The Herbal Database A listing of herbs, spices, and ...

[Pages:16]The Herbal Database A listing of herbs, spices, and medicinal plants & some clues to their uses

by George Wooten, ?1998-2008

Dedication

The Herbal Database is dedicated to the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, the source of commercial tea. It embodies the quintessence of herbal products, being

used medicinally, nutritionally, through folklore, and as a beautiful ornamental, in addition to its worldwide importance as a stimulant.

Summary

The Herbal Database is a dictionary of botanical products used as herbs, spices, medicinals, dyes, charms, and foods. The database alphabetically lists botanicals in a table by the most commonly used name, followed by

fields for parts used, Latin name(s), botanical family, uses, and constituents. The Herbal Database includes a glossary of terms, an index and a reference bibliography.

How to use the Herbal Database

Disclaimer: The Herbal Database is a listing of natural, primarily plant, products and some of their properties, whether safe or toxic, real or imagined. This database was developed purely for informational purposes only, and does not in any way purport to be a medical or prescriptive guide. As such, the authors and publishers absolve themselves of all responsibility for any accidental or intended harmful effects or illegal activities resulting from the use or abuse of any of these products.

Each herb, spice, medicinal, or botanical is contained in six fields that describe some of its most notable properties. The entire set of data is available in both printed form for appearance, and as a computer database, for easy searches. Rather than being a comprehensive database of every natural product in the world, the project is designed to be informative, educational and interesting, thus products included represent those that are most commonly available, familiar, useful, or interesting. Part of this project involved deciding which products to include or not. For instance, some products were excluded because they were rare, endangered, extremely poisonous, merely nutritive, or primarily used in arts, crafts, or as charms.

Any suggestions, hints or additions on the database structure or products included or excluded are welcomed. Copies of this database are available as hard copy printouts, or on diskette (in the following IBM PC formats: Word for Windows 2.0, Windows Write, Word Perfect 5.0). For postpaid orders, send $10.00 for the printout or diskette (12.95 for both) to the author, George Wooten, Floradora Farms, PO Box 1099, Winthrop, WA 98862.

Field 1, common name. This field lists natural products alphabetically, by commonly used names. The products listed were chosen to be representative of commonly available, poisonous, special-interest, or important medicinal plants with a few products representing dyes, animal, insect, or mineral products. Common, generally English, names were used as key fields, rather than scientific names, because most interest in this project appeared to be lay, rather than scientific, however the index cross-references the products by other common names and Latin binomial.

Field 2, parts used. This field contains the part of the natural product normally used.

Field 3, scientific Latin binomial name, including commonly used synonyms (in parentheses when positively out-dated), and closely related species within the genus.

Field 4, plant family, in botanical Latin. The common names of the approximately 90 families represented are given in the glossary.

Field 5, properties and uses. This field summarizes some notable properties, derivatives and uses of the natural product, reputed or actual. Many historical uses are folkloric or based on use of the plant as a talisman, or because of its physical form (the doctrine of signatures, in Old English usage, believed that the shape of a plant was an indicator of the body part it was useful for). Qualities listed are the best fits of literature searches, as data may have been scant, lacking, or ambiguous. Documented unpleasant or dangerous side effects were included if known, however unknown long-term effects or individual

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allergic effects could not always be anticipated and noted. No medical recommendations or claims are made for any of these plants; as such the term agent is used preferentially to remedy or cure.

Field 6, chemical constituents. This field lists the names of some of the known chemical constituents. Constituents, when known, were those chemicals responsible for the listed effects, or the most potent chemicals, or those chemicals found in highest quantities in the natural product.

Glossary

The following short glossary lists some of the terms, conventions and abbreviations used here. This glossary is not meant to be comprehensive, only helpful.

abortifacient: an agent that can induce abortions. alkaloid: a nitrogenous, basic, and often medicinal, plant

compound. allergen: a compound that produces an allergic reaction. alterative: a compound that alters body metabolism. analeptic: a restorative. analgesic: an agent that relieves pain. anodyne: an agent that relieves pain through reducing

nerve excitability. anthelmintic: a preparation to rid the body of worms. anthraquinones: a ketonic tricyclic anthracenes with

laxative action. anti-: prefix for terms designating amelioration, relief, or

removal. antiacid: an agent to relieve excess stomach, blood or

bowel acidity. antiasthmatic: an agent to dilate bronchioles or break up

mucus. antibiotic: an agent to inhibit growth of, or destroy,

bacteria. anticarcinogen: an agent to counteract cancer. anticatarrhal: an agent to counteract mucus formation. antidepressant: an agent that counteracts mental

depression. anti-diarrheal: an agent to relieve diarrhea. antiemetic: an agent that relieves stomach sickness and

vomiting. antihyperlipidemic: an agent to reduce arterial

plaques. antilithic: an agent to removes stones; lithotryptic. antipsychotic: see tranquilizer. antipyretic: an agent to reduce fever; febrifuge. antisecretory: an agent that dries the body tissues. antiseptic: an agent for skin application to destroy

bacteria. antispasmodic: an agent to lessen muscle spasms;

spasmolytic. aperient: a gentle laxative. aphrodisiac: an agent to awaken sexual desires. astringent: an agent that coagulates protein. balsams: resinous mixtures containing cinnamates and

benzoates. beta-carbolines: tricyclic MAO inhibitors, hallucinogens.

bradycardia: a slowed heartbeat. C-5, C-10,...: used to denote number of carbon atoms. carcinogen: a substance that predisposes cancer

development. carminative: a substance to relieve the body of excess

gas. catalyst: a preparation that makes other remedies more

effective. cathartic: see purgative. cholagogue: an agent to promote flow of bile into small

intestine. CNS: abbreviation for central nervous system. depressant, CNS: a compound that reduces mental

function. coumarins: bicyclic, aromatic molecules that antagonize

vitamin K. CV: abbreviation for cardiovascular. decoction: a boiled extract, used for the preparation of

roots. decongestant: an agent to relieve nasal congestion. demulcent: a compound that protects abraded tissues. dextrins: partial hydrolysis products of starch. diaphoretic: a compound that increases perspiration;

sudorific. diuretic: an agent promoting urination. dyspepsia: an impairment in digestion. emetic: an agent to induce vomiting. emollient: an agent that smooths and protects the skin. emmenagogue: a preparation that hastens the onset of

menses. euphoriant: an agent to stimulate mental or physical

pleasure. expectorant: preparations used to break up phlegm in

lungs. fatty acids: hydrolysis products of fats. febrifuge: see antipyretic. flavonoids: a class of tricyclic molecules. galactogogue: an agent to increase the flow of milk. GI: abbreviation for gastro-intestinal. glyco-: a prefix indicating the attatchment of a sugar to a

molecule. glycosides: sugar esters. gums: water swellable carbohydrate derivatives.

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HCN: hydrogen cyanide, a respiratory poison. hemolytic: a compound capable of dissolving red blood

corpuscles. hemorragic: a compound that leads to internal bleeding. hemostatic: a compound that retards bleeding; styptic. hepatic: an agent used in maintenance of liver function. hypotensive: an agent to reduce blood pressure. infusion: a water extract; a tea. laxative: an aid to solid waste elimination. lithotriptic: see antilithic. MAO: monoamine oxidase, a major brain detoxification

enzyme. miotic: a compound that dilates the pupils. moxybustion: the smoke used in acupuncture. mucilage: tacky, water-insoluble sugar derivatives. mydriatic: an agent used to dilate the pupils. MW: abbreviation for molecular weight. nervine: an agent that relieves nervousness; mild

tranquilizer. oleoresins: natural mixtures of resins and volatile oils. oxytocic: an agent to promote uterine contractions during

childbirth. parasiticide: an external or internal agent to destroy

parasites. parasympathomimetic: an agent that excites the

parasympathetic nervous system, e.g., tobacco. pectins: partially methoxylated uronic acid sugars. pedicullicide: an agent to control lice. PMS: premenstrual syndrome. purgative: a strong laxative and emetic agent. refrigerant: an agent to cool the body down.

resins: water-insoluble mixtures of resins, their acids, and alcohols.

rubefacient: an agent that brings a blush to the cheeks and increases skin circulation.

saponins: glycosides with a soaplike water suspension. sedative: mild depressant; somnorific. sialogogue: an agent that promotes the flow of saliva. spasmolytic: see antispasmodic. sp.: abbreviation for species (singular). spp.: abbreviation for species (plural). sterols: molecules related to cholesterol and some

hormones. stimulant: an agent to increase body metabolism. stimulant, CNS: a compound that excites mental

function. stomachic: a preparation for the benefit of the stomach;

also a tonic. sudorific: see diaphoretic. tachycardia: a raised heart beat rate. tannins: bitter principles of plants containing plant

polyphenols. terpenes: hydrocarbon volatile oils, often with a strong

smell. tonic: an agent that restores normal tone to the body. tranquilizer: an agent that reduces phychotic behavior. vermifuge: see anthelmintic. vulnerary: an agent to increase the healing of wounds. waxes: esters of fatty acids with high molecular weight

alcohols. xanthines: CNS stimulants with a purine type structure,

e. g., caffeine.

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The Herbal Database

Common Name Parts Used

Latin Name(s)

Family

Properties & Uses

Chemical Constituents

Abelmosk

Acacia Agrimony

seeds

Hibiscus moschatus

Malvaceae

gum resin Acacia senegal, A. vera Leguminoseae

leaves

Agrimonia eupatoria

Rosaceae

Alfalfa Allspice

leaves, sprouts seeds

Medicago sativa Pimenta officinalis

Leguminosae Myrtaceae

Allspice, Carolina bark

Calycanthus floridus

Calycanthaceae

Aloe

leaves

Aloe barbadoensis, A. vera var. officinalis

Liliaceae

Anatto Angelica

seeds root

Bixa orellana

Bixaceae

Angelica archangelica, A. Umbelliferae

sinensis, A. spp.

Angostura

bark

Angostura febrifuga,

Rutaceae

Galipea officinalis

Anise

seeds

Pimpinella anisum

Umbelliferae

Arnica

petals

Arnica montana, A. spp. Compositeae

Arrowroot Arthritis Root

Asafoetida

root root

resin

Maranta arundinacea Harpagophytum procumbens Ferula assa-foetida

Marantaceae Pedaliaceae

Leguminoseae

Astragalus

Balm-of-Gilead Balsam-Apple Barberry

various parts

buds

fruit bark, fruits

Astragalus gummifer, A. glycphyullus, A. sinicus, A. spp. Populus candicans, P. balsamifera Momordica balsamina Berberis vulgaris

Leguminosae

Salicace Cucurbitaceae Berberidaceae

Basil, Sweet Bay Leaf Bayberry

Belladonna

leaves leaves bark

whole plant

Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum spp. Laurus nobilis Myrica cerifera, M. gale, M. pennsylvanica, M. californica, M. spp. Atropa belladonna

Labiateae Lauraceae Myricaceae

Solanaceae

Bergamot Betel Nuts

leaves seeds

Monarda didyma, M. citriodora, M. spp. Areca catechu

Labiateae Palmaceae

Betony Birch

leaves

Stachys officinalis

bark, sap Betula lenta

Labiateae Betulaceae

Birthroot Bloodroot

root sap, root

Trillium pendulum

Liliaceae

Sanguinaria canadensis Papaveraceae

nervine, perfume, aphrodisiac, demulcent gum, sweets, adhesives, demulcent dye, tonic, astringent, vulnerary, diuretic, stomachic, hepatic, antisecretory nutritive

gums, tannins protein

spice, carminative

fragrance, spice, cinnamon substitute, antispasmodic antiseptic, burn ointment, purgative, GI irritant, not for pregnant

tasteless yellow food dye spice, candies, expectorant, carminative, diaphoretic, mild stimulant, antibacterial bitter stomachic, appetite stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, drinks spice, carminative, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant vulnerary, external use only

culinary, sweetener, anti-diarrheal alterative, llithotriptic, stimulant

eugenol, cineole, caryophyllene

barbaloin O-pentosides, aloinosides, chrysophanic acid, cinnamic acids

angleic, fumaric, caffeic, chrorogenic acids, angelicol, angelicin quinolines: cusparine, cuspareine, galipine, galipodine, galipoline anethole

volatile oil, arnicin, arnisterol, anthoxanthine, tannin, resin starch

carminative, expectorant, candies

Chinese medicinal (A. sinica), gums, lotions (A. gummifer), some with selenium or alkaloid toxicity wound sealer, expectorant, antiseptic

ferulic, tannic esters, pinene, vanillin, gum, oil

propolis, sap

onamental, fragrance tonic, laxative, refrigerant, antiseptic, stomachic spice, mild stimulant

spice, carminative, astringent astringent, emetic, mild stimulant, sialagogue, hemostatic, dye, insecticide, candle wax fragrance antisecretory, mydriatic, antispasmodic, stimulant-depressant, hallucinogen, psychotic, delusinogen tea, fragrance, mild stimulant, carminative parasympathomimetic, stimulantdepressant, dye, narcotic, can cause cardiac strain appetite stimulant, cordial, tea counterirritant, antipyretic, analgesic, irritates ulcers, can cause salicylate poisoning vaginal antihemmorragic, mucous membrane irritant dye, demulcent, expectorant, smooth muscle stimulant, exacerbates glaucoma

berberine

ocimene (an open chain C-10 terpene) long-chain esters resin, tannin, gum, starch, palmitic, myristic, lauric acids

atropine, scopolamine

l-linalool acetic ester, dlimonene, carvacrol, cymene arecolines (compounds related to the tobacco alkaloids)

methyl salicylate

trilline, trillarin (a diglycoside resembling diosgenin) sanguinarine, chelidonine

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Boldo

leaves

Peumus boldus

Monimiaceae

Boneset

leaves

Eupatorium perfoliatum Compositeae

Borage Buchu Burdock

Burnet, Salad

leaves

leaves

roots, leaves, stems leaves

Burra Gokeroo seeds

Calamus

root

Calendula

flowers

California Poppy sap

Calumba

root

Borago officinalis

Barosma betulina, Agathosma spp. Arctium lappa

Boraginaceae Rutaceae Compositae

Sanguisorba officinalis Rosaceae (Poterium sanguisorba)

Pedalium murex

Pedaliaceae

Acorus calamus

Araceae

Calendula officinalis

Compositeae

Eschscholtzia californica Papaveraceae

Cocculus palmatus, Jateorrhiza palmata

Menispermaceae

Camphor

bark

Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae

Capers Caraway

seeds seeds

Capparis spinosa Carum carvi

Cardamon

seeds

Elettaria cardamomun

Carob Carrot

roasted

Ceratonis siliqua

seeds

whole plant Daucus carota

Cascara sagrada bark

Castor Bean

bean oil

Rhamnus purshiana Ricinus communis

Catnip

leaves

Nepeta cataria

Capparidaceae Umbelliferae

Zingiberaceae

Leguminoseae

Umbelliferae

Rhamnaceae Euphorbiaceae

Labiateae

Celery

Centaury

Chamomile, Roman Chamomile, German Chapparal

Cherry, Wild

Chervil Chia

Chickweed

Chicory Chives

seeds

Apium graveolens

Umbelliferae

whole herb

flowers flowers

Centaurium erythraea, C. umbellatum, C. spp., Erythraea centaurium Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) Matricaria chamomilla

Gentianaceae

Compositeae Compositeae

leaves bark

Larria mexicana, L. divaricata Prunus serotina

Zygophyllaceae Rosaceae

leaves

Anthriscus cerefolium

seeds,

Salvia hispanica, S.

sprouts

columbariae

above-

Stellaria media, S. spp.

ground

parts

roasted root Cichorium intybus

roots

Allium schoenoprasum

Umbelliferae Labiateae Caryophyllaceae

Compositeae Amaryllidaceae

fragrance, tea, carminative, formerly used in hepatic dysfunction, gastric stimulant antimalarial, diaphoretic, mucilage, emetic, depletes blood sugars, chronic toxicity potherb, diuretic, demulcent, emollient, may have chronic toxicity tea, fragrance, weak diuretic, urinary antiseptic, diaphoretic diaphoretic, diuretic, demulcent

volatile oil, boldine (an aporphine)

wax, tremetrol, resin, tannin

pyrrolizidines

diosphenol, volatile oils, flavonoids volatile oils, inulin, tannin, arctiin (a glycoside)

vulnerary, salad herb, tonic,

astringent, hemostatic, diaphoretic,

herb beer, cordials

GI antiseptic, ganglial stimulant, male

aphrodisiac, tonic, antispasmodic

anthelmintic, stimulant, carminative, asarone, eugenol, pinene,

mild hallucinogen, carcinogen

camphene, caryophyllene

vulnerary, astringent, diaphoretic,

carotenoids, calendulin, a

antispasmodic

saponin of calendin

sedative, smooth muscle stimulant, coptisine, sanguinarine

exacerbates glaucoma

bitter tonic, toxic?, smooth muscle C. indicus contains

stimulant, exacerbates glaucoma

picrotoxin, menispermine,

cocculine, quarternary

berberine-type alkaloids

incense, counter-irritant, anaesthetic, 2 - bornanone, a C-10

antiseptic, narcotic, abuse can cause terpene

liver and kidney damage

spice, seasoning

spice, carminative, anti-griping agent, carvone, limonene

pedullicide, mild CNS depressant

spice, carminative

cineole, terpineole, terpinyl

acetate

spice, condiment, sweetener

spice, diuretic, purgative for bladder, vitamin A, caryophyllene

antilithic

bitter tonic, strong laxative

anthraquinone glycosides

purgative, source of castor oil

triglycerides of fatty acids,

mostly ricinoleic and stearic

tea, feline sex stimulant,

nepetalactone, citral,

antispasmodic, nervine, mild CNS limonene, geraniol,

stimulant

citronellal, nerol

spice, digestive aid, antiseptic, CNS sedonic anhydrides, nitrates

agent, antispasmodic

aromatic, appetite stimulant, bitter erythro-centaurin (bitter

tonic, stomachic, blood-purifier

principle), eritaurin, valeric

acid

tea, mild stimulant, appetite stimulant, anthemides, tiglic esters

bitter tonic, emetic

tea, sedative, antipyretic, mild CNS azulenes, sesquiterpenes,

depressant

alpha-bisabolol

antiseptic, alterative, expectorant, NDGA (a powerful

diuretic, antibiotic, antioxidant

antioxidant)

aroma, tea, expectorant, cough syrup, cyanogenic glycosides,

stomachic

emulsin

spice, salad herb

anise-like terpenes

bulk former, nutritive

demulcent, refrigerant, poultice, nutritive

coffee additive spice, potherb

fructosans allyl disulfides

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Chrysanthemum, Edible Chufa Cilantro

leaves

rhizomes leaves

Chrysanthemum coronarium Cyperus esculentus Coriandrum sativum

Compositae

Cyperaceae Umbelliferae

Cinnamon

Citronella Citrus

bark

leaves peel

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Cymbopogon nardus Citrus aurantium, C. limon

Lauraceae

Gramineae Rutaceae

Clover, Red Cloves

Cocoa

tops

Trifolium pratense

dried flower Syzygium aromaticum,

buds

Caryophyllus aromaticus

woody fruit Theobroma cacao

Leguminoseae Myrtaceae

Sterculiaceae

Coffee

Cohosh, Black Cohosh, Blue

roasted beans

root

root

Cola Nuts

fruit

Coffea arabica

Rubiaceae

Cimifuga racemosa

Ranunculaceae

Caulophyllum thalictroides

Berberidaceae

Cola nitida, C. acuminata Sterculiaceae

Coltsfoot Comfrey Coriander Costmary Cramp Bark Cubeb

Cumin

leaves

Tussilago farfara

leaves

Symphytum officinale

seeds

Coriandrum sativum

whole herb Chrysanthemum

balsamita

bark

Viburnum opulus

dried unripe Piper cubeba fruit

seeds

Cuminum cyminum

Compositeae Boraginaceae Umbelliferae Compositae Caprifoliaceae Piperaceae

Umbelliferae

Damiana

leaves

Turnera aphrodisiaca, T. Turneraceae diffusa

Dandelion

whole plant Taraxacum officinale

Compositeae

Devil's Club Dill Dita

roots, bark, leaves seeds, flowers bark

Oplopanax horridus

Anethum graveolens

Alstonia scholaris (Echites scholaris)

Araliaceae Umbelliferae Apocynaceae

Dittany, Maryland Dittany of Crete Dragon's Blood Echinacea

leaves leaves tree resin rhizome

Cunila origanoides Origanum dictamnus Daemonorops draco Echinacea purpurea, E. angustifolia, E. spp.

Labiateae Umbelliferae Palmaceae Compositeae

oriental vegetable, potherb

flour substitute culinary herb, see Coriander for seed

spice, tea, fragrance, perfume

starch linalool, malic acid, tannin, mucilage cinnamaldehydes

insect repellant, perfume

citronellal

candies, nutritive, spice, carminative flavonoids, limonene, wax,

ketonic acids, aldehydes,

esters, alcohols

tea, vitamin, protein

proteins

spice, dental anaesthetic, antiseptic, eugenol

aphrosidisiac, stimulant, ~allergen

cocoa drinks, candies, emollient

fat, mucliage, theobromine (a

butter, demulcent, CNS stimulant, xanthine)

can produce nervousness,

sleeplessness

CNS stimulant, can cause

caffeine

nervousness, irritates ulcers &

mucous membranes

pesticide, bitter astringent, mild

ferulic, palmitic, oleic acids,

emetic, sedative

resin, tannin, cimifugin

oxytocic, antispasmodic,

leontin, caulophylline,

emmenagogue, diuretic, not for

saponins, resins

pregnant

analeptic, aphrodisiac, CNS

xanthines, gum, catechols

stimulant, diuretic, astringent, irritates

ulcers & mucous membranes, can

cause nervousness

demulcent, expectorant, emollient, tannin, saponins, resin,

smokable

pectin, caotchouc

poultices, internal demulcent, diuretic, pyrrolidizines, allantoin,

laxative, ~allergen

mucilage, tannin

spice, carminative, antipyretic, see linalool, malic acid, tannin,

Cilantro for leaf

mucilage

fragrance, teas, herb pillows, soups,

bitter stomachic, tonic, blood purifier

PMS antispasmodic, astringent,

nervine

spice, aphrodisiac, to heal mucous terpenes, sesquiterpenes,

membranes (as a counterirritant?) furanobenze, dipentene,

cadinene

spice, liniment

para-substituted

isopropylbenzenes,

cuminaldehyde

tea, smokable, aphrodisiac,

volatile oil

euphoriant, antipyretic, tonic,

purgative, GI irritant

hepatic tonic, diuretic, stomachic,

taraxerol, choline, levulin,

antilithic, astringent, cholagogue

inulin, pectin

stomachic, antispasmodic, vulnerary,

toothache agent, tonic, charm

spice, carminative, stomachic,

dillapiole

nervine

tonic, astringent, anthelmintic,

chlorogenine, echitamine,

antimalarial, hallucinogen

echitenine, alsonine,

porphyrine

spice, herb, tea

spice, antiseptic, preservative

carvacrol, thymol

charm, dye, tannin source

sap

alterative, contact parisiticide,

inulin, sucrose, 2-

antiseptic, sialogogue, analgesic,

methlytetradecadienes,

immune system stimulant

echinacein, caffeic glycoside

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Elderberry

flowers, Sambucus nigra, S.

Caprifoliaceae

fruits, bark canadensis, S. cerulea

Elecampane

root

Epazote

leaves

Eucalyptus

leaves,

pods

Evening Primrose leaves

Eyebright False Unicorn

leaves root

Fennel

seeds

Inula helenium

Compositeae

Chenopodium ambrosioides Eucalyptus globulus

Chenopodiaceae Myrtaceae

Oenothera biennis, O. spp. Euphrasia officinalis Helonias dioica (Chamaelirium luteum), H. luteum Foeniculum vulgare

Onagraceae Scrophulariaceae Liliaceae

Umbelliferae

Fenugreek

leaves

Trigonella foenumgraecum

Leguminoseae

Feverfew

Flax Fleeceflower Frankincense Galangal

Ganja

whole plant

seeds root

Pyrethrum parthenium, Chrysanthemum parthenium Linum usitatissimum, L. spp. Polygonum multiflorum

Asteraceae

Linaceae Polygonaceae

gum resin Boswellia carteri

Burseraceae

rhizome

flowering tops

Alpinia galanga, A. officinarum, Kaempferia galanga

Cannabis sativa

Zingiberaceae Cannabinaceae

Garlic

bulbs

Allium sativum

Amaryllidaceae

Gentian

root

Gentiana lutea

Gentianaceae

Geranium, Scented Gill-Over-TheGround Ginger

Ginger, Wild

Ginkgo

Ginseng

leaves

leaves

root

rhizomes

leaves, seeds root

Pelargonium odoratissimum Glechoma hederacea

Zingiber officinale

Asarum canadense, A. caudatum Ginkgo biloba

Panax ginseng

Geraniaceae Labiateae Zingiberaceae Aristolochiaceae Ginkgoaceae Araliaceae

Goldenrod, Sweet leaves

Goldenseal

root

Solidago odora Hydrastis canadensis

Compositae Ranunculaceae

Goldthread

root, plant Coptis trifolia, C. groenlandica, C. spp.

Ranunculaceae

aperient, diuretic, dye, diaphoretic, cyanogenic glycoside,

cough syrup, PMS antispasmodic, sambuline, viburnic acid,

sedative, HCN toxicity, esp. in bark of tyrosine, tannic acid

N. Am. spp.

tonic, charm, expectorant, diuretic, inulin, alantol, helenin, alantic

astringent

acid, resin

seasoning, anthelmintic, toxic in

quantity

spice, astringent, anti-diarrheal,

volatile oil, resins, tannin,

expectorant

eucalyptic acid, rutin

astringent, sedative, anti-aging agent, gamma-linoleic acid (GLA,a

PMS treatment, potherb

prostaglandin precursor)

alterative, astringent for eye strain tannin, bitter principle

formerly used for conception, sexual

tonic, emetic, sialogogue, parisiticide,

~toxic to livestock

spice, digestive aid, carminative,

anethole

expectorant, mild stimulant, cold

treatment

spice, bulk laxative, horse's cure-all, protein, choline, phosphates,

demulcent, aphrodisiac, astringent, trigonelline, volatile oil

emollient, tonic, expectorant,

galactagogue, GI irritant

tonic, emmenagogue, anthelmintic, pyrethrins, insecticidal

mild stimulant, emetic, can cause

compounds

headache & CNS disturbances

demulcent, emmollient, bulk former, mucilage, wax, tannin, gum,

mucilage, laxative

cyanogenic glycosides

general and reproductive female

oxalates

tonic, diuretic

perfume, incense

volatile oil, resins, gum,

bassorin

respiratory stimulant, toothache

flavonoids

agent, demulcent, antibacterial,

hallucinogen

appetite stimulant, antiemetic,

tetrahydrocannibinol (THC),

euphoriant, mild hallucinogen, can an oxygenated terpene

cause tachycardia, lowers blood

derivative

pressure

spice, bacteriostat, alterative,

allyl disulfides

antibiotic, expectorant,

antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic,

used for heart benefits, GI irritant

bitter tonic, stomachic, appetite mild water-soluble phenolic

stimulant, digestive aid

glycosides, gentiopicrin,

gentiamarin, gentiin

mouthwash, ointment

geraniol esters, citronellol,

linalool

mild stimulant, tonic, beer flavoring

spice, carminative, diaphoretic, mild stimulant, GI irritant mild stimulant, stomachic

citral, zingerone, sesquiterpenes, bisabolene methyl eugenol

roasted seeds as a culinary, leaves as a memory enhancer tea, mental stimulant, alterative, stomachic, tonic, can lower blood sugar teas astringent, hemostatic, douche, antibiotic, emmenagogue, antiseptic, smooth muscle stimulant, dyspeptic, hypotensive bitter tonic, oral hemostatic

gingenosides, sapogenins, ginsenin, mucilage, resin

anise-like volatile oil hydrastine, berberine-type alkaloids

berberine, coptine

8

Gotu-Kola

Grains of Paradise Gravel Root Guarana

Hawthorn

Henna Hibiscus Hops

aboveground parts seeds

root

leaves

Hydrocotyle asiatica var. Umbelliferae minor, (Centella asiatica)

Aframomum melegueta Zingiberaceae

Eupatorium purpureum Compositeae

Paulinia cupana

Sapindaceae

fruit

leaves

stems, flowers leaves

Crataegus monogyna, C. Rosaceae spp.

Lawsonia inermis, L. alba, L. spinosa Hibiscus spp.

Lythraceae Malvaceae

Humulus lupulus

Cannabinaceae

Horehound

Horse Mint Horseradish

Horsetail

Hyssop Indigo, Wild Iris Irish Moss Jalap Jasmine Jujube Juniper

leaves

Marrubium vulgare

Labiateae

whole plant Collinsonia canadensis Labiateae

roots foliage

Armoracia lapathifolia, A. rusticana, Rorippa armoracia, Cochleria amoracia

Equisetum arvense, E. spp.

Brassicaceae Equisetaceae

leaves

Hyssopus officinalis

Labiateae

root, leaves Baptisia tinctoria

Leguminoaeae

root

Iris X florentina

Iridaceae

whole plant

root flowers fruit

fruits

Chondrus crispus (various seaweeds) Ipomoea purga Jasminum officinale Zizyphus jujuba, Ziziphus jujuba Juniperus communis

Gigartinaceae (seaweed) Convolvulaceae Oleaceae Rhamnaceae

Pinaceae

Kava-kava

root

Piper methysticum

Piperaceae

Kelp Khat Khus-Khus Kinnikinnick

whole plant

fresh leaves roots

Laminaria spp., Fucus spp., Sargassum spp., Macrosytica spp., etc. Catha edulis

Vetiveria zizanioides, Andropogon muricatus

Seaweed

Celastraceae Gramineae

leaves

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Ericaceae

Kuthmithi Labrador Tea

whole plant Wiltharia somnifera

leaves

Ledum palustre, L. groenlandicum, L. glandulosum

Solanaceae Ericaceae

memory stimulant, nervine, psychic energizer, alterative, antipyretic, tonic, diuretic

spice, cordial

bitter, strong antilithic, diuretic, astringent mild CNS stimulant, can cause nervousness, irritates ulcers, mucous membranes cardiac tonic, diuretic, astringent, antispasmodic, sedative

hair dye, externally for impotence, fungicide, ~allergen tea, mild stimulant, fiber mats, rope

xanthines

triterpene acids, flavonoids, choline, acetylcholine, ascorbic acid lawsone

flavonoids

tea, used in brewing beer, antiseptic, stomachic, diuretic, nervine, carminative, anodyne, cholagogue, sedative, smokable

expectorant, carminative, mild stimulant, charm, diaphoretic, tonic, candy

gentle tonic, mild stimulant, diuretic, anti-diarrheal

spice, herb, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic, expectorant

humulene (a sesquiterpene), lupulon

tannin, marrubin (a bitter hydroxy diterpene lactone)

resin, saponin, tannin, mucilage myrosin, sinigrin, choline esters of allylisothiocyanates, N-sulfates

astringent, abrasive, diuretic, mineral silica, nicotine, aconitic acid,

source, can cause muscle weakness, equisitine

abnormal pulse, hypertension

pungent spice, poultice, expectorant, pinene, sesquiterpenes

mild stimulant, diaphoretic

purgative, emetic, vulnerary, can

glucosides: baptisin,

cause heart arrythmias

baptitoxine (cytisine), alkaloid

purgative, floral fixative, ~toxic,

iridin, oleoresin, tannin, gum,

~allergen

camphoraceous substance

demulcent, nutrient, diet aid, bulk

polysaccharides

former, emollient

drastic purgative

resin, gum, sugar

tea, incense, florals

jasmone

flavoring for candies

urinary and general antiseptic,

terpinenol, alpha-pinene,

flavoring for gin, diuretic, overdose camphene, cadinene

can cause kidney and personality

disorders, convulsions, catharsis

stimulant tea, or narcotic when

methysticin, yangonin,

thoroughly chewed, causes skin

dihydrokawain

lesions amongst the habituated

nutritive, mineral source, demulcent, iodine, bromine, alginic acid

bulk laxative, can cause water

retention

CNS & spinal stimulant, can cause choline, cathine, cathinone,

tachycardia & nervousness

d-norpseudoephedrine

perfume fixative, insect repellant

vetiverone, a C-15 terpene,

vetivenoids, palmitic, benzoic

acids

smokable, diuretic, antiseptic, GI

arbutin (hydrolyses to

astringent, mild CNS depressant

hydroquinolone), flavonoids,

gallic, malic acids

sedative, tranquilizer, tonic

somniferine, possibly other

toxic alkaloids

bitter astringent, vulnerary, can cause ledol

cause kidney disorders

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