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Global History Regents Exam Question Bank Table of Contents:Unit 10.4 (NYS 10.7)10.7a Independence movements in India and Indochina developed in response to European control.10.7b African independence movements gained strength as European states struggled economically after World War II. European efforts to limit African nationalist movements were often unsuccessful.10.10c Historical and contemporary violations of human rights can be evaluated, using the principles and articles established within the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Students will examine the policy of apartheid in South Africa and the growth of the anti-apartheid movements, exploring Nelson Mandela’s role in these movements and in the post-apartheid period.10.7c Nationalism in the Middle East was often influenced by factors such as religious beliefs and secularism.Students will investigate Zionism, the mandates created at the end of World War I, and Arab nationalism.Students will examine the creation of the State of Israel and the Arab-Israeli conflict.10.7d Nationalism in China influenced the removal of the imperial regime, led to numerous conflicts, and resulted in the formation of the communist People’s Republic of China.Back to the NV Global History Regents Exam Question Bank Main Table of Contents10.7a Independence movements in India and Indochina developed in response to European control.Gandhi and Indian Independence Movement1. Prior to 1947, the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League worked together seeking to end(1) nonviolence (2) religious diversity (3) foreign rule (4) nonalignment 2. The purpose of Mohandas Gandhi's actions such as the Salt March and the textile boycott was to(1) begin a cycle of armed revolution (2) draw attention to critical issues (3) increase the strength of the military (4) resist the power of religious leaders 3. In the 1940s, the leadership of the Indian National Congress and the leadership of the Muslim League supported the goal of(1) helping the British fight World War II (2) removing British control from the subcontinent (3) abolishing caste distinctions and discrimination (4) establishing a unified government based on religious teachings 4. Which goal was most important to the Indian nationalist movement?(1) independence from British rule (2) establishing a laissez-faire economy (3) forming a totalitarian state (4) expansion of territory 9. Which leader is associated with civil disobedience and the Salt March?(1) Kwame Nkrumah (2) Jomo Kenyatta (3) Mohandas Gandhi (4) Ho Chi Minh10. Which event in the history of the Indian subcontinent occurred last?(1) Salt March (2) Amritsar Massacre (3) creation of Pakistan (4) Sepoy Rebellion11. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies....Indeed whilst on the one hand civil disobedience authorizes disobedience of unjust laws or unmoral laws of a state which one seeks to overthrow, it requires meek and willing submission to the penalty of disobedience and therefore cheerful acceptance of the jail discipline and its attendant hardships.... Which individual is the author of this passage?(1) Otto von Bismarck (2) Mohandas Gandhi (3) Ho Chi Minh (4) Fidel Castro 12. Mohandas Gandhi’s protests during India’s independence movement were often successful because of his application of(1) an appeasement policy (2) civil disobedience (3) traditional caste beliefs (4) divide-and-conquer principles 13. Base your answer to the following question on the map below.Which letter identifies the nation most closely associated with Mohandas Gandhi?(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D14. What was one similar goal shared by Simon Bolivar and Mohandas Gandhi?(1) ending foreign control (2) promoting religious freedom (3) establishing a limited monarchy (4) creating collective farms16. Which leader is most closely associated with the use of civil disobedience in a struggle to end colonial rule?(1) Momar Khadafi (2) Saddam Hussein (3) Ho Chi Minh (4) Mohandas Gandhi 20. "Don't pay your taxes or send your children to an English-supported school . . . Make your own cotton cloth by spinning the thread at home, and don't buy English-made goods. Provide yourselves with homemade salt, and do not buy government-made salt." — Mohandas GandhiIn this statement, Gandhi was expressing his commitment to(1) armed rebellion (2) civil disobedience (3) criminal acts (4) guerrilla tactics 21. Which headline describes an event during India’s fight for independence?(1) “Gandhi Leads Salt March” (2) “Kenyatta and Mau Maus Move Against British” (3) “Cecil Rhodes Unites Continent” (4) “Ho Chi Minh Leads Rebel Forces” 23. "Moral results can only be obtained through moral restraints."— Mohandas GandhiThis quotation best represents the policy of(1) westernization (2) neutrality (3) balance of power (4) passive resistance 25. In India, the population movement from rural to urban areas has resulted in(1) a revival of interest in traditional values (2) the weakening of the nuclear family (3) the end of hostilities between Hindus and Muslims (4) a decrease in rigid class distinctions26. Which situation contributed to the success of Mohandas Gandhi’s campaign of civil disobedience in India?(1) Pakistan and Bangladesh were involved in civil wars. (2) The United States came to Gandhi’s aid with food and clothing. (3) Sikhs and Muslims wanted to create a new nation. (4) Great Britain was weakened by World War II. 29. A sense of national unity has been difficult to maintain in India because of(1) its reliance on foreign aid (2) the emergence of a mixed economic system (3) the continuing influence of militarism (4) the desire of religious groups for greater autonomyBase your answers to questions 31 and 32 on the statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.Statement 1: "This organization is created for the purpose of realizing the national ideal: the union of all Serbs."— Bylaws of the Black HandStatement 2: " . . . people . . . would think themselves happier even under their bad government than they might be under the good government of a foreign power." — Mohandas Gandhi, adapted from Indian Opinion, 1905Statement 3: ". . . above all, we want Germany to be considered one land and the German people one people" — Heinrich von Gagern, The Call for German UnityStatement 4: "We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule. We agree that we must put aside all petty differences in order to gain this most important goal. We wish to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but also because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development." — Count Camillo di Cavour, 1810-1861 31. Which idea is expressed by all the statements?(1) War is a means of achieving national policies. (2) Industrial growth is critical to a country's prosperity. (3) Social class differences are the source of all conflicts. (4) Self-determination of the people is an important goal. 32. The foreign power referred to in Statement 2 is(1) Russia (2) Brazil (3) Great Britain (4) Japan Base your answers to questions 33 and 34 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies."Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for the just man is also in prison . . . If a thousand men were not to pay their tax bills this year, that would not be a violent and bloody measure, as it would be to pay them, and enable the State to commit violence and shed innocent blood." 33. Which leader would most likely have endorsed the views expressed in the passage?(1) Mohandas Gandhi (2) Elizabeth II (3) Simón Bolívar (4) Vladimir Lenin 34. This passage endorses the concept of(1) multiculturalism (2) civil disobedience (3) cultural diffusion (4) terrorism36. "Indian National Congress Refuses To Support British War Effort""Indians Answer Call for the Production of Homespun Cloth" "Indians Call for Boycott of Imported British Cloth"These three headlines all refer to(1) attempts by the native people to gain India's independence (2) political reorganization in the British colonial empire (3) programs to increase India's standard of living (4) the benefits of economic interdependence between Britain and India 37. The concept of nonviolent resistance is best illustrated by the activities of(1) Shiite Muslims trying to gain control of Lebanon (2) Indians struggling for independence from Great Britain (3) American colonists gaining their independence from Great Britain (4) Afghan rebels opposing the presence of Soviet troops in their country 42. The best example of nationalism is(1) the people of India demanding independence from Great Britain (2) a medieval lord raising an army to protect his manor (3) the peacekeeping forces of the United Nations patrolling in Lebanon (4) Spain deciding to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Base your answers to questions 43 and 44 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.". . . But there come some occasions . . . when he considers certain laws to be so unjust as to render obedience to them a dishonor. He then openly and civilly breaks them and quietly suffers the penalty for their breach. . . ." 43. Which leader based his actions on the philosophy expressed in this passage?(1) Vladimir I. Lenin (2) Simón Bolívar (3) Yasir Arafat (4) Mohandas Gandhi 44. This passage supports the use of(1) military force (2) civil disobedience (3) appeasement (4) retaliation 49. Which action best illustrates Mohandas Gandhi's concept of civil disobedience?(1) A British army outpost was bombed as a protest against the British presence in Northern Ireland. (2) Citizens in the United States went to jail for violating segregation laws. (3) French citizens wrote letters to their government to oppose arms sales to Iraq. (4) Supporters of Ferdinand Marcos attempted a coup d'état against the Philippine Government. 52. Which method did Mohandas Gandhi use in his campaign to win independence for India?(1) refusing to cooperate with the British Government (2) leading armed uprisings against the authority of the British (3) enlisting foreign help in driving the British from India (4) requesting that the United Nations order the British to leave India 58. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies."I believe that the civilization India has evolved is not to be beaten in the world. Nothing can equal the seeds sown by our ancestors. Rome went, Greece shared the same fate; the might of the Pharaohs was broken; . . . but India is still, somehow or other, sound. . . . What we have tested and found true on the anvil of experience, we dare not change." — Mohandas Gandhi, 1946 What is the main idea of the passage?(1) Life in modern India must be based on past Indian achievements. (2) Rome and Greece had the most advanced ancient civilizations. (3) Modern societies have little to learn from ancient societies. (4) All ancient civilizations have collapsed. 59. In India today, the continued discrimination based on caste illustrates(1) a commitment to a capitalist economic system (2) the gap between law and tradition (3) the influence of the cold war on India (4) the declining role of religion in modern society60. "An eye for an eye only ends up making the whole world blind."This quotation best expresses the idea of(1) Pol Pot's plans to control Cambodia (Kampuchea) (2) Mohandas Gandhi's belief in nonviolence (3) the samurai code of Bushido (4) Mao Zedong's instructions to the Red Guards 63. In 1947, India adopted a parliamentary form of government. This event reflects the influence Great Britain had in(1) ending religious conflict between Muslims and Hindus (2) introducing Western institutions to India (3) continuing the caste system in India (4) preventing the partition of the Indian subcontinent64. Base your answer to the following question on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies."We shall not give them assistance to collect revenue and keep peace. We shall not assist them in fighting beyond the frontiers or outside India with Indian blood and money. We shall not assist them in carrying on the administration of justice. We shall have our own courts, and when the time comes we shall not pay taxes."— B.G. Tilak This statement was most likely made in support of the(1) British colonial government in India (2) efforts of Hindus to limit Muslim influence in India's government (3) civil disobedience campaign in India against British rule (4) Indian policy of nonalignment 67. Mohandas Gandhi is best known for his(1) use of passive resistance to achieve Indian independence (2) desire to establish an Islamic nation (3) opposition to Hindus holding political office (4) encouragement of violence to end British rule70. Which statement best represents the view of Mohandas Gandhi?(1) Imperialist nations generally attempt to improve the cultural and educational conditions of colonized peoples. (2) Civil disobedience is the most effective weapon to use against the forces of foreign imperialists. (3) The Indian people must use guerrilla-warfare tactics to expel the British. (4) The Indian people must seize all British investments in India. 71. In India, Mohandas Gandhi's support for the rights of women and untouchables illustrates Gandhi's(1) ability to reach agreement with Muslim leaders (2) rejection of Western values (3) commitment to a policy of nonalignment in world affairs (4) willingness to break caste rules in the pursuit of justice 72. A lasting effect of British colonial rule in India has been the establishment of(1) racial equality in housing, education, and government (2) widespread transportation and communication systems (3) a Christian-dominated government (4) a one-crop economy 79. Which event was used by Mohandas Gandhi to bring world attention to the injustices of British colonialism?(1) Salt March (2) partition of India (3) Sepoy Mutiny (4) formation of the Indian Parliament81. One result of British colonialism in India was that India(1) adopted a parliamentary system of government (2) developed religious unity (3) supported Western foreign policies in the United Nations (4) created Programs to increase its population82. One reason India gained its independence from Great Britain in 1947 was that(1) Great Britain was defeated in World War II (2) the Treaty of Versailles required Great Britain to give up its colonies (3) Great Britain did not have the resources to maintain an empire after World War II (4) India had supported the Axis Powers during World War II 84. During India's independence movement, Mohandas Gandhi's boycott of British-made products was effective because the British considered India a major(1) shipping center (2) industrial center (3) market for manufactured goods (4) source of mineral resources87. Which statement best reflects a belief of Mohandas Gandhi?(1) Muslims and Hindus must be separated if true peace is to come to India. (2) India must adopt the British factory system. (3) The caste system must remain an important cornerstone of Hindu society. (4) India must achieve independence, but not at the expense of further dividing the Indian people. 89. The "homespun movement" and the Salt March promoted by Mohandas Gandhi in India are examples of his policy of(1) industrialization (2) isolationism (3) nonalignment (4) nonviolent protest Document 7 This is an excerpt from a pledge put forth by the Indian National Congress (INC) on January 26, 1930. It encouraged members of the INC and Indian nationalists to strive for complete independence.. . . We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. . . . India has been ruined economically. The revenue derived from our people is out of all proportion to our income. Our average income is seven pice (less than two pence) per day, and of the heavy taxes we pay 20 per cent. are raised from the land revenue derived from the peasantry and 3 per cent. from the salt tax, which falls most heavily on the poor. Village industries, such as hand-spinning, have been destroyed, leaving the peasantry idle for at least four months in the year, and dulling their intellect for want of handicrafts, and nothing has been substituted, as in other countries, for the crafts thus destroyed. Customs and currency have been so manipulated as to heap further burdens on the peasantry. British manufactured goods constitute the bulk of our imports. Customs duties betray clear partiality for British manufactures, and revenue from them is used not to lessen the burden on the masses but for sustaining a highly extravagant administration. Still more arbitrary has been the manipulation of the exchange ratio which has resulted in millions being drained away from the country. . . .Source: Jawaharlal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru: An Autobiography, John Lane the Bodley Head, 1939 from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2009.Document 8This passage was written by Mohandas Gandhi to help explain how India can become free.. . . EDITOR: Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personal suffering; it is the reverse of resistance by arms. When I refuse to do a thing that is repugnant [offensive] to my conscience, I use soul-force. For instance, the Government of the day has passed a law which is applicable to me. I do not like it. If by using violence I force the Government to repeal the law, I am employing what may be termed body-force. If I do not obey the law and accept the penalty for its breach, I use soul-force. It involves sacrifice of self.Everybody admits that sacrifice of self is infinitely superior to sacrifice of others. Moreover, if this kind of force is used in a cause that is unjust, only the person using it suffers. He does not make others suffer for his mistakes. Men have before now done many things which were subsequently found to have been wrong. No man can claim that he is absolutely in the right or that a particular thing is wrong because he thinks so, but it is wrong for him so long as that is his deliberate judgment. It is therefore meet [proper] that he should not do that which he knows to be wrong, and suffer the consequence whatever it may be. This is the key to the use of soul-force. . . .Source: M. K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, Navajivan Publishing House, 1946 from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2009.Document 9. . . Campaigns to reform discriminatory laws through nonviolent action—such as the civil rights movements in the United States—are one example of how human rights have been advanced through the use of nonviolent action. More significant, however, has been the remarkable upsurge [rise] in nonviolent insurrections [uprisings] against authoritarian regimes. Many of the individual revolts have received major media attention—such as those in China, the Philippines and Eastern Europe—and certain political consequences of these largely prodemocracy movements have been analyzed. However, there has been little recognition of the significance of the increasing utilization of nonviolent methods to affect change in nations where guerrilla warfare from below or gradualistic reform from above were once seen as the only alternatives. Despite the diffusion of nonviolence as a conscious strategy through movements around the world in recent decades, little is understood about how or why nonviolence works as a technique for securing social change. “Nonviolence” is not even a category in the mainstream academic lexicon [vocabulary]. . . . Source: Stephen Zunes, “Nonviolent Action and Human Rights,” Political Science and Politics, American Political Science Association, June 2000 ?from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2009.Document 7… More and more as years go by a feeling of unrest is growing in India. More and more as the people understand their place in the Empire is a spirit of discontent prevading [spreading throughout] its three hundred millions of inhabitants. And more and more as they realise that amid the differences of creed and caste is one basic nationality, does agitation spread and take the form of definite demands for the fulfilment of the solemn assurances of the British Government that they should be given the ordinary rights of British subjects. It is impossible that national aspirations can be for ever repressed, and equally impossible for India to remain a “dependency” in an Empire to which it contributes more than half the population.… Is it then surprising that the teeming millions of India should be dissatisfied with being ruled by a number of too-often self-sufficient and unsympathetic aliens, ignorant of the genius of the people? Not even the “mild” Hindu can bear this for ever. Is it possible for the patriotic spirits of a people with the glorious traditions of India to be content with serfdom?.…Source: Gandhi, Indian Opinion, September 2, 1905 from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2015.Source: From NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2015.Document 9a… By war’s end, Britain was ready to let India go. But the moment of Gandhi’s greatest triumph, on August 15, 1947, was also the hour of his defeat. India gained freedom but lost unity when Britain granted independence on the same day it created the new Muslim state of Pakistan. Partition dishonored Gandhi’s sect-blind creed. “There is no message at all,” he said that day and turned to fasting and prayer.…Source: Johanna McGeary, “Mohandas Gandhi (1869–1948),” Time, December 31, 1999 from NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2015.In his book Indian Home Rule, Gandhi asked the question, “Why do you want to drive away the English?” He replied with the following statement:. . . “Because India has become impoverished by their Government. They take away our money from year to year. The most important posts are reserved for themselves. We are kept in a state of slavery. They behave insolently [insultingly] towards us and disregard our feelings. . . .”Source: Mohandas Gandhi, Indian Home Rule, Navajivan Publishing, 1938, reprinted in 1946 (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2004.Partition8. Why did large numbers of Hindus and Muslims migrate immediately after India gained its independence?(1) Many jobs were being outsourced overseas. (2) The government offered housing incentives in newly developed areas. (3) Religious pilgrimages to neighboring countries were required based on their beliefs. (4) The subcontinent was divided into countries based primarily on the location of religious majorities. 15. What was one reason that India was divided into two nations in 1947?(1) Indian leaders disagreed about India’s role in the United Nations. (2) Great Britain feared a unified India would be a military threat. (3) The Soviet Union insisted that India should have a communist government. (4) Differences between the Hindus and the Muslims created religious conflict. 17. During the Indian independence movement, many Muslims in India demanded a separate state of Pakistan to(1) remain under British control (2) prevent future invasions from Afghanistan and China (3) address concerns about their status as a religious minority (4) protect the sacred rivers, the Indus and the Ganges 24. Several historic events are listed below.A. Partition of India and Pakistan B. Establishment of the caste system C. British colonization of the Indian subcontinent D. Gandhi's Salt MarchWhat is the correct chronological order of this set of events?(1) A→ B→ C→ D (2) B→ C→ D→ A (3) C→ D→ A→ B (1) D→ B→ A→ C30. Which statement about the problems of Indian independence is a fact rather than an opinion?(1) Stronger government leadership would have prevented bloodshed. (2) Control of India by Great Britain brought more benefits than difficulties. (3) Muslim leaders wanted their own separate Muslim state. (4) India would have been more prosperous if it had remained a colony 35. After World War II, the conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India resulted in the(1) near genocide of the Hindu population (2) creation of the Muslim state of Pakistan (3) forced removal of most Hindus from northern and western India (4) decision of Mohandas Gandhi to seek election as Prime Minister of India 40. Which statement best explains why British India was partitioned in 1947?(1) The British feared a united India. (2) One region of India wanted to remain under British control. (3) Religious differences led to political division. (4) Communist forces refused to participate in a centralized Indian government. 41. The partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan after World War II was based largely on(1) political and religious factors (2) economic concerns (3) military strategies (4) health and medical problems45. Which generalization best explains the creation of the nations of India and Pakistan in 1947?(1) Armed conflict is necessary for independence movements to succeed. (2) Religious conflicts may have a strong influence on political events. (3) Industrialization needs to reach a high level before a nation can become independent. (4) Similar geographical and historical conditions may promote unity between nations. 47. Which was a major reason for the creation of the separate nations of India and Pakistan in 1947?(1) India was economically dependent on Great Britain, while Pakistan waseconomically self-sufficient. (2) The two nations favored vastly different forms of government. (3) The religious and cultural patterns of the two areas were in serious conflict. (4) Natural geographic features of the Indian subcontinent divided the two areas. 48. During the 1980s, national unity in India was hindered by(1) a foreign policy of nonalignment (2) continued fear of attack from the Soviet Union (3) political interference from China (4) conflicts among Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims 51. The partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 was primarily caused by(1) China's desire to expand its territory (2) the Soviet Union's effort to divide and conquer South Asia (3) Muslim fear of Hindu domination (4) Gandhi's insistence on establishing a Hindu nation54. Religious differences between Muslims and Hindus in South Asia after World War II led to(1) increased control by the British colonial government (2) an arbitrated settlement by the United Nations (3) the creation of the nations of India and Pakistan (4) increased Communist influence in the region62. "Struggle Continues for Control of Kashmir""Many Hurt in Border Clashes Between Hindus and Muslims"Which nations have been most closely associated with the conflicts in these headlines?(1) China and India (2) India and Pakistan (3) Vietnam and Cambodia (Kampuchea) (4) Sri Lanka and Thailand73. As British rule in India came to an end, the conflict between Hindus and Muslims resulted in(1) the decision of India to allow only Hinduism to be practiced within its borders (2) Muslims becoming the dominant religious force (3) the creation of Pakistan as a separate nation (4) a large increase in converts to Sikhism 75. Mohandas Gandhi expressed disappointment in the partition plan for India because he believed that(1) the Sikhs should have been granted a homeland (2) Muslims and Hindus should live together peacefully (3) India should have maintained closer ties with Great Britain (4) this decision would prevent India from joining the United Nations 83. Disputes over India's control of Kashmir, Jammu, and Punjab are examples of the continuing problem of(1) territorial claims based on religion (2) Chinese claims to this region (3) terrorist actions by Serbian refugees (4) the policy of nonalignment 85. In 1947, the subcontinent of India became independent and was divided into India and Pakistan. This division recognized the(1) rivalries between religious groups (2) strength of fascism in certain regions (3) natural geographic boundaries of the region (4) colonial boundaries established by the British 88. Which statement best explains why India was partitioned in 1947?(1) The British feared a united India. (2) One region wanted to remain under British control. (3) Religious differences led to political division. (4) Communist supporters wanted a separate state. 90. A negative effect of the partitioning of India in 1947 was that(1) foreign rule was reestablished in India (2) Hinduism became the only religion practiced in India (3) the government policy of nonalignment further divided Indian society (4) civil unrest, territorial disputes, and religious conflicts continued throughout the region 91. A major problem in post–World War II India has been the(1) conflict between rival religious groups (2) alliance with China (3) lack of unskilled workers for farming (4) scarcity of mineral resourcesDocument 7Partition . . . Gandhi’s beliefs were based, in part, on ancient Hindu ideals. This may have added to the hatred and suspicion that had always existed between Hindus and Muslims. The Muslims were afraid that they would have no power in the new India. Although the Hindu leaders, including Gandhi, tried to reassure the Muslims, no agreement could be reached. The country was finally divided into two parts—the independent Muslim state of Pakistan and a predominately Hindu state—the Democratic Republic of India. . . .Source: Jean Bothwell, The First Book of India, Franklin Watts from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August 2008.Document 8History’s Greatest Migration 4,000,000 People Cross the Punjab to Seek New Homes The mass migration and exchange of populations in the Punjab—Moslems moving west into Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs trekking east into India—have now reached a scale unprecedented in history. Accurate statistics are impossible to obtain, but it is reasonable to estimate that no fewer than four million people are now on the move both ways. What this means in terms of human misery and hardship can be neither imagined nor described. Within the past few weeks the conditions over a wide area of Northern India, including the whole of the Indus Valley and part of the Gangetic Plain, have deteriorated steadily. It is no exaggeration to say that throughout the North-west Frontier Provinces, in the West Punjab, the East Punjab, and the Western part of the United Provinces the minority communities live in a state of insecurity often amounting to panic. Farther afield in the eastern parts of the United Provinces and to a less extent in Bihar and Bengal, much tension and friction prevail but there has hitherto been little movement of population. . . .Source: Guardian, Thursday, September 25, 1947 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August 2008.Document 9. . . And there were many [examples where untouchables were invisible during the partition]. In January 1948, two social workers, Sushila Nayyar and Anis Kidwai, went to visit Tihar village on the outskirts of Delhi. They had heard that a rich Hindu from Pakistan had left behind huge properties when he had moved, and had therefore, like many people, effected an exchange of property with a rich Muslim in Tihar to whom the land belonged. Each took the other’s property. But neither was obliged to carry on with the other’s business. The Hindu, therefore, threw out all previously employed workers from his newly acquired piece of property. Most of these were Muslims, but about a third were Harijans [untouchables]. The Muslims made their way to one or the other of the two Muslim camps that had been set up in the city. But for the Harijans, displaced in a war that was basically centred around Hindu and Muslim identities, there was nowhere to go. No camps to help them tide over the difficult time. No recourse to government— all too preoccupied at the moment with looking after the interests of Muslims and Hindus, no help from political leaders whose priorities were different at the time. . . .Source: Urvashi Butalia, The Other Side of Silence, Duke University Press, 2000 from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, August 2008.Indochina194. ? French intent to recolonize Indo-China after World War II? United States desire to prevent the spread of communism? United States support for the French in Southeast AsiaThese ideas are most closely associated with the(1) causes of the conflict in Vietnam (2) reasons for the Nationalist settlement of Taiwan (3) factors that led to the Korean War (4) results of the Marshall Plan 195. Which communist nation is most closely associated with the leadership of Ho Chi Minh and the surrender of Saigon?(1) North Korea (2) Soviet Union (3) Vietnam (4) People’s Republic of China 10.7b African independence movements gained strength as European states struggled economically after World War II. European efforts to limit African nationalist movements were often unsuccessful.Students will explore at least two of these three African independence movements: Ghana, Algeria, Kenya.92. The original goal of Pan-Africanism was to(1) demand democratic reforms (2) encourage ethnic rivalry (3) promote a united Africa (4) divide Africa into separate countries 94. Base your answer to the following question on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies.Based on these maps, which statement is accurate?(1) Egypt and Ethiopia are no longer part of Africa. (2) By 1980, most African countries had become independent. (3) By 1950, most of Africa was controlled by Russia or the United States.(4) The Union of South Africa was renamed Namibia.96. The actions of Jomo Kenyatta, Kwame Nkrumah, Léopold Senghor, and Julius Nyerere were most closely associated with(1) a rise in nationalism in several African countries (2) the end of apartheid in South Africa (3) a resurgence of colonialism in east Africa (4) the revival of Islam in northern Africa97. A major factor in the development of 20th–century nationalist movements throughout Africa was a common(1) language throughout most of Africa (2) goal to end European rule in Africa (3) ethnic bond among the people of sub-Saharan Africa (4) religion throughout most of Africa98. Base your answer to the following question on the time line below and on your knowledge of social studies.Independence was achieved by most African and Asian nations during the period represented by letter(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D99. The current political boundaries of African nations have been most influenced by(1) the topographic features of the continent (2) the patterns of European colonialism (3) traditional African language groups (4) the location of ancient African tribal kingdoms100. During the 1950s and 1960s, the history of most African countries was characterized by(1) colonization by imperialist nations (2) the achievement of political independence (3) a sharp decrease in the birth rate (4) the development of economic self-sufficiency 101. The rise of independent states in Asia and Africa after World War II demonstrates the(1) failure of nationalist movements (2) influence of Socialism (3) success of United Nations peacekeeping forces (4) decline of European colonial empires 102. Since World War II, most African nations have experienced(1) increased isolation from other regions (2) increased political independence (3) decreased rates of urbanization (4) decreased population growth rates 103. One way in which Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all(1) supported the United Nations military action in the Persian Gulf War (2) played a major role in independence movements in Africa (3) rejected financial aid from the World Bank (4) opposed the Pan-African movement 104. The most significant occurrence in Africa since 1950 has been the(1) decrease in the birthrate in most nations (2) decline of European colonialism (3) unification of East African nations (4) establishment of communist regimes in most nations106. After World War II, which action was taken by many African territories?(1) demanding independence from their colonial rulers (2) refusing to join international organizations (3) rejecting most of the technology offered by Western nations (4) creating a strong, united Africa108. "Rhodesia Becomes Zimbabwe""Gold Coast Becomes Ghana"These headlines suggest that African governments sometimes rename their nations to(1) avoid military overthrow (2) reflect traditional cultures (3) reinforce colonial influences (4) increase foreign investments 109. The desire for self-determination in African nations became a powerful force for change immediately after(1) World War II (2) the Boer War (3) revolutions in Russia and France (4) the end of the Cold War 110. A goal of both the Boxer Rebellion in China and the Mau Mau movement in Kenya was to(1) promote laissez-faire capitalism (2) end foreign control (3) develop modern industries (4) create a totalitarian state111. One similarity in the leadership of Simón Bolívar and Jomo Kenyatta is that both leaders(1) promoted European control over the Americas (2) became religious leaders of their countries (3) controlled large areas of land in the Americas (4) fought for independence from European control Base your answers to questions 112 and 113 on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies."Kenyatta explained the flag. 'Black is . . . for black people. Red shows . . . [that] the blood of an African is the same colour as the blood of a European, and green shows . . . [that] when we were given this country by God it was green, fertile, and good.' What he . . . must mean . . . [is] that our lands could only be regained by the blood (red) of the African (black)."- Kwari Njama 112. Which idea is reflected in this passage?(1) imperialism (2) nationalism (3) totalitarianism (4) neocolonialism 113. As leader of the Mau Mau in the 1950s, Jomo Kenyatta promoted these ideas as a way to(1) work for Kenya's independence (2) imitate the practices of Mohandas Gandhi (3) develop closer ties with England (4) attract foreign investment to his nation 114. One way in which Simón Bolívar, Jomo Kenyatta, and Ho Chi Minh are similar is that each leader(1) sought independence from colonial rule (2) ruled during a period of peace and prosperity (3) demanded human rights for all citizens (4) established a totalitarian government 115. "The Ashanti and Ijebu . . . strongly resisted missionary incursion [interference]–for a time at least . . . Both groups grudgingly [reluctantly] accepted missionaries and their schools only after military defeat by imperial forces." – Edward H. BermanA valid conclusion based on this quotation would be that some Africans(1) opposed giving up their religious and cultural heritage (2) returned to the worship of their traditional gods after the defeat of the missionaries (3) cooperated with the missionaries for economic gain (4) feared that missionaries would refuse to teach their children 116. European imperialism promoted the development of nationalism in Asian and African countries by(1) unintentionally uniting people to oppose foreign domination (2) promoting free trade associations among the colonies (3) establishing Christianity as the common religion (4) discouraging patriotic feelings toward the mother country 117. Jomo Kenyatta and Kwame Nkrumah were African leaders opposed to(1) militarism (2) Socialism (3) nationalism (4) colonialism118. In their foreign policies, most African nations have attempted to(1) side with the Communist Bloc (2) follow the guidance of their former colonial ruler (3) pursue their idea of national self-interest (4) support the United States 119. In the early days of independence, a major problem for many African nations was a(1) shortage of skilled technical workers (2) scarcity of natural resources (3) lack of water for hydroelectric power (4) reluctance to accept economic aid from the United Nations 120. "If we are to remain free, if we are to enjoy the full benefits of Africa's enormous wealth, we must unite to plan for the full exploitation of our human and material resources in the interest of all our people." —Kwame Nkrumah (1950s)This quotation best expresses the major goal of(1) colonialism (2) Pan-Africanism (3) imperialism (4) urbanization 121. Which statement best expresses a major idea of Pan-Africanism?(1) African doctors should be trained in Western schools. (2) European nations should reestablish economic relationships with their formerAfrican colonies. (3) African nations should work together to solve their problems. (4) African nations should send peacekeeping forces to settle disputes in otherareas of the world. 122. Which is an accurate statement regarding modern African nations?(1) Most African nations have rejected membership in the United Nations. (2) For economic reasons, many African nations have maintained ties with their former colonial powers. (3) Most African nations are experiencing a decrease in urbanization. (4) Most African nations are miIitary allies of Russia. 123. Some African nations have maintained close relationships with their former colonial rulers primarily because(1) economic and cultural ties remain strong (2) African leaders are unwilling to tackle problems on their own (3) outside nations do not provide assistance to African nations (4) most Africans want to keep their dual citizenship 124. One way in which José de San Martín, Camillo Cavour, and Jomo Kenyatta are similar is that each leader(1) made significant scientific discoveries (2) led nationalist movements (3) fought against British imperialism (4) became a communist revolutionary 125. One way in which Simón Bolívar, Jomo Kenyatta, and Mohandas Gandhi are similar is that each(1) led a nationalist movement (2) used nonviolent tactics (3) supported imperialism (4) opposed communism126. Which name would best complete this partial outline?I. African Nationalists of the 20th CenturyA. Leopold Senghor B. Jomo Kenyatta C. Julius Nyerere D. ___________________(1) Atatürk [Mustafa Kemal] (2) Ho Chi Minh (3) José de San Martín (4) Kwane Nkrumah 127. One similarity in the actions of Ho Chi Minh and Jomo Kenyatta was that both leaders(1) introduced Western ideas to their societies (2) established democratic forms of government (3) led nationalist movements (4) supported separation of church and state 128. The wars that took place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria in the 1960s and in Rwanda and Somalia in the early 1990s are similar in that these wars were caused in part by disputes(1) over water sources (2) over oil and mineral rights (3) between ethnic groups (4) between Communist and non-Communist forces 130. Many modern-day African nations have had difficulty uniting their people because the people(1) have strong tribal ties (2) are still loyal to the former colonial power (3) do not wish to remain in Africa (4) are unwilling to accept authority figures 131. The term "Pan–Africanism" can best be defined as a movement whose purpose is to(1) promote African unity (2) support cultural diversity (3) encourage European investment in Africa (4) advocate a return to colonial conditions 132. Which statement best describes the political situation in Africa after World War II?(1) Increased nationalism led to independence for many African nations. (2) France and West Germany sought to establish colonies in Africa. (3) European nations increased their control over their African colonies. (4) The United Nations opposed the idea of self-determination for African nations.133. In modern African nations, the continued strength of the tribe or ethnic group is a reflection of the continuing influence of(1) European imperialism (2) urban growth (3) the slave trade (4) traditional cultures 135. The major reason the Pan-African movement has failed in its attempts to unify Africa is that(1) limited transportation systems remain a problem for Africa (2) animism is a strongly nationalistic religion in Africa (3) cultures and governments vary greatly throughout much of Africa (4) the United Nations opposes regional movements and organizations 137. Which factor most limited the development of African nationalism?(1) European support of an educational system based on local traditions and language (2) the prior experience of Africans with economic self-sufficiency (3) political boundaries imposed by Europeans that had little relationship to African tribal boundaries (4) the European practice of making decisions based on local customs 139. Many African nations changed their names after gaining independence. The Gold Coast became Ghana, Rhodesia became Zimbabwe, and the Belgian Congo became Zaire. These changes most closely reflect the idea of(1) nationalism (2) pan-Africanism (3) mercantilism (4) capitalism 140. · Rebellion in the Congo during the 1960's· Civil war in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970· Fighting in the Sudan in the 1980's· Massacres in Rwanda in the 1990'sWhich factor was the main reason for these conflicts?(1) poor food distribution systems (2) communist interference (3) demands for land reform (4) ethnic rivalries189. One way in which Miguel Hidalgo, Ho Chi Minh, and Jomo Kenyatta are similar is that they all were(1) leaders of independence movements (2) communist dictators (3) enlightened despots (4) advocates of liberation theology 190. One way in which Toussaint L’Ouverture, Kwame Nkrumah, and Ho Chi Minh are similar is that each leader(1) opposed the role of the Roman Catholic Church in politics (2) established the first democratic government in his country (3) fought to free his country from European control (4) embraced the principles of civil disobedience 198. One way in which Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) of China, Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam, and Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya were similar is that they all(1) supported close ties with their former colonial powers (2) opposed United Nations membership for their governments (3) led nationalistic movements in their nation (4) resisted attempts to modernize their nation’s political and social institutions 223. Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.Which generalization can best be supported by the information on this 2003 map?(1) Theocratic governments dominated the Middle East. (2) The governments of Southwest Asia were in transition. (3) Many different types of government existed in the Middle East. (4) Military dictatorships were replaced by republics in northern Africa. 10.10c Historical and contemporary violations of human rights can be evaluated, using the principles and articles established within the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Students will examine the policy of apartheid in South Africa and the growth of the anti-apartheid movements, exploring Nelson Mandela’s role in these movements and in the post-apartheid period.95. A similarity of the goals of Nelson Mandela and Mohandas Gandhi is that both leaders wanted to(1) secure political power for the majority of the people (2) encourage a greater degree of industrialization (3) improve the economy by expanding governmental control (4) gain independence from the Soviet Union143. One purpose of the Nuremberg Trials and of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa was to(1) address human rights abuses (2) support the establishment of democratic governments (3) establish free trade zones throughout the world (4) provide encouragement to people behind the Iron Curtain 144. One way in which apartheid in South Africa and the caste system in India are similar is that both systems(1) allowed for educational opportunities (2) determined roles based on gender (3) revolved around central religious beliefs (4) enforced different sets of rules for distinct groups of people Base your answers to questions 145 and 146 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.... There is hardly an editor or political journalist who has not at some time during this apartheid period been pressured unduly, personally intimidated or seriously threatened either for what he/she had written or to coerce him/her into writing or publishing what was desired .....– submission to Truth and Reconciliation Commission 145. With which country is this passage associated?(1) South Africa (2) Soviet Union (3) Cuba (4) Iraq 146. This passage describes the use of threats to achieve(1) diversification (2) censorship (3) perestroika (4) suffrage 147. F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela received the Nobel Peace Prize for their work to end the(1) foreign control of the diamond mines (2) discriminatory policy of apartheid (3) anarchy in Somalia (4) Boer War148. Base your answer to the question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.... We have triumphed in the effort to implant hope in the breasts of the millions of our people. 'rVe enter into a covenant [agreement] that we shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inalienable right to human dignity-a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world ....- Nelson Mandela, excerpt from Inaugural AddressThese words were delivered in 1994 by the newly elected president of South Africa to praise his countrymen's rejection of(1) nationalism (2) Pan-Africanism (3) apartheid (4) democracy 149. In the second half of the 20th century, what was one action taken by both Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu?(1) protesting against apartheid in South Africa (2) supporting the white government of Rhodesia (3) sending troops to liberate captives in Sudan (4) leading the independence movement in Ghana 150. The South African government’s policy of racial separation between 1948 and 1994 was called(1) Pan-Africanism (2) democratization (3) apartheid (4) suffrage 151. Which country is most closely associated with the terms pass laws, homelands, and white minority rule?(1) El Salvador (2) South Africa(3) Iran (4) Israel 152. The policy of strict racial separation and discrimination that was implemented in the Republic of South Africa is called(1) collectivization (2) apartheid (3) intifada (4) communism 153. " I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not to falter; I have made missteps along the way. But I have discovered the secret that after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb. I have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a view of the glorious vista that surrounds me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only for a moment, for with freedom comes responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk is not yet ended." — Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, Little, Brown and Co., 1994When Mandela referred to "climbing a great hill," he was referring to the struggle to(1) end apartheid in South Africa (2) modernize South Africa's economy (3) end economic sanctions against South Africa (4) stop majority rule in South Africa154. Which situation existed under the policy of apartheid in South Africa?(1) All people were guaranteed suffrage. (2) The black majority held the most political power. (3) Society was controlled by the white minority. (4) Social inequality was eliminated.155. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.The main idea of the cartoon was that in South Africa(1) the fall of apartheid ended racial tensions (2) Nelson Mandela was unable to bring about political reform (3) another Communist government lost power (4) a significant step was taken toward racial equality156. Base your answer to the following question on the graphs below and on your knowledge of social studies.The best conclusion that can be drawn from these graphs is that in 1991(1) the Boers outnumbered the British in South Africa (2) the black population has decreased due to emigration (3) Asians controlled a greater proportion of income in comparison to their population (4) whites continued to control the largest amount of income after the end of apartheidBase your answers to questions 157 and 158 on the chart below and on your knowledge of social studies.157. Which is the best title for this chart?(1) Living Standards Improve (2) Industrialization of Developing Nations (3) The Decline of Imperialism and Its Aftermath (4) United Nations Membership Grows 158. Which statement can be supported by the information provided on this chart?(1) South Africa has supported a policy of apartheid since before World War II. (2) Algeria was the first nation in Africa to gain its independence since the end of World War II. (3) Independence for African nations has been smooth and orderly. (4) Since 1990, South Africa has been moving toward a more democratic society. 159. "We are moving away from an era of resistance, division, oppression, turmoil, and conflict and starting a new era of hope, reconciliation, and nation building." —Nelson Mandela, 1994With this statement, Nelson Mandela marked the end of South Africa's policy of(1) apartheid (2) containment (3) imperialism (4) nonalignment 160. What was one factor that contributed to the downfall of apartheid in the Republic of South Africa?(1) The African National Congress was outlawed. (2) Afrikaners demanded that only they should have ruling power. (3) Many foreign countries boycotted South African products. (4) President de Klerk and Desmond Tutu were imprisoned.161. One way in which the caste system and apartheid were similar is that both(1) described specific religious practices and beliefs (2) supported a rigid class structure (3) were created by British colonial governments (4) gave power to the lower classes in their respective societies162. Which statement best describes the significance of awarding the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize to Bishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa?(1) The world community was endorsing the apartheid practices of the government of South Africa. (2) The European policy of remaining neutral in regard to human rights issues was reaffirmed. (3) The separation of church and state was promoted as a universal concept. (4) Nonviolence was recognized as a way to bring about change in South Africa. 163. Which statement is accurate concerning the policy of apartheid in the Republic of South Africa?(1) It has been encouraged by other nations. (2) It is a result of attempts to improve the conditions of blacks living in homeland areas. (3) It has its roots in European imperialism in Africa. (4) It has resulted in separate but equal treatment for whites and blacks. 164. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.The situation illustrated in the cartoon was mainly caused by the(1) policies of the government of the Republic of South Africa toward blacks (2) abundance of oil resources in the Republic of South Africa (3) secession of the Republic of South Africa from the United Nations (4) refusal of the Republic of South Africa to trade with other African nations165. In the Republic of South Africa, the government's apartheid policy has been based primarily on theconcept of(1) justice under the law (2) nativism (3) racial segregation (4) economic specializationBase your answers to questions 166 and 167 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.166. What is the best title for this cartoon?(1) "The Evils of Mechanization" (2) "Preserve the Rain Forest" (3) "A Dying Era" (4) "Limit Population Growth" 167. The cartoon is concerned with the issue of(1) human rights (2) industrialization (3) environmental conservation (4) overpopulation 168. The caste system in India and apartheid in the Republic of South Africa are similar in that they(1) reflect democratic ideals (2) promote discrimination (3) encourage social mobility (4) provide economic equality 169. In the 1980s, global concern for blacks in the Republic of South Africa led many nations to(1) impose economic sanctions on South Africa (2) demand that whites return to their European homelands (3) send troops to South Africa (4) support policies of apartheid 170. In 1990, the Republic of South Africa released Nelson Mandela from prison. This action symbolized the(1) effect of urbanization on traditional values (2) rejection of the civil rights movement in South Africa (3) effectiveness of international sanctions (4) failure of the United Nations to influence international policy171. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.What does the cartoon illustrate about the Republic of South Africa?(1) The white minority continues to gain power. (2) Racial equality in employment and education has been achieved. (3) The black majority is forcing concessions from the white minority. (4) The British Government still has control over internal affairs. 172. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.What is the main idea of the cartoon?(1) European imperialism continues to grow on the African Continent. (2) Racial segregation is increasing in South Africa. (3) Ethnic rivalries threaten to replace apartheid as the major barrier to peace in South Africa. (4) Tribal loyalties will unify the South African population.173. In the Republic of South Africa, the primary goal of the African National Congress (ANC) has been to(1) eliminate Communist influence (2) rule as the majority political party (3) create a united Africa (4) promote homeland areas for blacks174. One characteristic of apartheid, which was practiced in South Africa, is(1) forced migration of blacks to other nations (2) integration of all races in society (3) an open immigration system (4) segregation of the races175. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below.Which conclusion about South Africa can be drawn from this cartoon?(1) Racial equality has been achieved in that nation. (2) In an election, most white South Africans would vote to maintain apartheid. (3) South Africans will soon vote on the issue of apartheid. (4) The majority of people favor an end to the policies of apartheid.176. A major problem currently facing the Republic of South Africa is the(1) continuation of attacks from neighboring Zimbabwe (2) move toward the creation of a theocratic state (3) struggle for power between different groups within South Africa's black majority (4) continued international economic embargo against South Africa177. In the Republic of South Africa, the slogans "Freedom In Our Lifetime" and "New South Africa" changed from promises to reality after(1) Frederik W. de Klerk took over the radical white police force (2) United Nations troops occupied the Transvaal (3) Nelson Mandela was elected President (4) the majority of white South Africans returned to Europe178. What is the main idea of this 1994 cartoon?(1) White South Africans can no longer vote in their own country. (2) People who fail to vote in South Africa's elections may be arrested. (3) Free elections are the key to true democracy in South Africa. (4) Blacks can control elections in South Africa by casting multiple votes.179. "The Very First Thing You Should Know About South African Stocks and Bonds""Two Leading Financial Institutions Show You Around South Africa's Banking World" "Amalgamated Banks of South Africa: Everything You'd Expect From An International Banking Partner"The titles of these pamphlets, available in 1994 from an American business and financial publication, reflect(1) a continuation of the international trade sanctions imposed on South Africa in 1985 (2) a renewed interest in investing in South Africa's economy (3) the hazards associated with overseas economic investment (4) a belief that the banks and the bond market in South Africa are inferior to those in Europe180. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.This 1994 cartoon suggests that in South Africa(1) both the black majority and the white minority have been denied the right to vote (2) inefficient voting methods lead to lengthy delays at election time (3) only the black majority should now enjoy the full privileges of citizenship (4) recent political changes have given the black majority the right to vote181. Which statement best characterizes the period of apartheid in South Africa?(1) The majority of the population had the right to vote. (2) The Boers attempted to conquer Nigeria. (3) Many racist ideas of the ruling minority were adopted into laws. (4) French was declared the official language of the nation.182. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.Which conclusion is best supported by this cartoon?(1) Imprisonment of political dissidents rarely ends opposition to the government. (2) The United Nations supports punishment for acts of civil disobedience. (3) Better media coverage would prevent the imprisonment of protesters. (4) Mistreatment of political prisoners often results in their acceptance of government policies.183. In which way has the end of apartheid had a positive economic effect on South Africa?(1) Imprisonment of political dissidents rarely ends opposition to the government. (2) The United Nations supports punishment for acts of civil disobedience. (3) Better media coverage would prevent the imprisonment of protesters. (4) Mistreatment of political prisoners often results in their acceptance of government policies.185. In the Republic of South Africa, pass laws were abolished in 1986, segregation in public places was ended in 1990, and the remaining apartheid laws were abolished in 1994. These events were partially the result of the(1) increasing influence of the white minority government (2) success of the economic sanctions placed on South Africa by many foreign nations (3) defeat of Nelson Mandela in the 1994 South African election (4) United Nations expelling South Africa from the organization186. Since the African National Congress came to power in South Africa in 1994, its primary aim has been to(1) establish one-party rule in South Africa (2) unite the people of South Africa in a democratic republic (3) restore Dutch influence on South African culture (4) create a homeland for white separatists 187. Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela both won Nobel Peace Prizes for their opposition to(1) the practice of apartheid in South Africa (2) European imperialism in North Africa (3) international sanctions against South Africa (4) foreign religious influences in Africa Document 2Source: New York State Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2002.2 How did the pass system violate human rights? [1]Document 3Ending Apartheid in South Africa 1973: United Nations General Assembly declares apartheid a crime against humanity. 1977: United Nations Security Council embargoes arms exports to South Africa. 1983: New Constitution gives limited political rights to coloured and Asian minorities. 1986: United States imposes broad economic sanctions. 1990: Mandela released from prison. Legal end of segregation in public places. 1991–93: Dismantling apartheid and enfranchising black majority. 1994: First all-race election.Source: New York State Global History and Geography Regents Exam, June 2002.3 Based on this document, identify two actions taken to end apartheid. Base your answer to question 45 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.45 What is the main idea of this cartoon? (1) Nelson Mandela has completed South Africa’s reconstruction. (2) Although black South Africans have overcome many obstacles to achieve freedom, many struggles lie ahead. (3) The mountains of South Africa have hindered black South African participation in national elections. (4) The reconstruction of South Africa can only be achieved through violence, treason, and defiance.10.7c Nationalism in the Middle East was often influenced by factors such as religious beliefs and secularism.Students will investigate Zionism, the mandates created at the end of World War I, and Arab nationalism.Students will examine the creation of the State of Israel and the Arab-Israeli conflict.231. Base your answer to the following question on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies.The changes in political boundaries shown on the maps occurred mainly because of(1) population growth (2) nationalism (3) economic development (4) communism238. Great Britain's primary motivation for acquiring control of the Suez Canal in the late 19th century was to(1) protect British trade interests in Asia (2) introduce democratic principles in this region (3) make up for the loss of the Panama Canal (4) prohibit the movement of ships from Russia 226. Base your answer to the following question on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies.The political changes between the 1910's and the 1980's were most directly a result of the(1) increase in oil production to meet increased world demand (2) increased role of the Palestine Liberation Organization in the region (3) pressure applied by Zionists for the recognition of Israel as an independent nation (4) effect of nationalist movements after World War I and World War II227. Which statement best explains why Great Britain and France joined Israel in attacking Egypt when Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956?(1) The European nations wanted control of the oil fields around the Suez Canal. (2) The Suez Canal was an important link between European nations and their Asian trading partners. (3) Great Britain and France were allies of Israel, which had originally controlled the Suez Canal. (4) Seizure of the Suez Canal indicated Egypt's rejection of democratic principles.228. What is the main reason for the international importance of the countries in the Middle East today?(1) They have made innovative political and social reforms. (2) They have superior weapons capability. (3) They are strategically located and have important natural resources. (4) They have an advanced level of scientific and industrial development. 239. Many conflicts in the Middle East during the post–World War II period have directly resulted from(1) the dissolution of the Arab League (2) border clashes between Iran and China (3) disputes related to Palestine (4) the partition of Egypt240. Base your answer to this question on the time line below and on your knowledge of social studies.Which region is directly associated ·with the events shown on this time line?(1) Latin America (2) Middle East (3) Central Africa (4) Southeast Asia241. Base your answer to question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.Which letter represents the location of a country created in part as a result of the Zionist movement?(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D242. Which document is most closely associated with the Arab-Israeli conflict?(1) Balfour Declaration (2) Kyoto Protocol (3) Communist Manifesto (4) Treaty of Nanjing243. Pamphlet on the philosophy of ZionismBalfour Declaration Oslo AccordsThese documents are most closely associated with the controversy over(1) efforts by the United Nations to restrict child slavery and indentured servitude (2) production of oil by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (3) trade agreements established by the World Trade Organization (WTO) (4) control of land in the Middle East by Palestinians and Jews244. Poles in 1918 and Jews prior to 1948 are examples of(1) peoples without their own state (2) colonized peoples in the British Empire (3) groups that joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (4) groups represented on the United Nations Security Council 245. Base your answer to the following question on the time line below and on your knowledge of social studies.Which conclusion can be drawn from this time line?(1) Israel withdrew from the Camp David Accords. (2) The Palestinian army is superior to the Israeli army. (3) Long-lasting peace in the Middle East has been difficult to achieve. (4) Neighboring countries have not been involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict.Base your answers to questions 246 and 247 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.246. This 2003 cartoon illustrates the struggle between Palestinians and(1) Iraqis (2) Hamas (3) Egyptians (4) Israelis 247. What is the main idea of this 2003 cartoon?(1) There are problems to resolve on the road to peace. (2) Colin Powell has removed the stumbling blocks to peace. (3) Both groups have reached agreement on the road map for peace. (4) The road to peace has been carefully mapped. 248. Since 1948, a major reason for the conflict between Arabs and Israelis is that each side(1) wants the huge oil reserves that lie under the disputed land (2) believes that the United States favors the other side in the conflict (3) claims sovereignty over the same land (4) seeks to control trade on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea 249. The movement started by journalist Theodor Herzl to promote an independent Jewish state in Palestine is referred to as(1) the Reconquista (2) the Diaspora (3) Utopianism (4) Zionism 250. ". . .The Nazi Holocaust, which engulfed millions of Jews in Europe, proved anew the urgency of the reestablishment of the Jewish state, which would solve the problem of Jewish homelessness by opening the gates to all Jews and lifting the Jewish people to equality in the family of nations. . .."This statement is referring to the establishment of which nation?(1) Jordan (2) Poland (3) Israel (4) Ethiopia 251. A major source of the dispute between the Israelis and the Palestinians is that each side(1) wants to control oil resources in the area (2) has historic ties to the same land (3) believes in different interpretations of the same religion (4) has close military alliances with neighboring countries252. "His majesty's government views with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national homelandfor the Jewish people . . . it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the religious and civil rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine. " — Lord Balfour, 1917Which historical movement is most directly related to Lord Balfour's statement?(1) Pan Slavism (2) Organization for African Unity (3) Pan Africanism (4) International Zionism 253. Which statement best expresses the key issue in the continuing dispute between Israelis and Arabs?(1) Both sides have historic claims to the same land. (2) Other religious groups continue to claim rights to historic sites. (3) Israel has been denied access to water rights. (4) Control of oil resources in the area is essential to both groups. 254. In the 1990s, the action by the Israeli Government that has most divided Israeli society has been the decision to(1) grant control of part of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the Palestinians (2) support the United States-led Allied Coalition during the Persian Gulf War (3) support the Camp David accords (4) oppose Islamic fundamentalist rule in Iran 255. "The time has come for you to go live where you like, but not among us. . . . Get out of our soil, our sea, our wheat, our salt, our wounds. [Get] out of the memory of our memories. . . ." — Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poetWhich concept is supported by the ideas expressed in this passage?(1) socialism (2) absolutism (3) humanitarianism (4) nationalism 256. Since the 1980s, the major source of the conflict between Israel and Palestinian Arabs has been(1) the presence of Israeli ships in the Suez Canal (2) the interference of Libya in Middle Eastern affairs (3) the demand of Palestinian Arabs for their own homeland (4) Soviet support for radical Arab groups in occupied territoriesBase your answers to questions 257 and 258 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.257. The main idea of the cartoon is that the crisis will(1) be confined to the Middle East (2) be controlled by Western democracies (3) totally destroy the Islamic religion (4) eventually affect the entire world 258. The crisis illustrated in the cartoon involves the(1) internal problems in the Philippines (2) border conflicts between Honduras and Nicaragua (3) conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors (4) flight of Afghan refugees into Pakistan 259. Which factor has served as a bond among Arab countries in the Middle East?(1) similarity of government (2) unity under a military leader (3) reliance on the United States for aid (4) hostility toward Israel 260. Which generalization is best supported by a study of the Middle East?(1) Illiteracy has become almost nonexistent. (2) Religious differences have led to serious conflicts. (3) Oil wealth has led to economic equality. (4) Industrial development has urbanized the area. 261. The main cause of the Arab-Israeli conflicts from 1948 to 1973 was the clash between(1) Islamic fundamentalism and Orthodox Judaism (2) Arab socialism and Israeli capitalism (3) Arab nationalism and Jewish nationalism (4) Israeli technology and Saudi-Arabian economic goals262. In 1979, the signing of the Camp David accords by Egypt and Israel indicated that(1) nationalism was no longer a force in Middle Eastern politics (2) the differences between Shi'ite and Sunni Moslems had been settled (3) former enemies were able to negotiate (4) the Soviet Union dominated Middle Eastern affairs 263. Israel is a country that has(1) an abundance of oil (2) a democratically elected government (3) Islam as its official religion (4) friendly ties to Jordan 264. Since independence in 1948 the major objective of the foreign policy of Israel has been to(1) maintain territorial security (2) mechanize its farms (3) receive military aid from the United Nations (4) sign a peace treaty with Libya 265. Who were David Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, and Menachem Begin?(1) leaders of the modern State of Israel (2) scientists who developed better methods of discovering oil (3) clergy who supported Islamic fundamentalism (4) Egyptian Presidents who encouraged peace with Israel 266. The first Arab nation in the Middle East to reach a formal peace agreement with Israel under the Camp David accords (1979) was(1) Saudi Arabia (2) Lebanon (3) Egypt (4) Syria 267. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 encouraged Zionism by(1) ordering the withdrawal of the British from Palestine (2) supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine (3) dividing Palestine into separate areas for Jews and Christians (4) granting national independence to PalestineBase your answers to questions 268 and 269 on the chart below and on your knowledge of social studies.268. The chart shows the distribution of Palestinians throughout the Middle East and other parts of the world. This distribution is partially the result of the(1) Arab-Israeli wars (2) takeover of Iran by fundamentalist Moslems (3) Truman Doctrine (4) civil war in Bosnia 269. Based on the information in the chart, which location would most likely need to consider Palestinian public opinion as a primary factor when formulating its policies?(1) the United States (2) Kuwait (3) Syria (4) Jordan 270. In 1978, which action did Egyptian President Anwar Sadat take that resulted in serious conflict with other Arab leaders?(1) expelling American military advisors from Egypt (2) signing a formal peace treaty with Israel (3) supporting Arab forces during the Six-Day War (4) importing weapons from Western nations271. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.What is the main idea of this 1994 cartoon?(1) Israelis have become poorer because of their struggle with the Palestinians. (2) Various economic problems continue despite Palestinian autonomy in the Gaza region. (3) Israel is willing to invest large amounts of money in developing Gaza. (4) Peace has finally come to the Gaza region.272. Since 1948, the main disagreement between the Arabs and the Israelis has revolved around(1) Israel's isolationist policies (2) the interpretation of monotheism (3) territorial claims (4) the possession of oilfields273. The conflict between Israel and the Arab nations since 1943 was often considered part of the Cold War primarily because(1) the policy of détente evolved from this conflict (2) Communist governments were established in many Arab nations (3) the leadership of Joseph Stalin strongly influenced the policies of Saddam Hussein (4) the United States supported Israel and the Soviet Union supported several Arab nations 274. The 1979 signing of the Camp David accords led directly to(1) the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin (2) Palestinian self-rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (3) a military alliance between Arab nations (4) a formal peace agreement between Egypt and Israel 10.7d Nationalism in China influenced the removal of the imperial regime, led to numerous conflicts, and resulted in the formation of the communist People’s Republic of China.Students will trace the Chinese Civil War, including the role of warlords, nationalists, communists, and the world wars that resulted in the division of China into a communist-run People’s Republic of China and a nationalist-run Taiwan.275. The difficult, year-long journey made by Mao Zedong and his Communist followers in 1934 through China's mountains, marshes, and rivers was called the(1) Cultural Revolution (2) Great Leap Forward (3) Boxer Rebellion (4) Long March285. Which idea did Napoleon Bonaparte, Sun Yat-sen, and Simón Bolívar have in common?(1) divine right (2) nationalism (3) totalitarianism (4) nonviolence 286. In the Chinese Civil War (1945 - 1949), support for Mao Zedong's Communist forces came primarily from the(1) peasants (2) landowners (3) industrialists (4) Confucian scholars 287. What was a major reason for the Communist victory in the Chinese civil war (1949)?(1) The Nationalists had been supported by the Japanese. (2) Many Chinese warlords supported the Communists. (3) The Communists had superior military equipment. (4) The Communists promised land to the peasants. 288. A major reason for the success of the Communist revolution in China was that the Communists(1) stressed Buddhism in their military training (2) included important businessmen in their ranks (3) promised land and power to the peasant class (4) fought successfully against the United States during World War II 289. The main reason the Chinese Communists gained control of mainland China in 1949 was that(1) they were supported by many warlords and upper class Chinese (2) the United States had supported the Chinese Communist Party during World War II (3) the dynamic leadership of Mao Zedong had the support of the peasant class (4) they had superior financial resources and were supported by Japan290. During the Communist-Nationalist civil war, Chiang Kai-shek lost the support of the Chinese people mainly because he(1) refused to accept support from foreign nations (2) defeated the forces of Deng Xiaoping (3) signed an alliance with Great Britain (4) ignored the needs of the peasant population278. One reason the Chinese Communists were able to gain control of China was the support of the(1) peasants (2) landed elite (3) foreigners (4) warlords 279. Which factor most helped Communist Party forces gain control of China after World War II?(1) The United States sent weapons to the Communists. (2) The Japanese gave economic aid to the Nationalists. (3) The Communists gained the support of China’s peasant class. (4) The Chinese Nationalists set up their own government in Taiwan. 280. During the Communist Revolution in China, many farmers supported the Communists because the Communists promised(1) land reform (2) a peace treaty with Japan (3) a federal republic (4) aid from the industrial nations 282. After World War II, the Chinese Communists were successful in their revolution mainly because the(1) United States refused to support the Nationalists (2) Communists had the support of the peasants (3) Communists had more technologically advanced weapons (4) Nationalists had been defeated by Japan 283. The French Revolution, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and the Communist Revolution in China were similar in that all three(1) brought about few political changes(2) were influenced by the peasants' desire for more land (3) were inspired by Marxism (4) were supported primarily by the nobility 284. The French Revolution (1789), the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and the Chinese Revolution (1949) were similar in that each led to(1) military defeat by foreign powers(2) the rise of dictatorships (3) governments that were based on Communist principles (4) rule by a parliamentary government 296. Mao Zedong and some of the survivors of the Long March emerged as the core leaders in which country?(1) Angola (2) Cambodia (3) China (4) Nicaragua 308. A factor that contributed to the success of both Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam and Mao Zedong in China was their ability to combine(1) imperialism and traditionalism (2) nationalism and Communism (3) ethnocentrism and democracy (4) isolationism and Capitalism 309. What was one reason for the victory of the Communists over the Nationalists in China in 1949?(1) The Nationalists received no foreign aid. (2) The Communists promised land reform to the peasants. (3) Mao Zedong was an imperialistic leader. (4) Japan gave military support to the Communists. 316. Gamal Abdel Nasser, Mao Zedong, and Simón Bolívar were similar because they(1) promoted nationalism among their peoples (2) believed in Marxist principles (3) modeled their political actions on religious doctrine (4) encouraged terrorism and violence in their revolutions 348. Which segment of Chinese society gave the most support to the Communists during the Revolution?(1) peasants (2) religious leaders (3) landowners (4) bureaucrats Students will investigate political, economic, and social policies under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping and compare and contrast these policies.Base your answers to questions 297 and 298 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of Social Studies.297. This 1989 cartoon suggests that the governments of both China and East Germany(1) removed the military from power (2) allowed a shift in rule from autocracy to fascism (3) gave people the right to decide how they would be ruled (4) faced challenges in their ability to maintain communist government298. Which event in China is symbolized by the "Lady with the Light" in this 1989 cartoon?(1) Long March (2) Great Leap Forward (3) Cultural Revolution (4) Tiananmen Square protest 299. What was one social change Mao Zedong instituted in China after 1949?(1) granting legal equality for men and women (2) requiring arranged marriages (3) adopting the practice of foot binding (4) mandating Confucianism as the state philosophyBase your answers to questions 300 and 301 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.. . . (1) Internally, arouse the masses of the people. That is, unite the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie, form a domestic united front under the leadership of the working class, and advance from this to the establishment of a state which is a peoples democratic dictatorship under the leadership of the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. (2) Externally, unite in a common struggle with those nations of the world which treat us as equals and unite with the peoples of all countries. That is, ally ourselves with the Soviet Union, with the People s Democracies and with the proletariat and the broad masses of the people in all other countries, and form an international united front. . . .Source: MaoTse-Tung [Mao Zedong], Selected Works, Volume Five, 1945-1949, New York International Publishers 300. In this passage, Mao Zedong is using the ideas of(1) Thomas Malthus (2) Adam Smith (3) Karl Marx (4) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) 301. In this passage, Mao Zedong is suggesting that China(1) create a government under the leadership of industrialists (2) give up its independence and become a part of the Soviet Union (3) rely on the United Nations for economic aid (4) join with the Soviet Union as a partner in communism 302. One way in which the Hitler Youth of Germany and the Red Guard of China are similar is that both organizations(1) required unquestioning loyalty to the leader (2) helped increase religious tolerance (3) hindered imperialistic goals (4) led pro-democracy movements 276. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.Which two countries are represented by the characters arguing over the border?(1) the Soviet Union and China (2) North Korea and Great Britain (3) China and Great Britain (4) the Soviet Union and North Korea277. The Communist Revolution in China differed from the 19th-century Marxist ideals because this revolution was primarily supported by the(1) warlords (2) peasants (3) factory owners (4) gentry281. During the 1970s and 1980s India and China attempted to improve the quality of life for their people and to increase economic growth by(1) changing the political structure (2) adopting policies to limit population growth (3) encouraging farmers to move to the cities (4) seeking overseas coloniesBase your answers to questions 291 and 292 on the song lyrics below and on your knowledge of social studies.291. This 1960s Chinese song would most likely have been sung during the(1) return of Hong Kong (2) Cultural Revolution (3) Boxer Rebellion (4) Tiananmen Square incident292. What is the main idea of this 1960s Chinese song?(1) The Sun will never set on Chinese communism. (2) Communist policies will liberate Mao Zedong. (3) The Chinese people will become wealthy under communism. (4) Mao Zedong will lead the Communist Party in building a new China. 293. What was an immediate result of the Great Leap Forward (1958)?(1) independence of Kenya from Great Britain (2) the breakup of the Soviet Union (3) the relocation of Bosnian refugees (4) increased famine in China 294. During the Great Leap Forward, Chinese peasants were forced to(1) join communes (2) move to the cities (3) convert to Christianity (4) attack the Red Guards295. Which Chinese leader is most closely associated with leading the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution?(1) Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) (2) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) (3) Mao Zedong (4) Deng Xiaoping303. Which pair of leaders used political purges, including the killing of opposition groups, as a means of maintaining control of the government?(1) Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) and Emperor Hirohito (2) Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong (3) Simón Bolívar and Bernardo O’Higgins (4) F. W. de Klerk and Indira Gandhi 304. One similarity between the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution and the Cultural Revolution in China was that both(1) limited the power of absolute leaders (2) illustrated the power of public opinion in forming national policy (3) established social stability and economic growth (4) used violent methods to eliminate their opponents 305. One similarity between Stalin’s five-year plans and Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward was that both programs attempted to(1) increase industrial production (2) privatize the ownership of land (3) correct environmental pollution (4) strengthen international trade306. Since the late 1970s, which measure has the Chinese government taken to reduce the effects of overpopulation?(1) supported a policy of forced migration to other nations (2) reduced food production (3) emphasized the teachings of Confucius (4) imposed a one-child policy that limits family size 307. Which development took place in China under Mao Zedong?(1) The family became the dominant force in society. (2) The Four Modernizations became the basis for economic reform. (3) The people adopted the practice of ancestor worship. (4) Communist teachings became required learning in all schools and universities. 310. The goal of Mao Zedong's policy known as the Great Leap Forward was to(1) develop foreign export industries in China's coastal urban centers (2) eliminate state-owned industries in rural China (3) modernize China's economic system by dividing China into communes (4) introduce capitalism to the Chinese economy 311. The philosophies of Confucius and Mao Zedong both emphasized(1) individual rather than cooperative gain (2) industry rather than agriculture (3) group rather than individual welfare (4) religious values rather than economic profits 312. In China the terms "Long March," "Little Red Book," and "Great Leap Forward" are most closely associated with the(1) economic policies of the Kuomintang (2) expulsion of foreigners during the Boxer Rebellion (3) foreign policy under Deng Xiaoping (4) leadership of Mao ZedongBase your answers to questions 313 through 315 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.When I was young, the Chairman promised us all food. He promised that we would never go hungry again or be without work; my family was led to a village where we became members of a production team. We worked hard, long hours but we were fed every day. The commune prospered at first, but soon people did not meet their quotas and we did not increase our production. We all received the same amount of rice; it didn't matter how much work we did. With the new Chairman, things are different in our village. The government has given us plots of land to work as our own, though I still put in time as a commune worker. We can now keep the amount we produce above the quota set by the government. This has made most of us work harder and the government quotas are being met for the first time.––Conversations with a Farmworker (1986) 313. Under the new Chairman mentioned in the second paragraph, which economic idea was introduced to increase production?(1) scarcity (2) tax reform (3) private benefit (4) collectivism 314. According to the first paragraph, which is most likely the reason agricultural production quotas were not met?(1) The workers felt threatened by the government. (2) The workers had little to gain by working hard. (3) The workers were hungry and could not work. (4) The workers were young and inexperienced. 315. The Chairman mentioned in the first paragraph was most likely(1) Fidel Castro (2) Gamal Abdel Nasser (3) Mohandas Gandhi (4) Mao Zedong 317. In the People's Republic of China, which factor best reflects Marxism?(1) communal work teams on farms (2) ownership of small farms by individuals (3) small family-owned businesses in villages (4) foreign influence on the economy 318. A major goal of the Cultural Revolution in China during the 1960s was to(1) restore China to the glory of the Han dynasty (2) reemphasize Confucian traditional values (3) weaken Communist ideas (4) eliminate opposition to Mao Zedong319. One way in which Confucian philosophy and Communist ideology are similar is that both(1) are Western in origin (2) emphasize the importance of the group over the individual (3) focus on national economic development(4) have a strong religious base 320. The Great Leap Forward in China was an attempt to(1) introduce democratic principles of government (2) reduce the power of the military (3) increase agricultural and industrial output (4) remove restrictions on emigration 321. In China and the former Soviet Union, the Communist governments discouraged organized religion because religions(1) compete for the loyalties of the people (2) support the principles of laissez-faire (3) favor anarchy over organized government (4) stress economic rather than political values 322. Base your answer to the following question on the statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.Speaker A: Nationalism, democracy, and socialism are the goals of my party.Speaker B: We must rid our country of all foreign influences and return to the true principles of communism.Speaker C: A good ruler will rule by example, not by decree.Speaker D: The laws of nature, not government, should rule society. Which speaker's statement best reflects the ideas of China's Cultural Revolution?(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 323. The Cultural Revolution in China was Mao Zedong's attempt to(1) renew the ideas and enthusiasm of the Communist revolution (2) increase the industrial output of China (3) promote artistic exchanges with the United States (4) encourage foreign investment in China 324. An immediate result of the Cultural Revolution in China was that it(1) helped to establish democracy in urban centers in China (2) led to economic cooperation with Japan and South Korea (3) disrupted China's economic and educational systems (4) strengthened political ties with the United States 325. One similarity between the culture of traditional China under dynastic rule and the culture of modern China under Communism is that both stress(1) a state-supported religion (2) loyalty to the authority of leaders (3) the importance of a matriarchal society (4) limits on population growth326. In China, the Great Leap Forward was an attempt to(1) promote democratic reform (2) end the private ownership of land (3) strengthen economic ties with Europe (4) increase agricultural and industrial production327. The Great Leap Forward in China and the five-year plans in the Soviet Union were attempts to increase(1) private capital investment (2) religious tolerance (3) individual ownership of land (4) industrial productivity 328. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.After 1956, strained relations between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China were often caused by(1) disagreements over the meaning and goals of communism (2) difficulties encountered in constructing the trans-Siberian railroad (3) technological differences between the two nations (4) China's reluctance to admit Russian workers into Manchuria329. In China, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution promoted by Mao Zedong were similar in that both plans(1) ended dynastic rule (2) disrupted industrial development (3) encouraged capitalism (4) guaranteed human rights330. Which action by the Chinese Government since 1949 best reflects the influence of Confucianism?(1) Dissidents have been allowed to criticize the government. (2) Education has been discouraged at all levels of society. (3) Democratic policies have been encouraged. (4) Respect for and allegiance to rulers has been promoted. 331. The Confucian view of government and the Chinese Communist view of government were similar in that both stressed(1) loyalty to the government (2) the need for filial piety (3) a civil service system (4) equality of men and women332. In China, the terms "commune," "Great Leap Forward," and "Cultural Revolution" are associated with the(1) economic success of the Manchu dynasty (2) Mandate of Heaven (3) Confucian emphasis on the five human relationships (4) leadership of Mao Zedong 333. "A wind has been blowing from the West; now it will begin to blow from the East."—Mao Zedong, 1949Which idea was Mao Zedong expressing in this quotation?(1) The monsoons will soon shift and bring destruction to the mainland of Asia. (2) Chinese culture will no longer influence the people of Asia. (3) European power will decline as a new center of power emerges in Asia. (4) The Asian people have much to learn from the Western Europeans. 334. During China's Cultural Revolution, a major goal of the Red Guard was to(1) revive traditional loyalty to the emperor (2) promote trade and free enterprise (3) enforce the teachings of Mao Zedong (4) encourage cooperation with the Soviet Union 345. Which statement about reforms in China during the 1980s and 1990s is most accurate?(1) Political reforms resulted in the overthrow of communism. (2) Economic reforms were more successful than political reforms. (3) Political reforms increased individual rights. (4) Economic reforms forced China to return to a policy of isolationism. 346. Which statement about the economy of China in the 1980s is most accurate?(1) China surpassed the Soviet Union in steel production. (2) China's economy slowed down because of a lack of natural resources. (3) China increased its industrial capacity and foreign trade. (4) China's economy suffered from overproduction of consumer goods. 347. During the 1980s, a major goal of China was to(1) accelerate economic growth (2) encourage the growth of traditional religions (3) establish a federal system of government (4) protect individual liberties Deng Xiaoping335. Which action was taken by Deng Xiaoping to improve the economy of China?(1) discouraging foreign investment (2) encouraging some capitalist practices (3) organizing the Red Guard (4) practicing glasnost336. Base your answer to this question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.The policies of which 20th-century leader helped to create the situation shown in this 2006 cartoon?(1) Deng Xiaoping (2) Kim Jong II (3) Aung San Suu Kyi (4) Ho Chi Minh337. One way in which the Great Leap Forward and the Four Modernizations are similar is that each was an attempt to(1) increase farm and factory output (2) develop a democratic government (3) strengthen economic ties with communist neighbors (4) reduce the gap between rich and poor339. The Four Modernizations of Deng Xiaoping in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in(1) an emphasis on the Five Relationships (2) a return to Maoist revolutionary principles (3) a move toward increased capitalism (4) the end of the communist system of government340. In China, Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations led to(1) a decrease in industrialization (2) a decreased interest in investments by foreign businesses (3) an increase in the emphasis on collective farming (4) an increased use of free-market practices341. A similarity between Peter the Great of Russia and Deng Xiaoping of the People’s Republic of China was that each(1) resisted economic and social reforms in his country (2) rejected the culture of his country in favor of a foreign culture (3) promoted economic and technological modernization of his country (4) experienced foreign invasions of his country that almost succeeded342. Since the 1980s, Chinese leaders have tried to improve China’s economy by implementing a policy of(1) isolation (2) collectivization (3) limited free enterprise (4) representative government 343. Which statement best expresses the change in economic policy between Deng Xiaoping and Mao Zedong?(1) A more favorable attitude toward a market economy existed under Deng Xiaoping than under Mao Zedong. (2) Deng Xiaoping and Mao Zedong rejected Western capitalism. (3) Both Deng Xiaoping and Mao Zedong encouraged peaceful protest. (4) Deng Xiaoping wanted greater government control of the economy than Mao Zedong did. 344. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.What is the main idea of the cartoon?(1) The majority of people in China do not support the recent changes. (2) China is improving its record on human rights. (3) Economic freedom in China has not led to political reforms and freedom. (4) China's system of criminal justice is based on Western traditions and laws.349. During the 1980s, the Chinese government adopted policies designed to(1) increase industrial productivity (2) reestablish Confucian traditions and values (3) gain colonies throughout east Asia (4) maintain its isolation from world events 350. Which is a valid generalization about the Communist Party in China during the 1980s?(1) Most Chinese people were members of the Party. (2) The new leadership of the Party experimented with greater economic flexibility. (3) The Party rejected the philosophies of Marx and Lenin. (4) The pro-democracy movement resulted in greater political freedom within the Party. 351. In China, a major achievement of the Communist government has been(1) an improved standard of living for many people (2) an increase in democratic reforms (3) a strengthening of the landlord system (4) a greater respect for Confucian scholars352. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.What is the main idea of the cartoon?(1) The Chinese people are reconsidering their commitment to Communist principles. (2) Educational opportunities are improving in China. (3) The Chinese Government is encouraging the growth of small businesses. (4) The literacy rate of the Chinese people needs to be improved.353. To improve economic conditions during the late 1980s and early 1990s, China adopted policies that(1) restricted agricultural and industrial exports (2) led to a Chinese military invasion of Korea (3) moved China toward a modified form of private enterprise (4) prohibited involvement by foreign corporations in Chinese industries354. In present-day China, the major goal of the government is to(1) increase the freedom of the Chinese press (2) reduce its control over the economy (3) increase Chinese control over Southeast Asia (4) decrease Chinese trade with the United States 355. Since the death of Mao Zedong, relations between China and the United States have improved because(1) both nations see an economic advantage to increased trade (2) the new Chinese leadership has adopted a democratic government (3) illegal Chinese immigration to the United States has decreased (4) the United States has increased oil imports from China 356. In China during the 1980's, government efforts to adapt Western economic ideas resulted in(1) increased dependence on the Soviet Union (2) a slowdown of economic growth (3) increased trade with many industrialized nations (4) military confrontations with other Asian nations357. Base your answer to the following question on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.The map shows that the(1) economics of all the regions of China are developing at the same rate (2) distribution of income in China is unequal (3) economies of the interior provinces of China are developing faster than those of the coastal provinces (4) economic development in China is dependent upon the cash crops of Xinjiang and Tibet358. Which statement best explains China's economic shift toward capitalism in the 1980s and early 1990s?(1) China's economic policies were directly influenced by the success of the Soviet economic system. (2) The Tiananmen Square massacre resulted in major economic reforms inChina. (3) The success of the Cultural Revolution resulted in the increasedwesternization of China. (4) Communist economic policies were not meeting the needs of the society.359. Economic development in Japan after World War II and in Communist China since the 1980s is similar in that both nations have sought to(1) end foreign investment (2) develop their vast natural resources to achieve economic growth (3) utilize the concepts of capitalism to improve their economies (4) nationalize most major industries and restrict competition360. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.What is the main idea of this 1992 cartoon?(1) China's government opposes free-trade agreements with Western nations. (2) Deng Xiaoping personally opposed the introduction of capitalism to China. (3) The Chinese Government is more interested in improving trade than in respecting human rights. (4) China's economic system is meeting the needs of its people.361. Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms in China differ from the previous economic policies of Mao Zedong in that Deng's reforms(1) discourage private ownership of businesses (2) promote further collectivization (3) include elements of capitalism (4) decrease trade with the United States362. Which change occurred in China's economy in the 1980s and 1990s under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping?(1) Economic policies were based on the ideas of the Cultural Revolution. (2) Collectivization of agriculture was introduced into the economy. (3) Foreign investment in the economy was encouraged. (4) Privatization of industry was outlawed.363. During the 1980s and 1990s, the economic policies of China, supported by Deng Xiaoping, have led directly to(1) an expansion of China's colonial empire (2) an increase in trade with the West (3) a return to a strict command economy (4) the success of the commune system 364. "It doesn't matter if the cat is black or white as long as it catches mice."—Deng XiaopingIn this quotation, Deng Xiaoping implies that to achieve success, China should(1) adhere to strict Marxian socialism (2) continue Mao Zedong's elimination of Western cultural influences in China (3) establish a policy of mercantilism (4) use whatever means necessary to improve its economy 365. What was a goal of the student protestors in Tiananmen Square in 1989?(1) independence for Taiwan (2) removal of troops from South Korea (3) access to foreign products (4) democratic reforms 366. The primary goal of the student protests in Tiananmen Square (1989) was to(1) support the policies of the Chinese Communist Party (2) decrease the amount of Western influence in China (3) encourage the spread of industrialization throughout China (4) increase political freedom and rights in China 367. A similarity between the Polish group Solidarity in 1980 and the Chinese protesters in Tiananmen Square in 1989 is that both groups(1) supported movements for democracy (2) succeeded in ending communism (3) encouraged military occupation by the Soviet Union (4) favored increases in military spending 368. Which statement is accurate about the Hungarian Revolution in 1956 and the Tiananmen Square demonstrations in 1989?(1) These events led to democratic reforms. (2) Repressive action was taken to end both protests. (3) Strong action was taken by the United Nations. (4) Both events brought communist governments to power.Base your answers to questions 369 and 370 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.369. Which global issue is addressed in this cartoon?(1) human rights (2) environmental pollution (3) ethnic strife (4) Cold War tensions 370. The main idea of this cartoon is that Deng Xiaoping will be remembered most for the(1) destruction of Western art (2) bloodshed in Tiananmen Square (3) preservation of Chinese historical sites(4) adoption of a capitalist economy371. Base your answer to the following question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.What is the main idea of the cartoon?(1) Chinese students have succeeded in achieving their demands for democratic reform. (2) The government of China has encouraged dissent in the hope that criticism will quickly fade away. (3) The Chinese Army has opposed student pro-democracy demonstrations. (4) Human rights have not been repressed by the government of China.372. In China, the Revolution of 1911 and the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square in 1989 were similar in that each event(1) succeeded in overthrowing the existing government (2) resulted in foreign military intervention (3) sought to bring about democratic reforms (4) made land reform a major goal373. A major cause of the Tiananmen Square demonstrations in June 1989 was the(1) influence of Western ideas on university students (2) memories of the Japanese invasion of China (3) teachings of Confucius (4) Chinese tradition of youthful rebellion374. One way in which the Tiananmen Square massacre in China, the Amritsar massacre in colonial India, and Bloody Sunday in czarist Russia are similar is that they were(1) government responses to citizen protest (2) pro-Communist demonstrations against government policies (3) protests against the imperialism of foreign nations (4) attempts by the military to overthrow the governments in power 375. Which statement best characterizes events in China since the 1980's?(1) Political reform has kept pace with economic development. (2) Pro-democracy movements have been repressed by the Communist leaders of China. (3) The government has passed laws to assure that Chinese women remain in their traditional roles. (4) A new constitution was enacted that granted freedom of political expression. 376. Sun Yat-sen's "Three Principles of the People" (1911) and the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square (1989) were similar in that they both demanded that the Chinese Government(1) achieve global interdependence (2) restore dynastic rule (3) introduce democratic reforms (4) end foreign influences in China 377. Which statement best describes a result of the student demonstrations in Beijing's Tiananmen Square in 1989?(1) Pro democracy protectors were successful in achieving their goals (2) A state-controlled education program was begun. (3) The government further restricted freedom of expression in China. (4) Collectivization programs were started in China. 378. The Tiananmen Square massacre in China was a reaction to(1) Deng Xiaoping's plan to revive the Cultural Revolution (2) student demands for greater individual rights and freedom of expression (3) China's decision to seek Western investors (4) Great Britain's decision to return Hong Kong to China 379. An analysis of the Chinese student demonstrations in Tiananmen Square in 1989 would show that(1) communist governments continue to have little control over the actions oftheir citizens (2) totalitarian governments frequently survive by the use of force (3) peaceful demonstrations often succeed in achieving democratic reforms (4) negative global reaction sometimes leads to economic decline ................
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