ENGINEERING SURVEYING (221 BE) Distance & Angle

[Pages:66]ENGINEERING SURVEYING (221 BE)

Distance & Angle

Sr Tan Liat Choon Email: tanliatchoon@

Mobile: 016-4975551

INTRODUCTION

Types of Measurements in Surveying: Surveying is the art of making suitable

measurements in horizontal or vertical planes. This is one of the important subjects of civil engineering. Without taking a survey of the plot where the construction is to be carried out, the work cannot begin

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INTRODUCTION

From the above definition, we conclude on two types of measurements in surveying. They are as follows:

Linear measurements Angular measurements

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INTRODUCTION

Linear measurements are further classified as follows: Horizontal Distance Vertical Distance

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INTRODUCTION

Horizontal Distance

A horizontal distance is measured in horizontal plane if a distance is measured along a slope, it is reduced to its horizontal equivalent

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INTRODUCTION

Vertical Distance

A vertical distance is measured along the direction of gravity at that point. The vertical distance is measured to determine difference in elevations in various points

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INTRODUCTION

Angular Measurements

Two sides meeting at an angle are measured. The angle between them is measured and represented in degrees or radians

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DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

Linear measurement is the basis of all surveying and even through angles may be read precisely, the length of at least one line in tract must be measured to supplement the angles in locating points

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