GOAL 1 - THE NEW NATION (1789-1820)



GOAL 1 - THE NEW NATION (1789-1820)1.01 - Major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period.? What was the impact of the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Era?? How did the U.S. government emerge out of competing processes of conflict and compromise?? How did the Federalist Period contribute to the long-standing debate in America about the role of government and the distribution of power?? How is the U.S. Constitution a document subject to change and interpretation?HamiltonSecretary of Treasury under President George WashingtonA Federalist who supported a strong national government. Had a loose interpretation of the constitution, meaning that the federal government should be able to interpret the constitution, which gave the federal government more power. Made an Economic Plan to make the United States stronger, which included a national bank. Supported by businesses and the wealthy, primarily in the northeast. Supported the British. JeffersonSecretary of State under President George WashingtonA Democratic-Republican who supported strong state governments. Had a strict interpretation of the constitution, meaning he believed that only what was written in the constitution should be allowed. This limited the power of the federal government and gave the states more power. Argued that Hamilton’s Economic Plan was unconstitutional. Supported by farmers and the “common man,” primarily in the south.Election of 1800 - Jefferson and Burr get the same number of votes – Jefferson wins.Made the Louisiana Purchase, nearly doubling the size of the United States. Supported the FrenchJudicial SystemJudiciary Act of 1789 - started the Judicial branch of the US government. Created the Supreme CourtState courts could appeal to federal courts when constitutional issues were involved. Judiciary Act of 1801 On John Adams’ last day as president, he pushed through the “midnight judges” – last minute appointments to the Supreme Court. Some of the appointments were not delivered and Jefferson (the new president) said they were not valid. The Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, led by Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the court could abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional – this established judicial review. John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835) who strengthened the Federal government. Federal Power v. State PowerFederal PowerWhiskey Rebellion – a tax was put on the manufacturing of whiskey. Farmers refused to pay and the federal government sent in troops to enforce the lawAlien & Sedition Acts – limited the rights of freedom of speech and immigration. Marbury v. Madison (Chief Justice John Marshall)States RightsVirginia & Kentucky Resolutions – a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts which said that states could ignore any act of congress they considered unconstitutional. 1.02 - Political freedoms available to the following groups prior to 1820: women, wage earners, landless farmers, American Indians, African Americans? How did the distribution of political and economic power reflect the social structure and geographic diversity of the Federalist Era?? How effective were the political, social, and economic institutions of the emerging republic in creating a democratic foundation for the United States?? How can individual rights and the government’s view of the “common good” create conflict or stability?WomenCould not own property or vote and they had very few roles/jobs outside the home. Formed clubs (reading groups, church organizations, temperance groups, antislavery groups, social welfare.)Abigail Adams (wife of President John Adams) was a women’s advocate who once wrote her husband asking him to “remember the ladies…”SlavesSlavery was a regional institution - There was emancipation in the north, but opportunities were limited for African AmericansThe invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney increased the need for slaves in the south. 1808 – Slave trade was outlawed. Thomas Jefferson believed slavery was a “necessary evil” – he thought it was morally wrong, but economically necessary for the south. Native AmericansThe general policy of the United States was to forcibly remove them from their lands and push them west. Tecumseh – a Native American who united many tribes in their efforts to stay strong. He sides with Britain in the War of 1812. Westward expansion hurt the Native Americans. 1.03 - Commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations.? How did the U.S. confront internal and international conflicts during this era?? How does a nation’s involvement in international conflicts affect its identity?? Should a nation form trade agreements with nations it disagrees with politically?George WashingtonIt was decided unanimously that George Washington would be the first president of the United States.Proclamation of Neutrality – stay out of European affairsWashington’s Farewell Address – He warned against forming permanent alliances and political parties. Foreign PolicyProclamation of Neutrality (1793) – President Washington stated that the United States would not intervene in the warfare that went on in EuropeJay’s Treaty (1795) - Chief Justice John Jay negotiated a treaty with Britain having them leave their forts in the Northwest Territory. It also encouraged trade. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) – Spain gave up rights to their land east of the Mississippi River (Opens up the river for trade), and set the northern border of Florida. This gave the US the right of deposit in New Orleans – they could use the port of New Orleans.XYZ Affair (1797) – French officials demanded a $250,000 bribe to speak with French Foreign Minister Talleyrand. This created anti-French feelings in the United States. Louisiana Purchase (1803) – Jefferson paid $15 million for a huge area of land west of the Mississippi River (despite his strict constructionist beliefs.)Embargo Act (1807) – Because of the impressment of sailors the US decided to stop trading with Europe. This ended up hurting the American economy and was eventually lifted. Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) – Spain ceded Florida to the United States. War of 1812CausesImpressment – British and French were taking US sailors and forcing them into foreign military service after taking the boats and cargo. War Hawks - Democratic-Republicans from the West and the South who pushed for war with Britain. Native American Relations with the BritishTreaty of Ghent (1814) – War ended with an armistice and everything went back to status quo – issues like impressment and shipping rights still remained. While no one “won” the war, it showed that the US had substantial power. Battle of New Orleans (1815) – Andrew Jackson was made a hero with his victory over the British; however, the battle was unnecessarily fought, as the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed. This led to increased feelings of nationalism. GOAL 2 - EXPANSION AND REFORM (1801-1850)2.01 - Effects of territorial expansion and the admission of new states to the Union? What tactics can citizens use to influence government?? How can expansion lead to conflict and change?? What affect did territorial expansion have on the development of the new nation?Causes of American Expansion in the 1830s and 1840sEconomic Factors – exhaustion of good soil and the Panic of 1837(economy went down) pushed people West. Manifest destiny – the belief that God’s destiny for the United States was to rule from coast to coast. 49ers – the gold rush in 1849 brought thousands of people searching for fortuneNative American Policy The Indian Removal Act (1830) – forcible removal of native AmericansWorcester v. Georgia (1832) – John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee nation was not subject to the laws of the state. Jackson refused to enforce the ruling stating that “John Marshall had made his decision, now let him enforce it”Trail of Tears – Cherokees and other Native American tribes from the southeast were forced to march 1200 miles to Oklahoma territory. Expansion of United States TerritoryLewis and Clark – sent to explore the Louisiana TerritoryTexas Annexation Texans declared independence from Mexico (1821)The Alamo (1836) – Texans were greatly defeated by the MexicansTexas was admitted to the United States in 1845Mexican-American War was fought over border disputes between Mexico and the U.S. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo – California and New Mexico added to the US, Mexican border set at Rio Grande, US pays Mexico $15 millionWilmot-Proviso – wanted to restrict slavery in the new territories, but southerners felt this was an attack on their lifestyleOregon Territory – “54 40 or fight!” – the war cry for those wanting war with England of Oregon’s border. A treaty set the border at the 49th parallel in 1846. Gadsden Purchase (1853) –for $10 million to complete the southern transcontinental railroad. Completed the shape of the United States.Slavery & The Effects of Territorial ExpansionMissouri Compromise –Drafted by Henry Clay, this admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, the rest of the new territory would be split by the 36’ 30 line, north=free, south=slave. Nationalism – pride in one’s nation – including wanting to make it larger/more expansiveSectionalism - pride in one’s region – fighting for your lifestyle (south=slavery)regional differences: slavery/economy/population2.02 - Describe how the growth of nationalism and sectionalism were reflected in art, literature, and language.? How did the art, literature, and language of 1801-1850 reflect a collective sense of nationalism and sectionalism?? How did the U.S. develop and express its unique style through the arts during the early 1800s?? Are art and literature effective formats for communicating political and social discontent?Expressions of NationalismPainting – Hudson River School artists painted American landscapes. AuthorsNoah Webster – created the 1st American dictionaryJames Fennimore Cooper – author of Last of the MohicansNathaniel Hawthorne – author of The Scarlet LetterWashington Irving – author of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van WinkleEdgar Allen Poe – wrote poetry, horror stories, The RavenTranscendentalism – writers, philosophers, poets, etc. who believed in the expression of personal feelings and individualism Ralph Waldo Emerson – poet, preacher, essay writer Henry David Thoreau – wrote Walden about simple life, and Civil Disobedience2.03 - Economic and social issues that led to sectionalism and nationalism.? How were nationalism and sectionalism reflected in economic and social issues of the era?? How do economic and social conditions and issues contribute to the differences in sectionalism and nationalism?? How do economic and social conditions effect innovation and change?Industrial RevolutionReorganizing of society & economy. Machines replace hand tools which decreases the cost for many items. Unskilled laborers replace artisans, and more factories mean more jobs in cities. Interchangeable Parts – invented by Eli Whitney, this increased the production of goods in factory systems. Inventions/InventorsCotton gin – invented by Eli Whitney increased the need for slaves in the Plantation System. Sewing Machine – invented by Elias Howe, made production of goods faster and cheaper. Steel plow – invented by John Deere, increased farm efficiency. Telegraph – invented by Samuel Morse, improved communications (faster and father) Steamboat – invented by Robert Fulton, reduced travel time; agriculture and industrial expansion2.04 - Political events, issues, and personalities that contributed to sectionalism and nationalism.? In what ways were nationalism and sectionalism reflected in the politics and issues of the time period?? How was the issue of slavery affected by territorial expansion?? How did the politics of industrialization lead to conflict and change?? To what extent were the leadership and personalities of the early 1800s responsible for the changes that occurred?Era of Good FeelingsPeriod following the War of 1812 in which people were pleased with the way that the country was developing. There were not many Federalists during this time, all Democratic-Republicans. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Showed the power of the federal government, saying that states could not tax the national bank. Monroe Doctrine (1823) - The US would oppose any nation which tried to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – showed power of the federal government in interstate commerce (steamboats)Election of 1824 – Jackson received more electoral and popular votes than Adams and Clay, but not a majority. The house chose Adams to be president because of Clay’s support. Adams and Clay agreed on Clay’s American System American System – Clay’s plan to seal the rift between regions of the United States by making the regions work together and rely less on foreign trade. It included the Tariff of 1816, the 2nd Bank of the United States, and Internal Improvements such as the Erie Canal)Jackson’s followers accuse Clay and Adams of a “corrupt bargain” when Clay was named Secretary of State under Adams. This split the Democratic-Republicans. Jacksonian Democracy (1829-1837)Jackson’s election signaled the rise of the common man – elected by farmers and eastern workers.Native American Policy included the Indian Removal Act and disagreement over Worcester v. GeorgiaSouth Carolina Nullification Crisis (1832)South Carolina opposed the Tariff of Abominations. SC threatened to secede from the union. Jackson was reelected in 1832 and he began a war over the US Bank. Jackson opposed the US Bank because it was seen as a tool for the rich and oppressed the poor. Jackson removed government money from the bank and put it in smaller pet banks. Money circulation increased, inflation rose, states borrowed money for internal improvementsPanic of 1837 resulted when people went to trade in paper money for specie circular – bankers called in loans, gold supplies depleted, banks couldn’t make payments bank failures were forced. Whig Party (est. 1834) - a reaction to the authoritarian policies of Andrew Jackson. “King Andrew,” had enraged his political opponents with his actions regarding the Bank of the United States, Native Americans, the Supreme Court and his use of presidential war powers. 2.05- Major reform movements and evaluate their effectiveness.? What characteristics define a perfect society?? How is change influenced by the actions of citizens?? To what extent was the debate over slavery essential to the reform movements?Abolition – Movement to abolish slavery. Prison Reform/Rehabilitation Dorothea Dix investigated and reported treatment of the insane which led to the creation of humane institutions. Prisons were reformed to help with the rehabilitation of criminals EducationHorace Mann - an educator who greatly advanced the cause of universal, free public schools. Mann also advocated for other reform movements but his preferred cause was education. His theory was while "other reforms are remedial; education is preventative."Temperance Movement – fought to make alcohol illegal. Women’s Rights Women were considered inferior to men; they were not allowed to vote, obtain higher education, or control their own property. The women’s rights movement sought to change that. Seneca Falls Convention – 1st major convention addressing women’s rights, in Seneca Falls, NY. Leaders of the women’s rights movement included: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. AnthonyReligious Revival2nd Great Awakening – a religious revival among Protestants in the 1830s. It had its biggest impact among women. Many people involved in the religious revival were also involved in abolition. Mormons – were founded by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have translated the book of Mormon sent by the Angel Moroni. They were forced to flee west because of their radical beliefs. Brigham Young – became the leader of one sect of the Mormon church after the death of Joseph Smith. Utopian CommunitiesBrook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida. Housed many Transcendentalists and others with “enlightened thought” emphasizing individualism and the mysteries of nature. Tried to form islands of perfection within the US. 2.06 - Role of religion in the debate over slavery and other social movements? How did both sides of the abolitionist movement use religion to support their viewpoint?? How did differing religious beliefs contribute to an increase in the sectional divisiveness of the country?? In what ways did religious influence impact the effectiveness of social movements in the first part of the 19th century?Slavery’s Economic BaseThe cotton gin increased the need for slaves and allowed cotton to become the dominant southern crop. Both the North and the South profited from the cotton industry80% of the worlds cotton came from the southSlavery’s Social BaseA small number of whites owned slaves, but they held most political and social power in the SouthThe gap between the rich and the poor widened – social pyramid placed the 4 million slaves at the very bottom, beneath all whites. The legal importation of slaves ended in 1808, but slaves were still bought or sold at auctions. Abolition – Movement to abolish slavery. Abolitionists Responses to SlaveryWilliam Lloyd Garrison – a militant who argued that there should be no compromise on the issue of slavery, there should be immediate emancipation (freeing of all slaves). He published the newspaper The Liberator which attacked slavery and the governments handling of it. Grimké Sisters – southern sisters who toured New England lecturing against slavery. Frederick Douglass – an escaped slave who became a powerful abolitionist giving influential speeches. Harriet Tubman – a former slave who helped lead the Underground Railroad, a series of secret passages and safe-houses by which slaves traveled to escape north towards Canada. Southern Defenses of SlaverySlavery was ordained by God and permitted in the bibleSlavery was essential to the southern economy – a “necessary evil”It was preferable to the “wage slavery” of the NorthIt was beneficial to the blacks that had traded the barbarism of Africa for the blessings of Christianity in America. GOAL 3 – CRISIS, CIVIL WAR, & RECONSTRUCTION (1848-1877)3.01 - Economic, social, and political events from the Mexican War to the outbreak of the Civil War.? How did the issues of sectionalism lead to the Civil War?? How did political, economic, and social differences develop into the sectionalism that split the North and the South?? To what extent did differing opinions on slavery as well as the institution’s expansion become a deciding factor in instituting a Civil War?Political PartiesKnow-Nothings – an early nativist group opposed to the immigration of Irish and Germans into America. Whenever a member was asked about the group, he would say, "I know nothing." They accepted into their group only native-born Protestants. Free Soil Party – a short-lived political party which opposed the extension of slavery into the territories and supported national internal improvement programsIssue of SlaveryAbolitionist movement – Movement aimed at eliminating slaverySlave codes - laws each state had defining the status of slaves and the rights of mastersUnderground Railroad - a network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada. Harriet Tubman – a runaway slave from Maryland who helped lead other escaped slaves to freedom through the Underground Railroad. Compromise of 1850 – A series of laws to settle the major disagreements between the free states and slave states. It’s most controversial piece was the Fugitive Slave Act which said that any escaped slave found in the north must be returned to his/her owner. Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom’s Cabin) – the “little lady who started this big war” – Uncle Tom’s Cabin unveiled the evils of slavery and caused much tension between the North and the SouthKansas-Nebraska Act – the states of Kansas and Nebraska would each be allowed to vote on the issue of slavery (popular sovereignty)Bleeding Kansas – after the Kansas-Nebraska Act established the idea of popular sovereignty, three political groups occupied Kansas: pro-slavers, free-states and abolitionists. Violence broke out immediately between these opposing groups and continued until 1861 Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) – Supreme Court case that said slaves were property, not people, and therefore could go into a free state and still be a slave. This made the Missouri compromise unconstitutional. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) – Lincoln believed that slavery was immoral, but a necessary evil. Douglas believed in the idea of popular sovereignty, that people of a territory should have the right to vote on the issue of slavery. Freeport Doctrine -, advanced by Stephen Douglas, it said that local authorities had the right to enforce federal jurisdiction as it saw fit.John Brown and Harpers Ferry (1859) – John Brown and his group of men attempted to raid an arsenal in hopes of supplying slaves with weapons to begin a revolt. It ended with 8 men dead and the debate over slavery continued. 3.02 - Causes of the Civil War.? How did the issues of sectionalism lead to the Civil War?? To what extent was slavery the primary cause of the Civil War?? What did a federal union of states mean politically and socially before and after the Civil War?Sectionalism - distinct identities based on ethnicity, color, customs, laws, economics, or culture – we see this especially between the North and the South prior to the Civil WarElection of 1860 – Abraham Lincoln was elected president, despite the fact that he was not even on the ballot in the south. This was the final straw for the South, who decided to secede from the union. SC seceded first. Four border states remained between the north and south.The United States became split in two. The Union or states that stayed loyal to the United States were primarily northern states without slavery. The Confederacy was made up of the states which seceded from the United States. The first shots of the Civil War were fired by Confederate troops at Fort Sumter, S.C. Jefferson Davis became the president of the Confederacy. 3.03 - Political and military turning points of the Civil War and assess their significance to the outcome of the conflict.? Why are the Battle of Gettysburg and the Siege of Vicksburg considered the military turning points of the Civil War?? How did the political actions of President Lincoln affect the outcome of the war?? Was it inevitable that the North would win the war?Strengths and weaknesses of the Union (North)Strategies – Anaconda Plan – Preserve the UnionMajor political and military leaders – Abraham Lincoln, George McClellan, Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman. Military readiness – under prepared, soldiers needing training, poor leadershipEconomy and industrialization – 22 million people, 23 states ,85% of the nations factories, 90% skilled workers, enough money for war, tariffs on imports, , trains, railroads, 10+ major citiesStrengths and weaknesses of the Confederacy (South)Strategies – to outlast the north, defend their home soil, and preserve their way of life (agriculture=slavery)Major political and military leaders – Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis (President), Stonewall JacksonMilitary readiness – stronger military leaders and soldiers who were accustomed to the outdoor life, guns, terrain, etc. Economy and industrialization – 9 million people, 11 states, farming & agriculture, not enough money for war, no loans or direct taxes, no duties or taxes on imports (North was blocking their ports), only 1 major cityLeaders of the Civil WarUlysses S. Grant – General in the Union ArmyGeorge McClellan – General in the Union Army who ran against President Lincoln in the Election of 1864 (McClellan lost) Robert E. Lee – head of the Confederate ArmyThomas “Stonewall” Jackson - Confederate War GeneralThe Civil WarCopperheads –citizens in the north who opposed the Civil War and advocated peace. Anaconda Plan – the Union’s plan for victory in the Civil War, which included blockading the Confederacy’s main ports. First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas (July 1861) – The first major battle of the Civil war – a victory for the Confederacy. Antietam (September 1862) – The bloodiest single day in American history, 26,000 people died. Emancipation Proclamation (January 1863) – Lincoln ordered all slaves behind Confederate lines be freed. This order was merely symbolic as it freed very few slaves, but gave a moral cause to the war. Vicksburg (April-July 1863) – Grant attacked one of the two confederate holdouts on the Mississippi River. The South surrendered to Grant and it became the turning point in the West. Gettysburg (July 1863) – considered to be the turning point of the Civil War. The Union won this 3 day battle and the south would never invade the north again. Gettysburg Address (November 1863) – a speech given by Lincoln at the dedication of a cemetery at Gettysburg. Lincoln reminded the nation what they were fighting for, “a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.”Sherman’s March (1864)– Sherman’s army marched from Atlanta, north to the sea, with a theory of “total war” destroying everything in its 10-mile-wide path. In 1864 Lincoln suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus – the right to know why you are being jailed. It caused more than 13,000 confederate sympathizers to be jailed without a trial. Appomattox Courthouse – Where the Confederates surrendered to the Union at the end of the Civil War in 1865On April 14th, 1965, five days after the Confederacy surrendered, John Wilkes Booth shot and killed President Lincoln at Ford’s Theater in Washington, DC. 3.04 - Political, economic, and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why Reconstruction came to an end.? How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict and change?? How have changes during Reconstruction made a lasting impact on America?? To what extent did the Civil War and Reconstruction positively impact the lives of former slaves, women, and landless tenants in the US?? To what extent did the federal government wield its power over the states during and after the Civil War?Reconstruction PlansCongressional ReconstructionLed by Thaddeus Stevens and the Radical Republicans - a group of republicans who wanted strict rules for allowing the southern states entry back into the union. They wanted to abolish slavery, give all men the right to vote, ratify the 14th amendment, ban those who supported the confederacy from voting, put the south under military rule, and require new state constitutions. Scalawags – mostly southern whites who supported Radical ReconstructionCarpetbaggers – Northern Republicans who came to the south to make money, and aid in Reconstruction. Presidential ReconstructionLed by President Andrew Johnson, this plan was more lenient on the south. He wanted to abolish slavery, pardon southerners who swore allegiance to the Union, hold a constitutional convention, allow states to hold elections to rejoin the union, and repay the confederate debt. Johnson’s ImpeachmentJohnson was impeached when he violated the Tenure of Office Act which said that the president could not fire any officeholder that had received Senate confirmation until the Senate had approved a successor. During ReconstructionFreedman’s Bureau – set up to help former slavesSharecroppers – Farmers who paid landowners with a share of their crop. Tenant farmers – rent was paid to a landowner for the use of their land, the tenant farmer would then keep and/or sell good produced (more freedom than sharecroppers.)End of ReconstructionThe Hayes-Tilden Compromise of 1877 ended reconstruction after the much-debated Election of 1876 ended by putting Republican Hayes into office as President in return for removing all troops from the south, ending military rule, and thus ending the period of Reconstruction. Black Codes - a way to inhibit the freedom of ex-slaves. The codes controlled almost all aspects of life and prohibited African Americans from the freedom that had been won during Reconstruction.Jim Crow Laws – laws legally segregating African AmericansGrandfather Clause – put voting restrictions on those who had not voted before (said that you could only vote if you grandfather had been allowed to vote. Ku Klux Klan – formed in 1866, the purpose was to “defend the social and political superiority” of whites against what they called the “aggressions of an inferior race.” They used fear and violence to achieve their goals. Congress passed a series of anti-kkk laws, but was unable to enforce them. 3.05 - Degree to which the Civil War and Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the national government.? Which changes of the Civil War and Reconstruction era were short-lived and which have had a lasting impact?? To what extent did the Civil War and Reconstruction establish the supremacy of the national government?? To what extent have the issues surrounding the Civil War yet to be resolved?10th Amendment - The governmental powers not listed in the Constitution for the national government are powers that the states, or the people of those states, can have.13th amendment – outlawed/abolished slavery in the United States. 14th amendment – stated that all citizens have certain rights, and defined citizenship. 15th amendment – stated that no one could be denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Civil Rights Act of 1866 - The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition. As citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal propertyGOAL 4 – THE GREAT WEST AND THE RISE OF THE DEBTOR (1860-1896)4.01 - Compare and contrast the different groups of people who migrated to the West and describe the problems they experienced.? Who migrated West and what problems did they experience?? How did the experiences of the settlers impact their successes or failures?? Why did different groups of people have such varied experiences as they migrated?Comstock Lode/Gold Rush – People rushed west starting in 1849 (the 49ers) in hopes of becoming rich off of gold and other ores. The Comstock Lode, a huge silver-mining area in Nevada, yielded about $300 million in silver and gold ore, starting in 1859. Homestead Act – created in 1862, it was signed into effect by President Lincoln, selling land in the west to people for little money. Settlers had to live on their land for 5 years, build a house, and farm on the land at least 6 months out of the year. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) – gave millions of acres of land to states. They were to sell this land and use the money to create colleges. (land-grant colleges)Oklahoma Land Rush - in 1889, The Oklahoma Land Rush opened the Oklahoma Territory to occupation by white settlers, displacing the natives. The nickname “Sooners” came from the land rush, as everyone tried to get there sooner than everyone else. Settlers in the west would often times build sod houses, or soddies, which were houses built of mud and grass, sometimes right into the side of a hill. Unique Experiences of:Women – were given more freedoms in the west, including voting. Cowboys – led a harsh, outdoor life. 1/5 of cowboys were African American or Mexican. Farmers – had a difficult time adjusting to the climate of the west and were often forced to move back east if their farms were not successful. African Americans who moved west called themselves Exodusters, after the book of Exodus in which the Jews fled Egypt.Chinese Immigrants – came in through the west coast (Angel Island) and were involved with the building of the Pacific side of the transcontinental railroad. ? Irish Immigrants – came into the United States through the east coast (Ellis Island) and were involved with the building of the Atlantic side of the transcontinental railroad. 4.02 - Impact that settlement in the West had upon different groups of people and upon the environment.? How did the environment of the West impact the success of the settlers?? How did the migration of people bring about change in the West?? What cause individuals or groups to migrate?? Was the impact of settlement in the West positive or negative?? How do individuals adapt to their surroundings?Transcontinental RailroadBuilt by primarily Irish and Chinese immigrants, this cross-continental railroad connected the east coast and the west coast, coming together at Promontory Point, Utah.African AmericansBuffalo soldiers - former slaves, freemen, and black Civil War veterans who formed the first black peacetime regiment in US historyNative AmericansDawes Severalty Act – attempted to “civilize” the Native Americans, forcing dominant white culture on to the Native Americans. The act gave 160 acres of land to each Native American household, hoping that by owning their own land the Native Americans would be come self-sufficient. However, the Native Americans were given bad land and many ended up selling it or having it taken over by the whites. Assimilation – policies attempted to transform Native Americans into “citizens” by stripping them of their lands, cultures, languages, religions, and other markers of their ethnic identityWhite settlers often attacked the buffalo, which was essential to the Native American’s livelihood. Reservation System – government assigned land for Native American tribes that they were often forced onto. Conflicts with Native AmericansSand Creek Massacre – the Cheyenne had attacked settlers near Denver. As a result the US army was ordered to set up at Sand Creek. The US army attacked and killed about 500 Cheyenne, mostly women and children. Battle of Little Big Horn – After much conflict between the Sioux and settlers in the west a peace treaty was signed giving land to the Sioux. In 1876 rumors of gold caused the US army to send General Custer to look for it. Fighting ensued and 2000 Sioux warriors killed Custer and his men – this became known as “Custer’s Last Stand.” Wounded Knee – The last of this Indian Wars, this battle occurred as the US Army tried to arrest Sitting Bull. He hesitated and was killed by US soldiers, causing his followers to surrender. Many of Sitting Bull’s followers died as soldiers opened fire. Helen Hunt Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor – described how Native Americans were mistreated by the US government. 4.03 - Causes and effects of the financial difficulties that plagued the American farmer and trace the rise and decline of Populism.? How and why was the plight of the American farmer so different from that of other Americans?? Why did so many farmers support Populism?? How can economically oppressed groups make their voices heard politically?Gold standard (Goldbugs) – bankers and businessmen who wanted less money in circulation. Loans would be repaid with stable money, deflation would cause prices to fall and the value of money would increase; however, fewer people would have money. Bimetallism – a monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks. People who supported bimetallism were called silverites. They were farmers/laborers from the south and the west who wanted more money in circulation in order to sell products for higher prices. Inflation would raise prices and the value of money would decrease. More people would have more money. Munn v. Illinois (1877) – stated that the states have the power to regulate Railroads and commerce. Wabash v. Illinois (1886) – stated that the federal government has the power to regulate commerce. Interstate Commerce Act (1887) – enacted to regulate railroad prices. Populism (Populist Party)The Grange – an organization for farmers to unite voice concern and fight for rights. This gave them more power (power in numbers). Composed of the National Farmers’ Alliances, Southern Alliance, and the Colored Farmers Alliance. Economic Reforms – wanted to increase the money supply in order to raise prices and make more money for farmers through bimetallism. They also wanted a federal income tax and a federal loan program. Government Reforms – wanted the election of US senators to be by popular vote, a secret ballot to end voting fraud, and an 8 hour workday, and restrictions on immigration. Election of 1896William Jennings Bryan of the Populist Party ran for president on a bimetallism platform. He gave the “Cross of Gold” Speech, stating that ““You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold” the idea being that the gold standard would kill America. William Jennings Bryan lost to President William McKinley who had the support of the businesses and industrial population of the north. 4.04 - Innovations in agricultural technology and business practices and assess their impact on the West.? How can technological innovations change society?? Why did the agricultural innovations and technological developments impact groups of people in different ways?? How did the existence of the frontier impact the technological development of the U.S.?Industrialization – the building up of industries and therefore cities with business and factories. Vertical Integration – taking over an industry by owning every phase of production of a product. (Think: owning all of the phases of production of steel, from the farms the ore is found in, all the way to the ships that send the final product around the world.)Horizontal Integration – taking over an industry by owning all of the businesses on the same level. (Think: owning all of the oil companies in the US.)Barbed wire – helped farmers section off their land and keep out unwanted livestock (or keep in their own livestock). The invention of the barbed wire “close the open range,” making it impossible for wild buffalo to roam. Refrigerator car – allowed for much more cost efficient transfer of goods across the United States. Now cattle could be slaughtered on their ranch and the meat preserved as it traveled to its final destination, instead of sending the entire cow. Windmill – allowed farmers to use the power of the wind to run machines, performing tasks like grinding grain. GOAL 1 – BECOMING AN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY (1877-1900)Objective 1.01 – Evaluate the influence of immigration and industrialization on urban life? How did immigration and industrialization shape urban life?? How did the rapid industrialization of the Gilded Age create economic, social, and political change in the U.S.?? Did immigration and rapid industrialization have a positive or negative impact on the Arriving in America10 million immigrants between 1865 and 1890 from northwest and central Europe. These “old immigrants” were English-speaking and had a history of voting. 10 million immigrants between 1890 and 1920 from southern and eastern Europe. Weree considered the “new immigrants”Most immigrants came into the U.S. through “The Golden Door” – New York City at Ellis Island. A small number of immigrants (mostly from Asia) came through Angel Island in San Francisco. Where Immigrants SettledImmigrants often moved to urban areas previously established by settlers from their homeland. Some immigrants moved west, but only 2% of immigrants moved to the South. Ghettos, areas in which one ethnic or racial group dominated, formed in many urban areas. Immigrants found comfort in living in a community with a familiar language and traditions. Chinese ExcludedA quarter million (250,000) Chinese immigrants came to the U.S. to work on the railroads. Chinese immigrants accepted low wages, which made them valuable employees. American labor unions fought to exclude Chinese immigrants from the work force. Congress responded to the demands of labor unions by passing the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. Until 1943, Chinese immigrants were not allowed to move to the United States. Expanding CitiesBecause of mechanization the need for labor on farms decreased. Between 1880 and 1920, 11 million Americans left their farms and moved to urban areas to seek out better opportunities. How Cities GrewIn the late 1800s, motorized methods of transportation made commuting easier. Trains, cable cars, electric trolleys, and the automobile (1910) allowed people to live in suburbs and commute into a large city to work. When cities couldn’t expand farther out, they started building up. Engineering advances and the invention of the elevator allowed buildings to stand more than 50 feet tall. In 1885 the first skyscraper was built. It was 10 stories tall. Factory WorkIn many industries, workers were not paid by the hour, but by how much they produced. This system of piecework meant that the fastest workers earned the most money. Most piecework was performed in sweatshops, where employees worked long hours for low wages in poor conditions. Urban Living ConditionsSome factory workers lived in housing specifically built for them by factory owners. Tenements were low-cost apartment buildings housed as many families as the owner could pack in. Poverty, overcrowding, and unsanitary conditions were common. Fires were a constant worry. With so many buildings packed together, a small fire quickly spread. Great Chicago Fire (1871) – 18,000 buildings burned, 250 people died, and 100,000 people left homeless. Dumbbell tenements were created in order to let every room have a window and allow more air flow. The thought was that this would reduce the spread of disease in cities. The Social Gospel MovementA social reform movement developed by the churches which provided social services for the poor. The movement focused on ideals of charity and justice and they fought for labor reform. Settlement HousesLed by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Star, young educated women and men would move into a house in the midst of a poor neighborhood. They would settle in, and then eventually offer social services. Settlement house founders believed that money alone could not really help the poor. The houses offered cultural events, classes, child care, clubs, camps, job-help, legal help, and health care. Inventions & InventorsIndoor electric lighting was invented in 1865. (Thomas Edison later invented the light bulb)Oil started being used for power. (Edwin L. Drake discovered oil in PA)Samuel F.B. Morse perfected the telegraph and Morse code which grew with the railroad. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. By 1900, 1.5 million telephones were in use. Typewriter created jobs for women. EntertainmentAmusement Parks – Started with “trolley parks” and they often involved music, skill games, vaudeville productions, bathing beaches, exciting rides. Coney Island’s Luna Park. Spectator Sports – By 1860, baseball clubs were starting in many cities. In 1869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings was formed. By the 1870s players were being paid. Football and basketball soon followed. Objective 1.02 – Explain how businesses and industrial leaders accumulated wealth and wielded political and economic power? What characteristics were vital to the success of industrial leaders of the Gilded Age?? How did captains of industry accumulate wealth and power?? Should an individual be allowed to accumulate as much wealth as possible?The Bessemer ProcessThe Bessemer Process made it possible to mass produce steel and remove the imperfections. Steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible than iron (which was previously used for building)Robber Barons vs. “Captains of Industry”Both are powerful industrialists who established large businesses in the 1800sRobber Barons implies that someone got their money by stealing from the public – they ruthlessly drove their competitors into the ground. They paid their workers meager wages and live in unhealthy conditions. “Captains of Industry” suggests that the business leaders served their nation in a positive way. It implies that they raised productivity, created jobs, and established museums, libraries, and universities. John D. Rockefeller created the Standard Oil Company in 1870. His practices may have been questionable at first, but by the time of his death he had given over $500 million dollars to charities.Andrew Carnegie was extremely successful in the steel business. He preached a “gospel of wealth,” that people should make as much money as they can, but then give it away. More than 80% of Carnegie’s wealth went to some form of education. As with Rockefeller, many people questioned and disapproved of his methods of gaining such wealth. Social DarwinismCarnegie suggested that the wealthy were the most valuable group in society. The idea came from Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution (natural selection, survival of the fittest). The theory that only the most wealthy and “fit” would succeed was deemed social Darwinism. Most Americans believed that the government shouldn’t interfere with private business and as a result, the government didn’t tax government profit or regulate relations with workers. (When the government does not interfere with business it is known as laissez-faire “hands off” government.)Oligopolies and MonopoliesA market dominated by just a few large companies is called an oligopoly (cereal companies, cars, etc.)A monopoly is when a company has complete control over a market or service. A company is so big and powerful that it would have driven all competition out. Laws were passed in the late 1800s to prevent certain monopolistic practices. Carnegie Steel became so wealthy and powerful that Carnegie decided to buy all of the companies that performed all of the phases of steel production, from the mines to the furnaces and mills. He even bought the shipping and rail lines for transport. Gaining control of all aspects of a product’s development is known as vertical integration (consolidation). The Standard Oil Company, owned by Rockefeller, became so large and powerful that it decided to buy all of its competitors’ oil refineries. Bringing together many firms within the same business is called horizontal integration (consolidation).In order to get around monopoly laws when integrating (consolidating) the Standard Oil Company, Rockefeller formed a trust. The trust allowed the companies to come together under a “board of trustees” who controlled operations, but not officially merge (which avoided the laws against a monopoly)In an attempt to limit the control a business could have over an industry, President Benjamin Harrison passed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890, outlawing any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce. The act was not successful at first, as it went after labor unions instead of monopolies. The Gilded AgeA term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era – “Gilded” means ‘covered with a thin layer of gold’ This was a golden period for America’s industrialists – the term suggests that a thin layer of gold covered the poverty and corruption in society. The wealth of the industries helped to mask the problems faced by immigrants, laborers, and farmers, as well as the abuse of power in business and government. Goal 1.03 – Assess the impact of labor unions on industry and the lives of workers? Why social, economic, and political factors led to the need for the formation of labor unions?? To what extent were labor unions effective in meeting the political, economic, and social needs of laborers?? How effective were labor unions in improving the lives of American workers?Working ConditionsFactory workers were ruled by the clock and discipline was strict. Workers were fined or fired for things such as being late, talking, or not working hard enough. Workplaces were often unsafe. The noise was deafening, lighting and ventilation were poor, workers were often fatigued, and equipment was not dept up with.Child labor: By the end of the 1880s, 20% of children between age 10 and 16 were employed. Children often left school at the age of 12 or 13 to work (more often girls than boys). Children as young as 6 or 7 sometimes worked as well. SocialismIn 1890, 9% of Americans held 75% of the nation’s wealth. Some poor families became interested in the idea of socialism, a philosophy that favors public instead of private property and income. Socialists believe that society, not just private individuals should take charge of a nation’s wealth. Most Americans opposed socialism because it threatened the deeply rooted ideals of private property, free enterprise, and individual liberty.Labor UnionsUnions sprung up to organize workers in certain trades, helping them to express their demands, such as better working conditions, increased wages, and shorter working hours. In 1869 The Knights of Labor formed to organize all working men and women (black & white). The Knights were able to pursue broad social reforms such as equal pay for equal work, an 8 hour workday, and an end to child labor. They often formed strikes to assert their demands. The American Federation of Labor, a craft union, formed (by Samuel Gompers) allowing in only skilled workers devoted to a specific craft. The AFL attempted to force employers to participate in collective bargaining, a process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers. Workers acting as a group had more power than a single worker acting alone. Most employers disliked unions and attempted to take measures to stop unions by: Forbidding union meetingsFiring union organizersForcing “yellow dog contracts” – workers promised never to join a union or go on strikeProhibiting collective bargainingStrikes Rock the Nation Railway workers began to strike 1877 when the B&O Railroad announced a wage cut of 10%. They clashed with the local militia and violence spread from West Virginia to Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, and other cities. This became known as The Great Railroad Strike.Haymarket Riot (1886): A group of workers started a national demonstration demanding an 8 hour workday. Police had to break up a fight between strikers and scabs (workers who came in to replace strikers). A bomb was thrown and a police officer died. Unionists and anarchists (radicals who oppose all government) who participated in the riot became heroes to many union workers. Homestead (1892): Andrew Carnegie’s partner Henry Frick attempted to cut the wages of workers at Carnegie Steel. The steel union called a strike and one anarchist attempted to assassinate Frick. The public saw this as too much violence and stopped supporting the unionists. Pullman (1894): After the Panic of 1893, George Pullman (inventor of the Pullman sleeper railroad car) decided to lay off workers and cut pay by 25%. The American Railway Union (led by Eugene V. Debs) went on strike, and instead of bargaining, Pullman shut down his factory. By 1894 260,000 workers had joined the strike. The strike ended when president Grover Cleveland sent in 2,500 troops to regulate the union strikers. Goal 1.04 – Describe the changing role of government in economic and political affairs? How did the government’s role in economic and political affairs change during this era?? To what extent did industrialization affect the relationships between government, business, and the worker?? How did technological advancement affect industrialization and the role of the government?? To what extent was the government’s changing role necessary and positive in this era?Results of City Growth – The Rise of the Political Machine Clashing interests between different community groups (the middle/upper class, immigrants, migrants from the countryside, workers, etc) led to the rise of the political machine. A political machine was an unofficial organization set up to keep a particular group in powerPolitical machines were run by a “boss” and worked through an exchange of favors.Jobs were given out to citizens in exchange for votes for the machines political candidates. William Marcy “Boss” Tweed was one of the most notorious bosses in NYC. Boss Tweed and his associates once got access to the city’s treasury and illegally used the money for construction projects and then kept some for themselves. Thomas Nast, a famous political cartoonist, helped bring Tweed down by exposing him to the public through political cartoons depicting Tweed as a thief and a dictator. Tweed’s followers were often uneducated and could not read, but they were able to understand Nast’s cartoons. The Business of PoliticsIn the late 1800s, businesses operated largely without regulation. This laissez-faire (hands-off) approach is supported by the belief that if the government doesn’t interfere then the strongest businesses will succeed, bringing success to the nation as a whole. In the Credit Mobilier scandal, stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad Company created a construction company called Credit Mobilier. They gave the construction company a contract to build the Union Pacific’s railroad tracks at 2-3 times the price it would actually cost. The government was paying for the Union Pacific’s construction with grants and loans – so the stockholders ended up pocketing $23 million dollars.Whiskey Ring Scandal – IRS collectors and other officials accepted bribes from whiskey distillers who wanted to avoid paying taxes on their product, which lost the federal government millions of dollars. Civil Service ReformsRutherford B. Hayes was elected president (1877) and refused to follow the spoils system. Instead he appointed qualified leaders to the Cabinet and fired employees who were not needed. These actions began to reform civil service, strengthened the government, and weakened Republicans. James A. Garfield was elected president in 1880, but his term was cut short when he was murdered by a lawyer who was expecting a job from Garfield. The murder caused an outcry against the spoils system. After Garfield’s death, Vice President Chester Arthur became president and passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act, which created a Civil Service Commission. This classified government jobs and tested applicants’ fitness for them with a merit exam. The Pendleton Civil Service Act therefore ended the spoils system (as Jackson had created.)GOAL 2 – THE EMERGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD AFFAIRSObjective 2.01 – The United States’ Increasing Role in World Affairs? How did the government’s role in economic and political affairs change as America became more imperialistic?? To what extent did industrialization affect the relationships between government, business, and the worker?? How did technological advancement lead to the United States’ increased involvement in world affairs?? To what extent was the government’s changing role necessary and beneficial as America became more imperialistic?Imperialism – When a stronger nation attempts to create an empire by dominating weaker nations – economically, politically, culturally, and/or militarily. The United states and other powerful countries such as Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Japan were seeking out spheres of influence, or areas of economic and political control, in China.Alfred T. Mahan wrote the book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which argued that the nation’s economic future rested on gaining new markets (to sell goods) abroad through increasing the size of the Navy.Leaders like Josiah Strong drew on the ideas of social Darwinism to justify the takeover of new territories. He said that Anglo-Saxons were superior to the societies they conquered, an idea coined, Anglo-Saxon superiority. Those who used this argument believed that they were doing a noble thing for the “heathen,” uncivilized peoples of the world by introducing them to Christianity and modern society. Conflicts in Cuba attracted the interest of American journalists. Following a surge of yellow journalism in which journalists such as William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer sensationalized headlines and stories about foreign affairs in Cuba, there was an intense burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive foreign policy. This burst of pride came to be known as jingoism. Objective 2.02 – US Military, Economic, and Political Involvement and Influence? How did America and the world change as the US increased its role in world affairs?? To what extent have the effects of US actions and policies been beneficial or detrimental to other countries?? Why did the United States take an active role in world affairs in the late 19th and early 20th century?The Spanish-American WarBefore the War:The war began after Cuban rebels began pushing back against their rulers, Spain. Cubans repeatedly urged the United States to intervene and help them. The United States continued to refuse help. To get the attention of US business owners, Cuban guerrillas burned down American sugar plantations. With pressure from American business owners, plus the mysterious explosion of the USS Maine (which the US blamed on Spain) and the insults aimed at President McKinley unearthed in the de Lome letter, Congress eventually authorized force (war) against Spain.Cubans insisted on adding the Teller Amendment to Cuba’s war resolution against Spain. This amendment stated that the United States would not annex Cuba. “The Splendid Little War” The “Splendid Little War” was fought on two sides of the world, in the Philippines and in Cuba and Puerto Rico, all three island territories under the rule of Spain.Theodore Roosevelt led a group of soldiers nicknamed the Rough Riders in a charge up San Juan Hill, which became the most famous battle of the Spanish-American War. Treaty of ParisThe war ended with the Treaty of Paris in which the United States paid $20 million dollars in return for Cuba’s independence, and the United States’ acquisition of The Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. In order to protect American interests, the United States installed a military government in Cuba for the next three years. After the WarTwo years after Cuba won its independence the United States military government in Cuba allowed Cuba to draft a constitution. The United States insisted on including the Platt Amendment which stated that the Cuban government could not enter any foreign agreements, it must allow the US to have naval bases in Cuba, and it gave the US permission to intervene in Cuba whenever the US deemed necessary. The United States established (and still maintains) a military base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Dilemma in the PhilippinesAfter the Spanish-American War ended, the United States gained the Philippines from Spain. President McKinley felt like he had to annex the island nation but the Filipinos declared themselves an independent republic. For three years, the United States and the Philippines fought a war over control of the islands. After the death of more than 200,000 Filipinos, fighting slowed. The United States continued to occupy the Philippines until 1946. US Gains Territories AbroadSeward’s Folly – In 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward purchased Alaska from Russia. Many people were against the purchase, which is why it became known as “Seward’s Folly.”Annexation of Hawaii – In 1898, after a power struggle between Hawaiian royalty and planters, Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii in order to protect its world trade. With the help of pineapple planter, Sanford Dole, Queen Liliuokalani was removed from her throne and Hawaii was declared a republic. The Panama Canal was built under T. Roosevelt’s administration in order to provide a shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This would provide for faster and cheaper global shipping as well as increased naval speed in a time of war. After much controversy between France (who owned the land), Columbia (who ruled over Panama), and Panama itself, the United States recognized Panama an independent country (under the protection of the US) and the US was granted a permanent 10-mile-wide strip of land on which to build the canal. Objective 2.03 - Policies and actions of the United States government impacting other countries.? To what extent have the actions and policies of the US affected other countries in the world?? How has the media shaped US foreign policy?? As the US becomes increasingly involved in world affairs, should its self-perception be impacted by world opinion.? How intrusive should a nation be in the affairs of another?Diplomacy – How a country deals with foreign affairs. Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” DiplomacyIn 1904 President Roosevelt issued messages to congress called the Roosevelt Corollary which added on to the Monroe Doctrine saying that the US did not want any more territory, they would only protect smaller/weaker nations, and intervene if problems arose. Roosevelt’s main concern in Asia was keeping an open door to trade with China. The Open Door Policy ensured that the United States would have equal access to China’s market. China, however, was reluctant to have any foreign influence. This led to the Boxer Rebellion in which 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese were killed. Dollar DiplomacyPresident William Howard Taft’s approach to foreign policy was to “substitute dollars for bullets,” meaning that instead of fighting smaller/weaker nations, the United States should maintain orderly societies abroad by investing in their economies. Missionary (Moral) DiplomacyUnder President Woodrow Wilson, the United States took a moral and legalistic approach to diplomacy. The United States would interfere with other countries when they felt a moral and legal responsibility to. Because of Wilson’s decision to intervene in Mexico rebel leader Pancho Villa went on a terrorizing streak through border towns in Mexico and the U.S., burning down towns and killing their residents. Anti-Imperialism Anti-Imperialism League - Opponents of U.S. policy in the Philippines established the Anti-Imperialist League. Many argued that if the United States took over nations, those nations’ citizens should be entitled to the same rights as US citizens. Many people were against the idea of Anglo-Saxon Superiority and saw it as racism. They therefore did believe in taking over a smaller, “weaker,” nation because they were “uncivilized.” Many southerners feared that by taking over other nations, the US would be forced to absorb people of different races into the United States. Still others believed that imperialism was too expensive and not worth the costs it took to expand. GOAL 2 – THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES (1890-1914)2.01 – Explain the conditions that led to the rise of Progressivism? How did the political, economic, and social conditions of the Gilded Age lead to the Progressive Era?? How did scientific and technological advances create a mass consumer culture?? To what extent did an emerging mass consumer culture define what it means to be an American?? What tactics were most effective in bringing about the social, economic, and political reforms of the Progressive Era?How did conditions of the Gilded Age lead to the Progressive Era? Political ConditionsMany new reform movements were an outgrowth of earlier reform movements, such as the Populists. Political corruption and grafts kept public services (pure water, schools, health care) inadequate. Social ConditionsMany new reform movements sprung up in the Northeast and Midwest. They had their roots in movements such as nativism, prohibition, purity, charity, social gospel, and settlement houses. Reformers were reacting to rapid industrialization, immigration, and urbanization. Economic ConditionsIndustrial workers were over-worked yet underpaid. Many progressives argued that charity would not be enough to improve the lives of industrial workers. Four Goals of ProgressivismReformers never completely agreed on problems or solutions, though their progressive efforts shared at least one of the following goals:1. Protecting Social Welfare - to soften some of the harsh conditions of industrialization.Florence Kelley- advocate for improving the lives of women and children.Triangle Shirtwaist Fire – 146 young girls were killed when a fire broke out in the building they were working in. The disaster pushed people to demand reform of working conditions. Pure Food and Drug Act- 1906 halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.2. Promoting Moral Improvement - some reformers felt morality, not the workplace, held the key to improving the lives of poor people.Prohibition - banning alcoholic beverages to cure society's problems (temperance movement).Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) led the crusade for Prohibition, members advanced their cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol. Carrie Nation played a large role in this movement. 3. Creating Economic Reforms Muckrakers- journalist who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines during the 20th century. Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle exposing the harsh treatment of workers in the meatpacking industry. Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives hoping to gain support in the reform of tenement houses. Lincoln Steffens uncovered political corruption in St. Louis and other cities. Ida Tarbell wrote the book The History of the Standard Oil Company in which she investigated and revealed the abuses committed by the Standard oil trust. 4. Fostering Efficiency- many progressive leaders put their faith in experts and scientific principles to make society and the workplace more efficient. (Focused on research)Scientific Management- studies to see just how quick each task could be performed.Introduction of the assembly line caused a high worker turnover rate, often due to injuries by fatigue workers.2.02 – Economic and political gains in the Progressive Period. ? How effective was the Progressive Movement in addressing the political, economic, and social needs of all Americans?? To what extent did progressive reforms successfully combat the social and economic ills created by a rapidly industrializing society?? How successful were the Progressive Era Presidents in leading reform efforts?Progressives thought that government should increase their responsibility for the well-being of people, which would require more social welfare programs. Reform at the Municipal (City)LevelSettlement houses such as Jane Addam’s Hull House were built to improve urban slums/ghettos. Some mayors led movements for city-supported welfare services which provided things like public baths, parks, work-relief programs, playgrounds, free kindergartens, lodging for homeless.Reform at the State LevelRobert M. La Follette of Wisconsin led the way in regulating big business. He made the railroad industry, a major target. He also instituted a direct primary in which people voted on nominees for upcoming elections. Initiatives, a process in which citizens can propose a new law to go directly on the ballot, referendums, which allowed citizens to approve or reject a law passed by the legislature, and recall procedures, which permitted voters to remove public officials from office, were also instituted in many states. Reform at the Federal LevelThe Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) was enforced strongly by the Roosevelt administrationThe Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) banned interstate shipping of impure food and mislabeling food 16th Amendment (1913) Allowed the federal government to collect income taxes.17th Amendment (1913) Direct election of senators. Before this, each states’ legislature chose its own US Senator.Federal Reserve Act (1913) Created the Federal Reserve System of banks to supervise private banks and ensure a flexible money supply.18th Amendment (Volstead Act) (1919) Banned the production, sale, or import of alcohol (prohibition)19th Amendment (1920) Granted women full suffrage (the right to vote)Theodore RooseveltAfter the Spanish-American War he became the Governor of NY, then vice president, and then after the assassination of McKinley, he became the youngest president at the age of 42.He saw presidency as a "bully pulpit”=he could influence the news and media and shape legislation.If big business victimized workers, then he would make sure that the common people received a Square Deal - his program of progressive reforms designed to protect people from big businesses.Roosevelt's real goal was federal regulation of railroadsCongress passed Elkins Act (1903), Made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads.Progressivism as Taft Becomes 27th PresidentProgressive Movement- in early 20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct the injustices of American life.William Howard Taft- handpicked by Roosevelt ran for president in 1908 against William Jennings Bryan. Taft had campaigned on a platform of lowering tariffs.Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) passed by Taft=a set of tax regulations. It failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods-increasing many rates. This angered progressives who believed Taft had abandoned progressivism.The Republican Party SplitsTaft's actions made it impossible to hold together the two wings of the Republican Party. (Progressives want change and Conservatives did not)Problems within the Republican Party = mass defeat in 1912 & helped Democrats gain control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 18 years.Bull Moose Party AKA Progressive party (another 3rd-party) led by Theodore Roosevelt.Platform: direct election of senators and adoption in all states of the initiative, referendum, and recall. Advocated women's suffrage, workmen's comp, 8 hour workday, minimum wage for women, federal law against child labor, and the federal trade commission to regulate businesses.Democrats Win in 1912Woodrow Wilson- Democrat reformer and NJ governor.Wilson only captured 42% of popular vote, he won overwhelming electoral victory and a Democratic majority in Congress.He endorsed a progressive platform, called the New Freedom, which demanded even stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and reduced tariffs.Wilson Financial Reforms Antitrust MeasuresTrust - a corporation made up of many companies that receive certificates entitling them to dividends on profits earned.Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) - strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act 1890. It intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.It prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly.Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) - set up the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) This “watchdog” agency was given the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes, to require periodic reports from corporations, and to put an end to a number of unfair business practices.2.03 - Effects of racial segregation on United States’ society.? To what extent were the social, political, and economic standing of African Americans positively affected by progressive efforts?? What did it mean to be black in America at the turn of the century?? Why did multiple perspectives develop for addressing racial injustice during the Progressive Era?De jure segregation - racial separation (segregation) created by the lawDe facto segregation - when segregation is a result of custom and culture, it is a fact, but not a law Roosevelt and Civil RightsRoosevelt failed to support civil rights of African-Americans, although, he did support of few individual African-Americans.Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to White House (symbolic gesture)Washington respected by powerful whites, but faced opposition from African-Americans like W.E.B. DuBois, for his accommodation of segregationists and for blaming black poverty on blacks - urging them to accept discrimination.At a Niagara Falls convention in 1909, Du Bois and others founded the NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.Restrictions on Civil RightsPlessy v Ferguson(1896) – Supreme Court case saying segregation was permissible if facilities were equal. (Separate but equal)Wilmington race riot (1898)Jim Crow Laws – laws requiring segregation.Disenfranchisement – Keeping African Americans from voting. Literacy Tests – reading tests designed to keep African Americans from voting. Poll Taxes – a fee that people must pay before being permitted to vote.Grandfather Clauses – Laws exempting men from certain voting restrictions if they had already voted or if they had ancestors who had voted prior to blacks being granted suffrage.Great Migration – Many African Americans moved north after Reconstruction, when civil rights became restricted. 2.04 - Impact of technological changes on economic, social, and cultural life? What was the economic and social impact of the technological changes of the Progressive Era?? How was American culture redefined during the Progressive Era?? Does society cause government to change or does government cause society to change?Electricity – General Electric Company was formed in 1892 to take over Thomas Edison’s electric light business. Electricity became available to consumers to power household appliances.Mail order catalogs - A rise in goods being purchased through the mail Kodak camera - took still picturesMovie Camera - took moving picturesWright Brothers – Had the first successful airplane flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Henry Ford’s Innovations:$5 day - Ford paid his workers more than the average manufacturer, but foreign workers had to enroll in English and civics classes and let investigators inspect their homes. Graduation ceremonies occurred in which workers shed their ethnic identities and became “Americans.”Assembly line – a manufacturing process in which each worker does one specialized task in the construction of the final product. Ford did not invent the assembly line, but he made it more efficient. Model T - Ford’s first successfully marketable lightweight, gas-powered car. Skyscrapers - the Bessemer Process (steel production) and the invention of the elevator allowed for the building of high-rises in citiesGOAL 3 – THE GREAT WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH (1914-1930)3.01 –Why the United States remained neutral at the beginning of World War I but later became involved.? Why was the U. S. unable to maintain a policy of neutrality during World War I?? What factors combined to draw the world and ultimately the US into World War I?? Is it possible for a nation to remain neutral during a conflict in another part of the world?Causes of World War IShort-Term CauseArchduke Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife were killed on a visit to Bosnia. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (thinking they were behind the attack).Other countries became involved due to alliances. Long-Term CausesMilitarism – nations of Europe had been building up their armies and weaponsAlliances – European countries had created a system of alliances to keep a balance of power. Imperialism – European countries had been competing for influence around the world. Nationalism – Countries wanted to gain power and took actions that were in their own interest. The Start of World War IAllies - Russia, France, Great BritainCentral Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman EmpirePresident Woodrow Wilson issues a statement declaring the United States a neutral or isolationist country in order to protect trade. US Becomes Involved in World War IU-Boat submarine warfare – German submarines were attacking unarmed Ally merchant and passenger ships without warning. Several Americans were killed in the attacks.Lusitania – a British passenger ship, torpedoed and sunk, killing over 1200, including 128 Americans. Sussex – a French ship torpedoed after Wilson had demanded Germany stop attacking. Germany then made the Sussex Pledge in which they promised to warn ships before they attacked. Germany ended the Sussex Pledge, causing the US to break off ties with Germany and arm their merchant ships. Election of 1916 – Woodrow Wilson was reelected president under the slogan “he kept us out of war.”Zimmermann Telegram – A telegram from Germany to Mexico was intercepted Germany attempted to convince Mexico to declare war on the US in return for land. April 6th 1917 the U.S. entered into WWI with President Wilson saying we must “Make the world safe for democracy”3.02 - Political and military turning points of the war and their significance to the outcome of the conflict.? How were certain political and military events significant to the outcome of the war?? To what extent did the military, political, and diplomatic turning points of World War I help to determine the outcome of the war?? How did the United States’ entry affect the nations already involved in the conflict?Changing WarfareTrench warfare - Armies dug long trenches in which they hid, they would stand and shoot out the top short distances away from each other. "No Man's Land"- an unoccupied region between the two armies.Mustard gas – an efficient way to kill a large number of people. Tanks, airplanesUS Entry into WarRussian and Bolshevik Revolutions – with the shift from autocracy to a republic, then to communism, the United States was more willing to ally with Russia in WWI.In 1917, The American Expeditionary Force (aka doughboys) led by General John J. Pershing was the 1st set of American troops to arrive in Europe. The Allies only used the group as reinforcements; therefore, they had little impact during the battles.African American troops served in segregated units and were often not allowed to fight in battle. Selective Service Act – started the draft for young men to serve in the military. At home in the U.S. The war opened up many jobs for minorities. Many African Americans moved north for factory jobs (The Great Migration)Women were able to work more, which had a hand in the 19th amendment War Industries Board, War Labor Board, and Food & Fuel Administration all focused on the American economy supporting the war effort. The War’s ConclusionWilson’s 14 points - stated support for open peace covenants, no secret agreements, freedom of the seas, free trade, disarmament, adjustment of colonial claims, a League of Nations, and the rights of minorities.League of Nations – a proposal of a group of countries that would keep peace, presented to Senate in what became known as his “peace without victory” speech. Under the League of Nations, an attack on one was considered an attack on all. The United States does not join the League of Nations because they did not want to be tied to all of the other countries (isolationism). “The Big Four” - These were the four men that were responsible for creating the peace after WWI. They were President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, the Premier of Italy, and the Premier of France.Treaty of Versailles - France was given territory; The German Rhineland area would be demilitarized. England and the U.S. would protect France. Germany was give full responsibility for the war and was forced to billions of dollars in war reparations. This would become a cause of World War II. GOAL 4 – PROSPERITY AND DEPRESSION (1919-1939)3.03 - Assess the political, economic, social and cultural effects of the war on the United States and other nations.? How did the war impact America’s social, economic, political, and cultural institutions?? To what extent did World War I change US society and affect other nations?? How did the industrial and technological advancements in this era impact America and the rest of the global community?? How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict?18th Amendment - Prohibition19th Amendment - Women’s suffrageCommittee on Public Information – muckraker George Creel was appointed by President Wilson to head this war propagation committee which promoted the war domestically while publicizing American war aims abroadFood Administration - Herbert Hoover headed this organization during WWI, designed to conserve food at home so that it may be provided to allied troops. War Industries Board - established to mobilize the nation's resources for war while protecting the economy's basic structure and character for the peace that was to followEspionage and Sedition Acts - provided the government with powers over the rights of free speech and press.Eugene V. Debs - started the American Railway Union. He became a socialist leader who opposed World War I and was imprisoned for 10 years during the war under the Espionage Act. Industrial Workers of the World - A labor Union organized in opposition to capitalism and conservative unionism. It believed in revolutionary industrial unionism and ‘One Big Union’ that combined commitment to industrial unionism, direct action, and building a union controlled by its members.Schenck v. United States (1919) – The case was opened against the Espionage Act, but the Supreme Court decided that in a time of war, extraordinary conditions may allow Congress the right to forbid printed materials or speech aimed at hindering the war effort. The test for "a clear and present danger" was formulated to deal with questions regarding freedom of speech.Palmer Raids – because of a fear that Russian communists were going to attempt to overthrow the American government, thousands of Russians and socialists in the U.S. were arrested and held without trial. This was also known as the “Red Scare.” People had an increased feeling of nativism. United Mine Workers - The Coal Miners Strike (1919) with their leader, John L. Lewis, pushed for a raise and shorter working hours. The court ordered the miners back to work and an arbitrator put an end to the dispute. Washington Naval Conference - international conference called by the United States to limit the naval arms race and to work out security agreements in the Pacific area.Dawes Plan - American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France with annual payments on a fixed scale.4.01 - Cycle of economic boom and bust in the 1920s and 1930s.? How did the economic, social, and political events of the early 1900s lead to the economic cycles of the twenties and thirties?? How did the variations in the economy in the 1920s cause major changes in that decade and in the 1930s?? How did early government reactions to the economic bust serve to worsen its effects?Industrialization - when a society changes and becomes based more heavily on industry. Laissez-faire - the government’s “hands-off” approach to business and economy.Mechanization - jobs began using more machines and needed less human labor. Ex: assembly line. Rugged individualism - The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal.Harding Administration (1921-1923)Warren G. Harding - Republican President (1921-1923) who ran under the slogan "Less government in business and more business in government." While in office, the Teapot Dome Scandal occurred. Harding’s secretary of the interior Albert B. Falls secretly leased oil-rich public land to private companies in return for money and land. Falls was later found guilty of bribery and became the first American to be convicted of a felony while holding at Cabinet post.In the early 1920s Republicans focused on a “Return to Normalcy.” They ceased to promise progressive reforms and instead aimed to settle into traditional patterns of government.Coolidge Administration (1923 – 1929)After the death of President Harding, VP Calvin Coolidge took the office. He helped to restore people's faith in their government and in the Republican Party. The next year, Coolidge was elected president.Speculation - the buying of stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, while ignoring the risks. Many began buying on margin- paying a small percentage of stock prices as a down payment and borrowing the rest.Hoover Administration (1929 – 1933)Herbert Hoover - 1928 campaign pledge: “A chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Hoover tried to reassure the nation. He opposed any federal form of welfare, or direct relief to the needy. He said that handouts would weaken people self-respect and “moral fiber.” He believed individuals, charities, and local organizations should help. His response shocked and frustrated Americans. “Black Tuesday” - October 29, 1929 - the bottom fell out of the market and the nation’s confidence collapsed. By mid-November, investors lost about $30 billion; an amount equal to the costs we spent on the war. Hawley-Smoot Tariff - passed in 1930 established the highest protective tariff in US history. This was supposed to protect American farmers, but ended up hurting them. By reducing the flow of goods into the US; the tariff prevented other countries from earning American currency to buy American goods. (World trade declined).4.02 – Prosperity for different segments of society during this period.? How were different groups of people affected by the business cycles of the 1920s and 1930s?? How do economic changes impact society?? Why and how does economic prosperity vary so much from one segment of society to the next?Leading up to the Great DepressionUrbanization – Cities spread both up and out with increasing population Installment plan – people could buy on easy credit and then pay off their debt in smaller amounts on a monthly basis instead of paying one lump sum. Overproduction – more goods are produced than necessary, therefore lowering the prices. Hoovervilles - homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. Angry, cold and hungry Americans, who had no other place to reside, nicknamed the shacks in honor of President Herbert Hoover.Breadlines & Soup Kitchens – people received free food – almost 25% of the nation was unemployed.Bonus Army (1932) - A gathering of 12,000 to 15,000 World War I veterans who, with their wives and children, converged on Washington, D.C., demanding President Hoover give immediate bonus payment for wartime services, to alleviate the economic hardship of the Great Depression.Dust Bowl - a term born in the hard times from the people who lived in the drought-stricken region during the great depression. Farmers suffered greatly. 4.03 - Social, intellectual and technological changes of lifestyle in the U.S.? How do technological and social changes impact American traditions?? To what extent should the federal government attempt to effect economic and social change?? What should the role of the federal government be in the economic and social lives of its citizens?? What long term effects did the New Deal have on the United States?Technology – radio, electricity, automobiles, and airplanes modernized America. Music – The Jazz Age - Grew out of African American music of the south (blues), was largely improvised with an off-beat, syncopated, rhythm. Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington – influential musicians. Movies – Movie attendance skyrocketed in both silent films and “talkies”The Jazz Singer in 1927 was the first film with sound, a “talkie”LiteratureLost Generation – A group of American writers disenchanted by the growing pop-culture of the United States. They left the U.S. for Europe (primarily Paris). Authors included F. Scott Fitzgerald and Earnest HemingwaySinclair Lewis - a writer who was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in literature. He was among the eras most outspoken critics.Prohibition – the time period after the 18th Amendment and Volstead Act in which the manufacturing, production, sale, and consumption of alcohol was illegal. Speakeasies - bars that operated illegallyBootleggers - suppliers of illegal alcohol4.04 - Challenges to traditional practices in religion, race, and gender.? How were government programs in the 1920s and 30s a challenge to traditional practices in religion, race, and gender?? How does conflict promote change in a nation’s identity?? To what degree did America experience social progress during the 1920s and 30s?? How was America changed the 1920s and 30s?WomenSuffrage – The 19th Amendment first gave women the right to vote in 1920.Women began working out of the home more, attending more social clubs, and having a greater voice in society. Flappers - American women of the 1920s who were rebellious, energetic, and bold, wearing shorter skirts, bobbed hair, and heavy make-up. While not many women actually adopted the flapper lifestyle, many did adopt new fashion ideas from them, modernizing the American woman. Eleanor Roosevelt was an outspoken advocate for women’s rights. African AmericansBlacks were still feeling the effects of segregation because of things like Jim Crow Laws and the result of the Supreme Court Case Plessy v. Ferguson. African Americans also felt resistance and violence from groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) which was formed against anyone who was not a white protestant. In just one year, KKK membership grew from 100,000 to 4 million. Many African Americans joined in the Great Migration, moving from the south to the north for better job opportunities and to escape the violence of the south. While the north did offer some relief, it was not the land of equality many hoped for. Harlem Renaissance – the African American literary awakening of the 1920s, celebrating African American culture. Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous authors. United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) - led by Marcus Garvey, the UNIA aimed to build up African Americans’ self-respect and economic power. Garvey in his Back to Africa Movement urged African Americans to return to “motherland Africa” to create a self-governing nation. Some African American leaders criticized Garvey because of his call for the separation of the races The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), led by W.E.B. Du Bois, fought to protect the rights of African AmericansImmigrantsItalian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted, sentenced to death, and killed within 4 months of being arrested for the robbery and murder of a man. Many Americans believed they were arrested mainly because they were immigrants with radical beliefs. The National Origins Act was passed in 1924, reducing the quota of immigrants allowed in to 2 percent of the 1890 census. It also specifically excluded the Japanese. President Harding believed that restricting immigration helped the cause of social stability. Religion Religious traditionalists pushed Christians toward the idea of fundamentalism, which argued that God inspired the Bible, so it cannot contain contradictions or errors, it is literally true. Aimee Semple McPherson and Billy Sunday were two influential fundamentalists.The Scopes Trial – after a small town teacher taught the theory of evolution in his biology class, he was taken to court and the case became a battle between two of the countries greatest lawyers – William Jennings Bryan (Fundamentalist) and Clarence Darrow (supporter of free speech) over constitutional rights and the changing beliefs and values of the United States. As expected, since Scopes ha d clearly violated Tennessee law, William Jennings Bryan and the fundamentalists won. 4.05 - Impact of the New Deal reforms in enlarging the role of the federal government in American life.? How did the role of the federal government change during the 1920s ands 30s?? Is it appropriate for the government to be involved in social and economic change?? To what degree did America change positively or negatively during the 1920s and 30s?? Why did citizens allow the federal government to increase its power during the Great Depression, and how did it impact the future of the nation?FDR’s New Deal“Brain Trust”- FDR carefully picked advisers who began to formulate a new set of policies designed to alleviate the problems of the Depression. This became known as the New Deal- a phrase taken from a campaign speech in which Roosevelt had promised “a New Deal for the American people.” Its policy is focused on three general goals: relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform.Social Security – Started by the Social Security Act, it was one of the New Deal’s most important achievements. It provided financial security in three major parts: old age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses, unemployment compensation system, and aid for families with dependent children and the disabled.Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - put 2.5 million young, unmarried men to work maintaining forests, beaches, and parks. They earned $30 a month and had free housing, food, job training, and healthcare. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) - Tried to raise farm prices through subsidies, government financial assistance. The AAA used taxes to pay farmers not to raise certain crops, in hopes that lowering production would cause prices to go up. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – Established by the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933, the FDIC was established to insure bank deposits up to $5,000 dollars. The FDIC prevented banks from closing, and It still protects our money today. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - Set up after the Federal Securities Act (which required companies to release information about their finances if they sell stock), the SEC was set up by congress to regulate the stock market. The commission still exists today. National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) – Sought to raise prices and balance the unstable economy through extensive planning. Codes were made to establish fair business practices; it controlled working conditions, production prices, and established a minimum wage. Public Works Administration (PWA) – Preceded by the NIRA, the PWA completed projects ranging from dams to bridges to highways. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – Helped farmers and created jobs by reactivating a hydroelectric power plant used during WWI. It provided cheap power, flood control, and recreational activities to the entire Tennessee Valley. Works Progress Administration (WPA) – Provided work for more than 8 million citizens. It improved thousands of schools, playgrounds, hospitals, airfields, and also supported creative works of artists and writers. National Labor Relations Board (Wagner Act) - Legalized union practices such as collective bargaining and closed shops (workplaces only open to union members). The NLRB enforced the Wagner Act. Fair Labor Standards – Set the maximum work hours for the week at 44 hrs, to drop to 40 hrs after 2 years. It also set a minimum wage ($.25, which would eventually be raised). It set rules for the employment of those under 16, as well as banned hazardous work for those under the age of 18. GOAL 5 – WWII AND THE BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR (1930-1963)5.01 - World War II and reasons for the United States’ entry into the war. ? What factors combined to draw the world and ultimately the U. S. into World War II?? Was US involvement in the World War II inevitable?? Were the reasons for the US’s entry into the World War II justifiable?Concepts Which Led to ConflictIsolationism - America's longstanding reluctance to become involved in European alliances and warsTotalitarianism – a type of government in which all social, political, economic, intellectual, and cultural activities are controlled by the rulers of a stateMilitarism - belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use itNationalism – a love and pride for one’s countryAppeasement - the policy of granting concessions to potential enemies in order maintain peaceFascism - authoritarian nationalist political ideologies or mass movements that are concerned with notions of cultural declinePolitical LeadersAlliesJoseph Stalin – Russia (Communist)Winston Churchill – Great Britain (Democracy)Franklin D. Roosevelt – United States (Democracy)Axis PowersEmperor Hirohito – Japan (Militarism)Benito Mussolini – Italy (Fascist)Adolf Hitler – Germany (Fascist)Political EventsKellogg-Briand Pact (1928) - Made war illegal. This failed because there was no way to enforce the law. Neutrality Acts (1935) - Passed by the United States prior to their entry into WWII, these acts forbade giving any type of aid to countries at war. Quarantine Speech (1937) – a speech by FDR which called for an international “quarantine of aggressor nations” through economic pressure. Munich Pact (1938) - It permitted immediate occupation by Germany of the Sudetenland, a region of CzechoslovakiaNon-Aggression Pact (1939) – an agreement between Germany and the USSR not to attack each other. It was supposed to last 10 years but lasted less than 2. Four Freedoms (1941) – a speech by FDR that stated that people all over the world should have (1) freedom of speech (2) freedom of religion (3) freedom from want (4) freedom from fear. Lend-Lease Act (March 1941)– This Act basically repealed the Neutrality Acts, allowing the united states to aid any country that they saw as essential to US security. Pearl Harbor – In December of 1941, Japan attacked a US military base in Pearl Harbor, HI. This became the immediate cause of the US’s entry into WWII. 5.02 - Identify military, political, and diplomatic turning points of the war ? To what extent did the military, political, and diplomatic turning points of World War II determine the outcome and aftermath of the war?? How were America and the world different because of the events of World War II?? What changes to society resulted from the treatment of various groups of people Propaganda – methods used to convince the public to support war efforts. Blitzkrieg – German method of war which included surprise air and land attacks. Ally LeadersGeneral George Patton – US general involved with the invasion of Italy. Douglas MacArthur – Commanding general of the US military in the Pacific. Chester Nimitz – US admiral who used the method of island hopping (US strategy of attacking some islands and leaving others as they made their way across the Pacific Ocean to Japan)Major battles/Important Events in WWII Battle of Britain (Aug. 1940) – German attack on Britain – mostly by airBattle of Midway (June 1942) – After this Ally victory over Japan, the Japanese were unable to launch any more offensive actions in the Pacific. Stalingrad (Sept. 1942) – Germans surrendered to the Allies in Russia and it became a major turning point of the war in the East. D-Day (Operation Overlord) (June 1944) - The Allied troops began the liberation of Western Europe. Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 1944)– A battle in between Germany and the Allies in which after much back and forth, with the help of the United States, the Allies defeat the Germans. Iwo Jima (Nov. 1944) – Americans attacked Japan by air and by land. Okinawa (April 1945) – 100,000 Japanese v. 180,000 Allies. After months of fighting 7,200 Japanese surrendered. Over 50,000 Americans died. Casablanca, Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam – Conferences between the big world powers discussing the end of the war and how to secure lasting peace. Manhattan Project – Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, this was the project which developed the atomic bomb which was dropped twice on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.V-E Day, V-J Day – Victory in Europe and Victory in Japan Days. Genocide/Holocaust – The systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regimeNuremberg Trials – Trials of the Nazi commanders for the crimes on humanity of the Holocaust. 12 were sentenced to be hanged, showing that leaders must be held responsible for their actions. 5.03 - Effects of the war on American economic, social, political, and cultural life.? How and why did World War II impact the economic, social, cultural, and political life of the U.S.?? How did the war bring about innovation and change on the home front?? How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict?? Should civil liberties be denied during a time of war?War Efforts at HomeSelective Services Act – Draft for young men to sign up to serve in the military in WWII. This was the first peacetime draft. War Production Board – government agency that oversaw production of goods in WWII. Rationing – Conserving food and goods to help war efforts. War bonds – helped raise money for the government and the war. Rosie the Riveter – media propaganda creation devised to encourage women to fill in for men while they were fighting World War II.WACS – a division of the military in which women served. Effects of WWII on American SocietyG.I. Bill – provided money for college and loans to buy homes for people in the military. Levittown – suburban neighborhoods. Homes were built quickly and for less money. Baby boomers – the population greatly increased after WWII due to an increased economy and men returning home from war. The United States saw increased conformity during this time. Restrictions on Civil LibertiesCivil liberties – freedoms that protect individuals from the government to a certain extent (examples: freedom of speech, religion, etc.)Japanese Internment – During WWII in the US, Japanese were forced to live in prison-like camps because of US fear of spies and cooperation with the Japanese government. Korematsu v. United States (1944) – Court case which said that internment camps were legal and furthermore they were needed for the security of the US. 5.04 - Changes in the direction of foreign policy related to the beginning of the Cold War.? How did the events of World War II help facilitate the onset of the Cold War and influence American foreign policy throughout most of the 20th century?? To what extent was America’s decision to drop the atomic bomb a viable option to end the war in the Pacific?? What impact did World War II have on the economic, social, cultural, and political life of the United States?Containment – The United States’ policy to stop the spread of communism. Iron Curtain – In 1946 Churchill made a speech in which he said the Soviet Union had created an iron curtain of communist domination and oppression. Truman Doctrine (1947) – stated that the policy of the USA must be to contain communism through supporting people who are resisting communist oppression. Marshall Plan (1947) – tried to strengthen European nations by giving them money to create strong democracies and economies so the nations would not support communism (Soviet Union). Berlin Airlift (1948-1952)– Drops of goods by the US into Soviet-controlled East-Berlin after WWII. Korean War (1950-1953)– Post WWII Korea was split along the 38th parallel. The north was communist and the south anti-communist. The north invaded the south and the U.S. immediately called for UN police action. Russia supported the north, allies the south. A three year war ensued, and in the end the line remained drawn. Hydrogen Bomb (1953) – After receiving word that the USSR had created an atomic bomb, the US felt the need to build a bigger/better/more powerful bomb. Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) – Eisenhower continued Truman’s policy of containment, adding the Middle East in the protection from the spread of communism. U-2 Incident – (1960) A US spy plane was shot down over Russia, showing the strength and abilities of the USSR. Bay of Pigs (1961) – The US made a failed attempt to overthrow the Cuban government by supporting Cuban rebels who were against communist leader, Fidel Castro. Berlin Wall (1989) – After WWII the Soviets built a wall to split East and West Germany. It stopped people from fleeing from the east to the west. The wall symbolized the division of the Cold War. 5.05 - Organizations Established to Maintain Peace? How effective have organizations been in maintaining peace in the world?? How has the status of being a superpower affected the relations between the U.S. and other nations?? To what degree have peace-keeping organizations been successful in their purpose?United Nations – The United States, Great Britain, and the USSR agreed to create the UN so that nations could settle their differences peacefully. They met at Casablanca, Tehran, Potsdam, and Yalta among other places. The UN also created a security council where the major powers, who would be permanent members, could veto any measures brought before them. O.A.S. – Organization of American States (North and South America) – promoted cooperation between democratic nations. N.A.T.O. – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – group of US and European allies who agreed to a policy of collective security (attack on one = attack on all). Warsaw Pact – The Soviet Union’s response to NATO – a military alliance between the USSR and its satellite nations. GOAL 6 – RECOVERY, PROSPERITY, & TURMOIL (1945-1980)6.01 - Effects of the Cold War on economic, political, and social life in America.? How does a nation’s involvement in international conflicts affect politics and society at home?? To what extent did the effects of the Cold War impact economic, political, and social life in America?? Did the Cold War ultimately have a positive or negative impact on the United States?Social Effects “Duck and cover” was suggested method of personal protection against the effects of a nuclear detonation which the United States government taught to citizens during the Cold War. Fallout Shelters - an enclosed space specially designed to protect occupants from radioactive debris from a nuclear explosionHouse Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist tiesHollywood Blacklist - Communists were said to be placing subversive messages into Hollywood films. The most famous group of blacklisted individuals was known as The Hollywood Ten, they refused to answer any questions from HUAC and were jailed by the government and blacklisted by HollywoodEconomic Effects (Truman)Fair Deal - Harry Truman's domestic program which built on Roosevelt's New Deal. Truman believed that the federal government should guarantee economic opportunity and social stability.AFL-CIO – a voluntary federation of labor unions created in 1955 by the merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Economic Effects (Eisenhower)Taft-Hartley Act - amended much of the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act of 1935, the federal law regulating labor relations of enterprises engaged in interstate commerce. The act established control of labor disputes by enlarging the National Labor Relations Board. National Highway Act - authorized the building of highways throughout the nation, which would be the biggest public works project in the nation's history.Political EffectsAlger Hiss – a prominent US government figure who was accused of, found guilty of, and jailed for being a communist. He fought for his innocence until his death. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg - Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were executed for espionage in Sing Sing Prison on 19 June 1953. They had been convicted of giving American atomic secrets to the Soviets during World War II. Though the government was convinced of their guilt, many people were not and the debate over their guilt or innocence did not stop with their deaths.National Security Act (1947) - mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy and military establishments of the U.S. Government. The act created the National Security Council (NSC).Détente - a permanent relaxation in international affairs during the Cold War. It is a term usually associated with the relations between America, Russia and China. S.A.L.T. I and II- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks – two rounds of talks and agreements between the US and USSR concerning nuclear arms. China became communist. 6.02 - Major events of the Civil Rights Movement? How did the Civil Rights Movement change America?? To what degree has equality been achieved in America?? How did the philosophical shift toward more militant tactics impact the outcome of the Civil Rights Movement?C.O.R.E. – Congress on Racial Equality, an interracial organization that tried to bring change through peaceful confrontation. Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas (1954) – court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal) and said that schools must be integrated. Thurgood Marshall – a civil rights leader appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967. He ruled over many important civil rights cases for many decades. Rosa ParksMontgomery bus boycotts – Rosa Parks challenged segregation on buses in 1955 which led to the boycott of the bus system. Martin Luther King, Jr. – Leader of the civil rights movement who advocated non-violent means of achieving equality. He was assassinated in 1968. Little Rock Nine – President Eisenhower sent in troops to protect 9 African American students entering into Central High School in Little Rock, AR. S.N.C.C. - Organization of young African Americans who wanted immediate change. They later became associated with the Black Power Movement.Sit-ins – method of protesting segregation where people would sit in a restaurant until they were served. Freedom Riders – Protesters tested desegregation laws by riding buses into the south – troops were sent in to protect them. (Freedom Summer)24th amendment – outlawed poll taxes March on Washington – 200,000 people came to Washington, DC to protest civil rights – where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I have a dream” speech. Civil Rights Act of 1964 – called for equal rights in jobs, schools, voting, and public services. Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Allowed federal officials to register voters where locals would not allow; eliminated literacy tests. Malcolm X – Important figure in the Black Power Movement who later changed his views away from violent protest. He was assassinated in 1965. Black Power Movement/Black Panthers – Militant group who fought for civil rights. They called for African Americans to unite – Black Nationalism. (Marcus Garvey)6.03 - Major social movements: Women, young people, and the environment? To what extent did social movements in America impact women, young people, and the environment?? How effective are challenges to authority in bringing about change?? How is America different because of the social movements which took place between 1945-1980?Latinos - César Chavez- Leader in the Latino rights movement. American Indian Movement (AIM) – fought for treaty rights and better conditions/opportunities for Native Americans. Environmental Protection Agency – enforced the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. Counterculture – movement by young people who wanted to resist the mainstream of dominant culture. This included changing music – rock & roll. Elvis Presley & British Invasion (Beatles) – music of the 1950s-1960s which was part of the counterculture and would influence music for years to come. Haight-Ashbury – district of San Francisco which was a popular place for hippies to live. WomenBetty Friedan – author of The Feminine Mystique which told housewives it was ok to yearn for more than their accepted role as a wife and mother. National Organization for Women (NOW) – fought for fair pay and equal opportunities for women. Gloria Steinem – a women’s rights advocate who started Ms. MagazinePhyllis Schlafly – oppose the women’s movement. Equal Rights Amendment - would have made discrimination based on sex illegal, but was never ratified. Roe v. Wade (1973) – legalized abortion. 6.04 - Causes of the United States’ involvement in Vietnam? What impact did the Vietnam War have on the United States?? What political, social, and economic factors led to US involvement in the Vietnam conflict?? How does a government’s response to political events and situations affect the nation?Domino theory – the idea that if one country fell to communism, another and another would fall after that. Ho Chi Minh - Leader of Northern VietnamGulf of Tonkin Resolution – gave the president expanded powers to conduct war in Vietnam. Robert McNamara – Sec. of State for Kennedy who established US strategy in VietnamAgent Orange and Napalm were chemical weapons used in the Vietnam WarTet Offensive – turning point of the Vietnam conflict when the US decides they do not want to fight anymore after a series of attacks by North Vietnam. My Lai Incident – American troops killed 400 women and children Vietnamization – switching out US troops for Vietnamese. Kent State and Jackson State – students were killed by the national guard while protesting the Vietnam War. 26th Amendment – 18 year olds have the right to vote. Paris Peace Accords – the US withdrew from the war in 1973. War Powers Act (1973) – congress limited powers to conduct warFall of Saigon, 1975 – the capital of the south fell to the north. Vietnam united and became communist.6.05 - Impact of technological innovations that have impacted American life.? How do technological changes alter the lives of individuals?? How does innovation impact a nation?? What technological innovation has had the greatest impact on American life?Radio & TV in 1950s – spread information and increased advertising. Sputnik – first satellite launched into orbit by the USSR. NASA – government agency created for space explorationNational Defense Education Act – gave money to improve science and math in schoolsJohn Glenn – first man to orbit the earth (1962)Neil Armstrong – first man to walk on the moon (1964)Computers began to be present in the government - Silicon Valley California became an important hub for high-tech developmentICBMs – Intercontinental ballistic missiles; rockets invented to deliver bombsNuclear power – became popular in the 1960s as more people became concerned with the pollution associated with coal and gas. 6.06 - Political events and the actions and reactions of the government official and citizens. Asses the social and political consequences.? How does a government’s response to political events and situations impact the nation?? What social and political consequences resulted from the actions of the government between 1945 and 1980?? Why is change so difficult for some people?25th Amendment- created provisions for the succession of the president and vice president. KennedyNew Frontier – Kennedy’s program to help the poor, invest in space programs, and improve the economy. Peace Corps – program to send volunteers to other countries as teachers, health workers and to do other public works projects. JohnsonGreat Society – Johnson’s programs to help the poor, fund education, healthcare, regulate housing and protect the environment. HUD- Housing and Urban Development: oversee housing to help the poorHead Start – preschool program for low-income childrenVISTA – volunteers to help poor areasMedicare – healthcare for the elderly (>65 years old)National Endowment for the Humanities – gives money to artists and academicsElection of 1968Robert Kennedy – was killed after winning the California primary in 1968. 1968 Democratic National Convention – democrats had to decide who to nominate to run in the presidential election – Humphrey was nominated but the party was majorly split – weakening it and allowing Nixon (Republican) to win. NixonWatergate scandal – People in Nixon’s reelection campaign were caught breaking into the Democratic Party’s headquarters. Nixon tried to stop the investigation and cover it up. Nixon was reelected and the story began to come outBob Woodward/Carl Bernstein of the Washington Post uncovered a lot of the wrongdoings. Sam Ervin/Senate Watergate Committee led the investigation and found that Nixon had tape-recorded many of his oval office conversations. U.S. v. Nixon (1974) – Nixon was told to turn over the tapes. He did with 18 ? minutes missing.GOAL 7 – THE UNITED STATES SINCE THE VIETNAM WAR (1973-present)7.01 - Significant events in foreign policy since the Vietnam War.? How have significant events in foreign policy since the Vietnam War impacted America and America’s role in the world?? To what degree is the self-perception of the U.S. impacted by world opinion?? What impact does the media have in shaping United States foreign policy?Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) - in 1948, led by Yasser Arafat in an attempt for Palestinians to regain their lands that they claimed was taken by the Jews after WWII. Helsinki Accords (1975) - recognized the borders of Europe, as they had been at the end of World War II, thus recognizing Soviet domination of the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania)Camp David Accords (1977)– President Jimmy Carter had Israel and Egypt meet to try and create peace in the Middle East. After WWII the U.S. gave aid to Iran. Muslim leaders did not want Iran to become like the West, so in February 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini, an extremely traditional religious leader of Islam, overthrew the Shah (King) of Iran and instituted extremely strict laws from the Koran, outlawing anything western. Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) – President Regan’s proposal in 1983 to build a satellite shield in space to intercept missiles from the USSR. Iranian Hostage Crisis – Under Carter, In November 1979 Iranians broke into the US embassy in Tehran, Iran and kidnapped 52 people. The hostages were beaten and tortured and kept for 444 days before being released. Apartheid – the legal separation of people by race in South Africa. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the United States put embargos on good to try and make apartheid end. (It did in 1994). Nelson Mandela became the president of South Africa. Iran-Contra Affair (1980s) – Under Reagan, The United States sold weapons to Iranian terrorists and gave the money to Nicaraguan freedom fighters (Contras) even though Congress said not to. Mikhail Gorbachev – the late 1980s Soviet leader who encouraged Eastern European Communist governments to loosen restrictions on their citizens. INF Treaty – Signed by Reagan and Gorbachev in 1987, it eliminated all nuclear-armed ground ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5500 kilometers. Tiananmen Square (1989) – China’s government stopped a mass student protest to be more democratic by bringing in tanks and killing thousands of protesters. Fall of the Berlin Wall – in 1989 anti-communist revolts in Eastern Europe spread to East Germany where protesters tore down the Berlin Wall Saddam Hussein – leader of Iraq, who attacks Iran because of Ayatollah Khomeini’s fundamentalist beliefs. Iraq (Hussein) is later invaded by the US in 1991 for its oil and relations with Kuwait. (1st War on Iraq/Persian Gulf War/1st Gulf War), and then again in 2002 for suspected Weapons of Mass Destruction. Hussein was captured and executed in late 2006. Famine/Somalia and Ethiopia – The United States gave (and still gives) humanitarian aid to countries with widespread poverty. In Somalia, the United States sent in troops to help distribute food and stabilize the country. After the death of about a dozen US soldiers, President Clinton withdrew the troops from Somalia. 7.02 - Impact of recent constitutional amendments, court rulings, and federal legislation on United States’ citizens.? How have recent constitutional amendments, court rulings, and federal legislation impacted the lives of U.S. citizens?? Have recent government actions increased civil rights and liberties of citizens?? To what extent did federal legislation promote equality in the last part of the 20th century?Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (1971) –Said that bussing was a legal way to promote integration. Title IX – law which said any federally funded program could not discriminate based on sex. This impacted many educational institutions, particularly sports teams. Geraldine Ferraro – First female to run for Vice President with a large party. William Rehnquist – Strict constructionist Supreme Court Justice. Sandra Day O’Connor – The first woman appointed to the Supreme Court (by Ronald Reagan)Texas v. Johnson (1989) – protected flag burning under the 1st amendment. Clarence Thomas – an extremely conservative judge appointed to the Supreme Court by George Bush (senior). Americans with Disabilities Act – made public places more accessible for the disabled. 7.03 - Impact of economic, technological, and environmental changes in the United States.? How has America been impacted by economic, technological, and environmental changes?? What is the price of innovation and change?? What is the role of citizens in caring for and protecting the environment?Department of Energy – Coordinates federal programs to research new energy sources and promote conservation. Stagflation – When inflation and unemployment increase and the economy is stalled. This caused a recession in the 1970s. WIN – “Whip Inflation Now” – Ford’s plan to reduce inflation based on peoples voluntary conservation of fuel and money. Three Mile Island – Nuclear reactor meltdown in Pennsylvania which released radiation and led to improvements in nuclear plants. Supply-Side economics (Reagonomics) – cut taxes to give business people and investors more money to hire more employees, produce more goods and help the economy. “Trickle-down” theory – the idea that when government helps companies, they will produce more and thereby?hire more people and raise salaries. The people, in turn, will have more money to spend in the economy.Challenger disasterNAFTA – North American Free Trade Organization – meant to open up trade between the US, Mexico, and Canada. US v. Microsoft – Case looked at whether or not Microsoft (founded by Bill Gates) had violated anti-trust laws. 7.04 - Impact of social, political, and cultural changes in the United States.? To what extent have recent social, political, and cultural changes in the U.S. affected life in America?? Have the differences in political ideologies created a more divisive society?? What factors have contributed to shaping the social, political, and cultural identity of America?New Federalism – Reagan’s plan to put more government control into the hands of the states. Jimmy Carter – President from 1979-1981 during the Oil Crisis and the Iran Hostage Crisis.Ronald Reagan – President 1981-1989 during the Iran-Contra Affair, the end of the Iran Hostage Crisis; he also came up with the “Star Wars” Strategic Defense Initiative which was never launched. Reagan ran up the national debt on defensive spending. New Right Coalition – “Christian Coalition” – an extremely conservative group of churches that join the Republican party. Stonewall Riots – series of violent conflicts between GLBT groups and New York City Police in June 1969. They are often considered to be the catalyst for the Gay Rights Movement. Graying of America – looks at how America (especially the baby boomer population) is rapidly aging. Bill Clinton – Elected in 1992 after the Republican Party was split and Ross Perot took 19% of the Republican vote. Clinton’s presidency is remembered by the whitewater and Lewinsky scandals. Al Gore (who ran for president in 2000) served as Clinton’s vice president. New Democrat – Clinton’s “Centralist” coalition. John McCain – Likely the Republican nominee in the 2008 Presidential election. Immigration Policy Act – the current immigration policy that looks at grandfathering current immigrants into the United States. 7.05 - Impact of growing racial and ethnic diversity in American society.? To what extent is America more racially and ethnically diverse today than at the turn of the 20th century?? Have the changes in American society improved life in the U.S.?? What impact has recent immigration had on the social, economic, and political culture of the US?Affirmative Action - policies aimed at a historically non-dominant group (typically, minority men or women of all races) intended to promote access to education or employment. It also serves to encourage public institutions such as universities, hospitals and police forces to be more representative of the population. (This is also called reverse discrimination at times). Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) – Court case which decided that the use of quotas in affirmative action programs was not allowed. Green Card - an identification document issued by the United States of America affording non-citizens of that country some of the rights its citizens enjoy, sometimes with the prospect of naturalizationNo Child Left Behind - United States federal law (Act of Congress) that reauthorized a number of federal programs aiming to improve the performance of U.S. schools by increasing the standards of accountability for states, school districts, and schools.7.06 - Impact of twenty-first century terrorist activity on American society.? How has the nation changed since the events of 9/11?? How does society balance the desire to increase freedoms while maintaining national security?? How far should the government go to secure protection for its citizens?Nuclear proliferation – the spread of nuclear weaponsTerrorist Attacks on the US – The World Trade Center 1993, U.S. Embassies in Tanzania and Kenya bombed in 1998, and USS Cole attacked in 2000. Osama bin Laden was the terrorist leader of Al-Qaeda (The terrorist organization of the Taliban government in Afghanistan and spread throughout other countries) which was behind the September 11, 2001 attacks on the NY World Trade Center Twin Towers and the Pentagon. The Department of Homeland Security was created in response to the attacks of 09/11/2001 in order to coordinate government agencies in the protection of the U.S. Patriot Act – passed shortly after 9/11/2001 in order to increase domestic surveillance in order to protect Americans. Imposes on civil rights. In 2002, led by President George W. Bush, the United States entered into the 2nd War on Iraq, intended to bring down Saddam Hussein because he may have Weapons of Mass Destruction. We are still in war today. Colin Powell – secretary of State under George W. Bush. Bush Doctrine – Foreign policy under George W. Bush and John McCain created after the September 11th attacks which said that the United States had the right to treat countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups as terrorists themselves – this helped justify the invasion of Afghanistan. “Axis of Evil” – Term coined by G.W. Bush in his 2002 State of the Union Address to describe governments that he accused of helping terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction. ................
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