PDF Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages

[Pages:67]TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2

Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages

SPECIAL TOPICS NO.3

Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research

UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)

The "Special Topics in Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research" series are peer-reviewed publications commissioned by the TDR Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research.

For further information please contact:

Dr Johannes Sommerfeld Manager Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research (SEB) UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) World Health Organization 20, Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland

E-mail: sommerfeldj@who.int

TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2

Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages

Lance Saker,1 MSc MRCP Kelley Lee,1 MPA, MA, D.Phil. Barbara Cannito,1 MSc Anna Gilmore,2 MBBS, DTM&H, MSc, MFPHM Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum,1 D.Phil.

1 Centre on Global Change and Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK

2 European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition (ECOHOST) London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK

TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2

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Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank colleagues at the Centre on Global Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, for their helpful advice in the writing of this paper. We are particularly grateful to Professor David Bradley for his detailed comments and expertise in reviewing the final draft..

Design and layout: Lisa Schwarb

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. BACKGROUND

2.1 What is globalization? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Global burden of infectious disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3. GLOBALIZATION AND THE CHANGING NATURE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.1 World Trade Organization and multilateral trade agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4.2 The global trade in food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.3 The global trade in pharmaceuticals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.1 Global climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5.1.1 Global warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5.1.2 Global weather change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1.3 Vulnerability to global climate changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.2 Water supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.2.1 Large dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 5.2.2 Small water projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5.2.3 Displacements, disruptions, distant effects and migrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

5.3 Deforestation and land clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.3.1 Deforestation, land clearance and "new" or "emerging" infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.3.2 Vector-borne infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.3.3 Pharmacological implications of loss of biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

6 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE

6.1 Globalization and population mobility 6.1.1 Trends in population mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6.1.2 The causes of population mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6.1.3 Population mobility and infectious disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

6.2 Refugees and displaced persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6.3 Long-term migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

6.3.1 Migration to low-income countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 6.3.2 Migration to high-income countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 6.4 Urbanization 6.4.1 The growth in urban populations and the influence of globalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 6.4.2 Urbanization and infectious disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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