Terms to know: Biology, Hypothesis, Variable, Control ...



HONORS BIOLOGY -- FINAL REVIEW 2016

CHAPTER 1 – Core Concepts in Biology

Terms to know: Hypothesis, Theory, Independent and Dependent Variables, Control, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Cell Respiration, Nutrition, Transport, Regulation, Synthesis, Excretion

1. What is the organization in the biosphere? What cycles and what goes one-way?

2. Identify traits of living things and the life processes.

3. How does natural selection explain evolution?

4. Analyze experimental design. Recognize independent and dependent variables.

5. Know how to use a compound microscope, uses for the different types of microscopes.

CHAPTERS 2 & 3– The Chemistry of Life

Terms to know: Organic and inorganic compounds, carbon atom, covalent bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond, peptide bond, Chemical equations, products, reactants, Isotopes, Isomers, Ion, Monomer, Polymer, Hydrolysis, Dehydration Synthesis, Mixture, Solvent, Solute, Solution, Cohesion, Adhesion

6. Why does the carbon atom enable complex molecules?

7. For each of the macromolecules, know the following:

a) the elements that make up each type ( (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)

b) the function of each macromolecule

c) the basic structure (the “parts” or monomers that make up each of the polymers or macromolecules

d) how they link together and break apart

e) examples of each type (sugars, some complex carbs, fats, proteins)

8. Water: What is the polar nature of water, hydrogen bonding, some properties of water, which properties result from cohesion and which from adhesion?

CHAPTERS 4 & 5 – Cell Structure and Function

Terms to know: Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, nucleoid, diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic, hypotonic

9. What is the cell theory? Why are all cells small?

10. How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic?

11. What are the levels of organization in cells of multicellular organisms?

12. Know the major parts of the cell (nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplast, ribosome, lysosome, ER, Golgi), their functions, and what type of cell they are found in (animal, plant, prokaryotic). Recognize them on a diagram. What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

13. What makes up the cell membrane? Describe the fluid mosaic model (phospholipid bilayer). What does it mean to be selectively permeable?

14. Be able to explain how materials move across the cell membrane. What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion, between active and passive transport? When are membrane proteins and ATP involved? What is a concentration gradient?

15. What is osmosis? What makes a solution hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic and what happens to cells in these solutions? What is plasmolysis? Endo and exocytosis?

16. Enzymes: What is an enzyme? Why are they important in living things? How do they work? How do environmental factors affect the rate of enzyme action?

CHAPTER 7 – Photosynthesis

Terms to know: photon, heterotroph, autotroph, pigments, thylakoids, stroma, grana, carbon-fixing

17. Know the function and structure of ATP. How does ATP provide energy to a cell?

18. What is the difference between a photoautotroph and a chemoautotroph? What is a heterotroph?

19. Name the major plant pigments and the colors they appear to us. What is their function?

20. Know the chemical equation for photosynthesis. Know the two stages and the basics of what happens in each. How is a chloroplast structured and where do the two stages take place?

CHAPTER 6 – Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Terms to know: aerobic, anaerobic, oxidation, reduction, phosphorylation, electron carriers (NAD, FAD) ,glycolysis, Krebs citric acid cycle, matrix, fermentation, electron transport chain

21. Know the differences between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration

22. Know the balanced equation for aerobic, reactants and products of each stage, energy yield. Where in the cell, and in the mitochondrion, does each stage take place?

23. Know the basics of lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation (anaerobic). Know the organisms that perform these two different types of fermentation. What happens when muscles do fermentation?

24. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

CHAPTER 8 – Cell Division

Terms to know: asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, chromosomes, chromatin, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, chromatid, centromere, centrioles, cell plate, binary fission, regeneration, stem cell, differentiation, homologous chromosomes, diploid, haploid, crossing-over, tetrad, gametes, zygote, somatic cell, fertilization

25. Know the stages of the Cell Cycle, including parts of Interphase. Describe what is occurring in each phase of the cell cycle.

26. Know some cells/tissues that do cell division frequently, some that do it rarely or not at all and why (highly specialized).

27. Know the general processes of mitosis and meiosis. Be able to recognize stages and cell structures on a diagram.

28. How do mitosis and meiosis differ? How do sperm and egg differ?

29. How does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation in a population?

30. What are some cell cycle controls? (size, space, chemical signals, cell suicide) How do cancer cells differ from other cells?

CHAPTER 9 – Genetics and Human Heredity

Terms to know: genetics, genes, contrasting traits, pure, hybrid, genes, alleles, test cross, segregation, independent assortment, probability, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, Punnett square, sex chromosomes, sex-linked, autosomes, pedigree, gene linkage, karyotype, nondisjunction

31. Know the patterns of inheritance: dominant/recessive , incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, sex-linkage, and polygenic traits

32. Be able to do any type of cross. Find phenotype and genotype ratios.

33. What is a karyotype and how are they used? Be able to recognize an abnormality such as trisomy.

34. Be able to look at a pedigree and determine the pattern of inheritance, genotypes and phenotypes of the family members.

35. Understand x-linked inheritance. Why is it more likely for a male to have an x-linked disorder?

36. Know the different human blood types. What are the possible genotypes for each blood type?

37. Know these disorders: Down’s Syndrome, Hemophilia, Colorblindness, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Huntingtons.

CHAPTER 10 and 11 – DNA and RNA

Terms to know: nucleotide, base pairing, replication, deoxyribose, ribose, transcription, translation, codon

38. Describe the structure of DNA. Know the base pairs in a DNA strand.

39. What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

40. Why, when and how does DNA replicate?

41. How does mRNA form? How does it carry a DNA messag?

42. How is the DNA code used to make proteins? (basics only)

UNIT III – Evolution

Terms to Know: adaptation, homologous and analogous structures, adaptive radiation, convergent evolution, coevolution, genetic equilibrium

43. Know the major points of Darwin’s theory of natural selection

44. What kinds of evidence are used to show ancestry?

45. What is Descent with Modification? How is this shown in an evolutionary tree or cladogram?

46. What causes genetic variation between individuals in a population?

47. How do new species arise? What role does environment play?

48. How are genes involved in evolution? (allele frequencies)

49. What do we think early earth was like and how might life have started?

UNIT VI – Ecology

Terms to Know: population, community, biotic and abiotic factors, habitat, niche, limiting factors, carrying capacity, symbiosis, food chain, food web, materials cycles, trophic levels, ecological succession

50. What are the levels of organization in the biosphere? Which levels include both biotic and abiotic?

51. How can different species occupy the same habitat?

52. What is an energy pyramid and why must producers be the most abundant?

53. How does energy move through a food chain? How do materials (oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, water) cycle through an ecosystem?

54. Recognize examples of the different ecological roles: producer/consumer, predator/prey, types of symbiosis

55. What factors increase competition in a population? What are some limiting factors?

HONORS BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2016

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT TOPICS

You will select TWO of four open-ended questions on the final exam.

Possible Topics Include:

1. Experimental Design/ Independent and Dependent variables

2. Cell Cycle/ Mitosis/ Meiosis

3. Membrane Transport; Diffusion and Osmosis

4. Genetics Crosses and Pedigree Diagrams

5. Ecology Interactions; Evolutionary Relationships

6. DNA replication/transcription/translation

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