Maxwell Chapter URL: Chapter pages in book: (p. 1 - 13)
Chapter 1
BRIEF HISTORY OF GRANTS'
Federal grants to state and local governments have a long history. At first, land grants and grants of the proceeds of land sales predominated. Altogether 130 million acres of the federal domain were ceded as an endowment f or public schools, and some 4 million acres for higher education (excluding land grants under the Morrill Acts). Another set of grants, beginning in 1816, provided that states be given 5 percent of the net proceeds of land sales within their boundaries with the stipulation that 3 percent should be used "for the encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or university". In 1862, by the first Morrill Act, Congress gave both land money to establish colleges in every state, not, as earlier, only in the states in which federal lands were situated.
These early grants indicated that the federal government was prepared to assist state and local performance of a function, education, in which a national interest existed. The grants were outright donations: there was no matching requirement and the government did not reserve the right to supervise their expenditure.
During the next half century the system of grants for education and research, especially agricultural, expanded, and federal conditions were gradually imposed. When in 1890 the first Morrill Act was extended and strengthened, Congress declared that grants might be withheld from states failing to spend for the broad purposes specified. In 1887 the Hatch Act made flat grants of $15,000 a year for each state to establish agricultural experiment stations, and imposed the modest condition that a financial report be submitted annually; in 1895 provision was made for federal audit. Following the precedent of the Weeks Act of 1911, grants for the agricultural extension service, voted in 1914, carried the important condition of matching.2 The Weeks Act, offering small grants for forest fire protection, required also advance federal approval of state plans and federal supervision of performance. Congress took still another step toward aiding education in 1917, voting grants for vocational education in schools of less than college grade; again the grants had to be matched.
'An Appendix to this chapter deals with 'definitions and terms'. The first instance of the matching requirement appears to have been in 1889 in
connection with an annual appropriation of $25,000 for the care of disabled veterans in state soldiers' homes.
1
2
CHAPTER 1
Another function for which Congress early voted federal aid was the construction of highways. It made a start in 1802, when Ohio was admitted as a state, by declaring that 5 percent of the proceeds from the sale of public lands in the state should be applied to constructing roads. As other western states were admitted, this precedent was followed. Federal interest in highways continued for the next three decades, although not much was spent on them, then lapsed until the twentieth century. In 1916 a federal aid road act was passed which was to develop into a major segment of the federal grants program. Besides matching, various other conditions were specified, notably federal approval and supervision of projects and creation of a state highway department. New administrative relationships were established by which the states were induced to reorganize their whole system of highway construction and maintenance.
After World War I a few other grants marked the feeble beginnings of welfare programs. In 1918 grants were provided to combat venereal disease, in 1920 for vocational rehabilitation, and in 1921 for maternal and child health. But in 1923 Congress dropped the first and in 1929 the third, while the second seemed to be in disfavor.
During the 1920's grants for transportation and communication, i.e., highways, made up over 80 percent of the total (discussed in detail below). Welfare grants were of little significance. The other grants moved erratically upward, the main cause being Congressional action increasing the annual appropriation or extending their scope (Table 1).
In the two decades after 1929 many grants were voted; by 1949 fortytwo grant programs were in operation accounting for a federal expenditure of $1,855 million. During the late 1930's grants were even larger, mainly because of the great volume of emergency grants.3 In 1937 emergency grants were nearly 90 percent of the total program; by 1945 they had declined to less than 30 percent and by 1949 to a little more than 1 percent.
1 PURPOSES OF RECENT GRANTS
The Bureau of the Budget has grouped federal grant programs since 1929 under the nine main heads listed in Table During the 1930's grants for
'The distinction between regular and emergency grants is not precise. The chief differences are that for regular grants the basic legislation provides appropriations on a continuing basis, while for emergency grants the appropriation is a single lump sum or for the duration of the emergency; regular grants usually call for some specific ratio of state-local to federal money and specify criteria for the apportionment of the federal appropriation among the states, while emergency grants leave requirements concerning both matching and apportionment to the discretion of the administrator. 'Actually 10, but one of the heads, national defense, occurred only during the war, and is so small that it has been omitted here.
Table 1: Total Federal Grants (regular & emergency), Fiscal Years, 1919-1949 (millions of dollars)
I Social welfare, health & security
71)19*
1()'77,) 792')*
-
19)7* 102.Q*
aRegular
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
b Emergency
1CWA
..
..
..
2PWA
..
..
3FERA
..
..
..
4WPA
..
..
..
..
5 Maternity & infant care
..
..
..
0
cT6otaTlotal
1
2 Transportation & communication
2
..
..
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2o
a Regular b Emergency c Total
86
63
90
90
70
79
96
88
81
-.
86
63
90
90
70
79
96
88
81
81
Z
3 Housing & community facilities
a Regular b Emergency c Total 4 Labor a Regular b Emergency c Total 5 Agriculture & agric. resources
aRegular bcTEomtaerlgency
6 Veterans services & benefits a Regular b Emergency c Total
7 Education & general research
aRegular cb ToEmtaelrgency
8 Natural resources (not agric.) a Regular
bcTEomtaerlgency
9 General government 10 All functions
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
-
..
..
4
6
6
7
7
..
..
..
.?
-.
7
7
8
9
9
4
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
9,
9
..
..
..
..
..
..
-.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.*
..
..
..
..
..
4
..
5
..
6
..
6
..
7
..
7
..
8
..
9
..
9
9
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
9
9
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
..
?.
..
..
..
?.
..
1
1
1
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
.. ..
..
..
..
..
.. ..
1
..
1
..
..
a Regular b Emergency c Grand Total
95
..
76
104
105
..
..
..
8..6
95
..
113
..
108
..
102
102
95
76
104
105
86
95
113
108
102
102
Social welfare, health & security 1929
a Regular
2
b
Emergency
1CWA
2 PWA
3 FERA
4 WPA
5 Maternity & infant care
6 Total
c Total
2
2 Transportation & communication
a Regular
86
b Emergency
..
c Total
86
3 Housing & community facilities a Regular
b Emergency c Total
4 Labor
a Regular b Emergency c Total
S Agriculture & agric. resources
a Regular
11
b Emergency
c Total
11
6 Veterans services & benefits
aRegular
1
b Emergency
..
c Total
1
7 Education & general research
aRegular
9
b Emergency
..
c Total
9
8 Natural resources (not agric.)
aRegular
1
bcToEmtaerlgency
..
1
9 General government
9
10 All functions
a Regular
119
b Emergency
..
c Grand Total
119
1930
1
1
80 80
12 12
1
..
1
10
..
10
1
..
1
9 114
..
114
1931
1
..
1
138 20
158
..
12 12
1
..
1
11
..
11
2
..
2 10 176 20 196
1932
1
1
132
59
191
12 12
1
?.
1 11 11
2
..
2 10 169 59
228
1933
1
1
104 62 166
1934
1
805
79 707
1,591 1,592
225
225
1935
2
11 138 1,814
1,963 1,965
276
276
1936
33
1
248 496 1,264
2,009 2,042
28
203
231
1937 157
278
8 1,822
2,108
2,265
80
268
348
1938 236
177 4
1,422
1,603
1,839
143
88
231
1
3
12
46
-.
1
3
12
46
13
12
13
22
22
33
.
13
12
13
22
22
33
1
1
1
1
1
1
?.
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
13
13
14
23
..
..
..
..
10
10
13
13
14
23
2
2
2
2
2
2
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
2
2
2
2
2
8
6
6
6
S
S
139
32
39
107
293
488
62
1,816
2,238
2,212
2,376
1,692
201 1,848 2,277 2,319 2,669 2,180
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