Port Washington UFSD / Port Washington School District



5153025-113665TEST DATE: __________020000TEST DATE: __________NAME: Regents Biology Homework PacketUnit 10: EcologyUse your Biology by Miller & Levine textbook to complete and help with the following homework assignments.(1) Read the assigned pages, (2) Define the vocabulary, and (3) Answer the questions.Neatness counts. Number the definitions. Write the page and number of the questions. Do your work in ink or even type the homework. Staple the definitions and questions to the HW packet.The homework assignment is due the day before the test. We will use the HW packet as a test review. The completed and corrected HW packet will be collected on the day of the test. Late homework assignments receive no credit (0). If the assignment is not turned in by the last day of the quarter the zero grade (0) will change to -5. Chapter 3: The BiosphereRead pgs. 62 – 93Vocabulary p. 64 (9)p. 69 (12)p 73 (7)p. 79 (5)p. 68 #1ap. 72 #1ap. 78 #2ap. 86 #4bRegents Review Pgs. 90 – 93#1 – 23Chapter 4: Ecosystems and CommunitiesRead pgs. 94 – 127Vocabulary p. 96 (4)p. 99 (12)p. 106 (4)p. 110 (7)p. 117 (6)p. 98 #2bp. 104 #1a, 4bp. 109 #1a, 3p. 116 #1ap. 121 #1a, 5Regents ReviewPgs. 124 – 127#1 – 23Chapter 5: PopulationsRead pgs. 128 – 151Vocabularyp. 130 (7)p. 137 (3)p. 142 (2)p. 135 #4cp. 141 #1b, 2bp. 145 #3Regents ReviewPgs. 148 – 151#1 – 27Chapter 6: Humans in the BiosphereRead pgs. 152 – 186Vocabulary p. 154 (4)p. 158 (6)p. 166 (6)p. 173 (4)p. 157 #1ap. 165 #2bp. 172 #2ap. 179 #2aRegents ReviewPgs. 182 – 185#1 – 274962525952500Acid RainTo celebrate the end of the long, New England winter, Bob and Sue James decided to take a fishing trip in early spring. Sue suggested they go to a small lake in New Hampshire's White Mountains where she used to fish as a girl. She still had vivid memories of the many fish she had caught in the unspoiled lake surrounded by snowcapped mountains.When Sue and Bob arrived at the lake, they were unprepared for what they saw. The setting was still as beautiful as Sue remembered it. But, washed up on the shores of the lake were hundreds of dead fish. Shocked by this sight, the couple quickly summoned a nearby park ranger."This is known as acid shock," the ranger explained. "It occurs when highly acidic snow on the mountains melts and runs into the lake in spring. It's a rare occurrence, but I guess conditions were right for it here this year. The effects are devastating to the ecological balance of the lake, and some scientists fear that the effects may be irreversible." "But why would the snow be so acidic," asked Sue, "and how can this be prevented?""Those are two complicated questions," the ranger replied. "The answers are part of a controversial issue known as acid rain. Acid rain is a global problem that must be better understood before it can be prevented."4213225-381000Causes of Acid RainAcid rain, more accurately termed acid deposition, is a complex chemical phenomenon that occurs when sulfur and nitrogen compounds are emitted into the atmosphere. These compounds are chemically converted into sulfuric and nitric acids while being transported through the atmosphere. Eventually, the acidic particles are carried back to the earth alone or mixed with rain, snow, or fog.4257675366395Atmospheric Acid Formation. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are transformed into sulfuric and nitric acids, respectively, The transformation processes are complex and are thought to involve reactive hydrocarbons (RHC), ammonia (NH:), carbon monoxide (CO), and fine particulate matter (FPM).00Atmospheric Acid Formation. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are transformed into sulfuric and nitric acids, respectively, The transformation processes are complex and are thought to involve reactive hydrocarbons (RHC), ammonia (NH:), carbon monoxide (CO), and fine particulate matter (FPM).The two principle sources of acid rain are sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Sulfur dioxide is emitted when fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, and some metallic ores are burned. In the United States, most sulfur dioxide is generated by coal-burning electric power plants, industrial boilers, and ore smelting. Nitrous oxides are produced when any type of fuel is burned. Vehicles and industrial fuel combustion are responsible for most of the nitrous oxide emitted in this country. In addition to artificial sources, small amounts of these compounds are produced by natural processes since both sulfur and nitrogen are found in living matter. Currently, 10 to 20 times more sulfur and nitrogen are released into the air by artificial sources than by natural processes.357124072961500In North America, the effects of acid rain have been most severe in the eastern United States and eastern Canada. Scientists believe this is because these areas are downwind of the heavily industrial Ohio River valley. Studies have shown that ten midwestern and eastern states (Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and West Virginia) account for 55 percent of the SO2 emissions and 50 percent of the NOx, emissions in the United States. Recent studies done in the western states have shown that acid precipitation is becoming a serious problem there.3619500201295Acid Rain Concentration in the United States (in milligrams of acid per liter)00Acid Rain Concentration in the United States (in milligrams of acid per liter)Effects of Acid RainMany environmentalists feel that the United States must act immediately to curb the acid rain problem. They claim that the problem has already taken its toll on hundreds of lakes and streams in the Northeast, lowering the pH below 5.0, destroying the natural balance, and killing or sterilizing many species of fish. The National Research Council (NRC) studied fossils of microorganisms found at the bottoms of lakes. From this they were able to determine that some lakes in the Adirondack Mountains have become ten times more acidic since 1940. Prior to 1940, it took over 1,000 years for the acidity of these lakes to increase tenfold. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has projected that thousands of lakes will suffer similar rapid acidification in the near future. Scientists also are studying forests for the effects of acid deposition; some scientists attribute the decline in growth and the loss of pine needles in forests in the eastern United States to acid rain. Most recently, damage to coastal waters has been attributed to acid rain.Acidic conditions affect not only lakes and forests but also the buildings and statues found in many cities. Limestone and marble, two commonly used building stones, are damaged by acid deposition. The acids attack the calcium carbonate in these stones and thus gradually weaken their structure. Other materials, such as metals, ceramics, glass, paints, and leather, are also affected by acid rain. To gain a better understanding of the erosion of building materials by acids, scientists have put up test walls in different locations throughout the country. These walls, constructed of whatever material is being studied, are exposed to the elements. Scientists expect to find a correlation between the amount of wear on the walls and the concentrations of acids and other pollutants in the air. Acid rain already has damaged such structures as the Acropolis in Greece, the Statue of Liberty, ancient Native American cities, and many tombstones. Rust seen on automobiles in the eastern United States is also thought to be due in part to acid rain. EPA specialists estimate that the cost of repairing or replacing structures damaged by acid deposition in this country alone is at least 5 billion dollars a year.Some scientists are worried that acid rain may contribute to human health problems. Acidic water, they claim, causes lead and heavy metals to dissolve out of pipes and enter the water supply. They also believe that higher levels of mercury may be able to dissolve in acidified lakes. This would lead to increased mercury concentrations in the fish we consume. Currently, though, there is no solid evidence linking acid rain to health problems.Other scientists do not believe that regulations to curb acid rain are warranted. They believe that there is not enough scientific evidence to link acid deposition to the damage done to lakes, forests, and structures. They have pointed out that some remote islands have quite acidic soils and rainfalls (pHs of 3.5 and 4.7, respectively) even though they are far from industrial activity. Perhaps, then, they have hypothesized, many of the acidic lakes and soils are natural, rather than artificial, phenomena.Scientists who study soil formation believe that natural soil formation is often more important than acid rain in determining the acidity of lakes and forests. Soils that develop naturally from granite are quite acidic; even soils that develop on limestone or marble can be acidic. These scientists point out that natural soil formation processes cause an increase in soil acidity. They believe that environmentalists should not ignore the effects of soil type, land use, and vegetation on the pH of lakes and forests.Solutions to the ProblemEnvironmental groups claim that the major sulfur emitting power plants in the Midwest and Northeast are responsible for many of the acid rain problems we see today. They cite recent studies that show a linear relationship between the sulfur concentration in the air and the amount of acid in acid rain. These same studies show that the source of sulfur pollutants can be more than 1,000 kilometers away from the effects. A study done in 1981 concluded that SO2 emissions could be reduced by 6 to 8.5 million tons annually with the installation of new controls on the 50 largest power plants in the Ohio River valley. Already, the concentration of air-borne sulfur compounds has decreased in the past 15 years. This has been attributed to emission laws passed by individual states. Environmentalists believe that the government should require these plants to reduce their sulfur emissions. "You have a smokestack on one end of the chain and dead fish on the other," said one environmentalist.Representatives of the coal and utility industries believe that emission controls are premature because the evidence still is inconclusive. They also feel that more attention should be focused on nitrous oxide emissions. They point to EPA studies that show that NO, emissions will increase about 27 percent over the next 15 years while SO, emissions will rise only 10 percent. A 1988 U.S. government funded report found acid rain to be much less of an environmental threat than has generally been supposed. Most experts believe that by the year 2000, nitric acids will be the primary cause of acid deposition.Many scientists feel that we do not yet really understand the chemical reactions that lead to acid rain. Thus, the millions of dollars that would be spent on sulfur emissions controls, if controls were required, might not effectively reduce acid rain at all. The cost of controls, however, would raise utility rates and slow down research into coal as an alternate energy source. Instead of sulfur emissions controls, some scientists favor measures that reduce the amount of nitrous oxide in the air. These would include better automobile emissions controls and mass transportation systems. Others believe efforts should be concentrated on repairing those lakes, forests, and soils already damaged by acid rain. They claim that by distributing lime over the acidified areas, the acid can be neutralized and the region protected from further acidification. Liming programs similar to this have, in some cases, successfully restored fish populations in some New York lake areas. Other scientists feel that further research is needed to fully understand how to control acid rain. Many environmentalists oppose liming programsbecause they believe that the addition of massive quantities of lime to a region may further upset its natural balance. They claim it would be impractical and costly to reach all the areas that need liming, especially those in remote locations. These environmental groups favor nitrous oxide reductions and further research in addition to the regulation of sulfur emissions.The acid rain problem is complicated further by the question of who should bear the burden for its control. This becomes a complex question because the pollutant may be emitted in one location, acidified in another, and deposited in yet another. This situation has caused ill feelings between the United States and Canada. Canadians claim that U.S. emissions are carried over the border and that the acid depositions resulting from them now threaten the country's major industries-forestry, fishing, and tourism. The United States and Canada recently have begun to work together to address this complex issue.CONTENT REVIEW1. What is acid rain?2. How does acid rain form?3. Why is acid rain a problem?4. This article was written in 1995. In the time since, what proposals have been enacted to control, combat, and prevent acid rain?Know the TermsMatch the term with the correct definition.a. carbon cycleb. commensalismc. consumerd. ecologye. herbivore f. producerg. nicheh. decomposeri. parasitism j. scavengerk. habitat l. mutualism___ 1. the branch of biology that deals with all the interactions between organisms and their environment___ 2. the particular way in which a species functions in an ecosystem___ 3. a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits from the association and the other is not affected___ 4. a carnivore that feeds on dead animals that it finds___ 5. an organism that produces organic compounds from inorganic compounds; an autotroph___ 6. the pathways by which carbon is circulated through the biosphere___ 7. an organism that obtains nutrients by breaking down the remains of dead plants and animals___ 8. a heterotroph; an organism that obtains nutrients from other organisms___ 9. a heterotroph that feeds only on plants___ 10. a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits from the association and the other is harmedComplete the following paragraphs using the list of words below.zooplankton plant life desertfreshwater taiga tundraterrestrial permafrost marineplankton grasslands benthosepiphytesnektonlatitudetropical rain forestphytoplanktonbiomestemperate deciduous forestThe earth is divided into large geographical regions that show particular types of climax communities, called ____________________(1) . In land, or ____________________ (2) , biomes, the climax community is defined by its dominant type of ____________________ (3) . The biome known as the ____________________ (4) is characterized by low average temperatures and plants such as Iichens, mosses, and grasses with few, if any, trees. Only the upper layers of soil thaw in the summer, while the layers beneath, called the ____________________ (5) , remain continually frozen.Moving southward, the vegetation gradually changes, and evergreen forests become the dominant plant life. This biome, called the ____________________ (6), has cold winters but warmer summer temperatures. Pines, spruce, and firs are the dominant vegetation. South of this biome, in eastern North America and in Europe, one finds the ____________________ (7) with hot, humid summers and cold winters. Common trees are oak, maple, and hickory, and common animals are wolves, foxes, and deer.The ____________________ (8) biomes usually cover large areas in the interior of a continent and have from 25 to 75 centimeters of rainfall per year. The animals of the North American part of this biome are the badger, rattlesnake, and jackrabbit. The ____________________ (9) receives less than 25 centimeters of rainfall per year and has wide-ranging temperatures. Plants in this biome have special adaptations for water conservation.The ____________________ (10) biomes are found around the equator and receive between 200 and 400 centimeters of rainfall a year. Temperatures remain around 25 degrees Celsius, and there is an enormous amount of plant and animal life.Aquatic environments are also considered to be biomes. The two aquatic biomes on earth are the saltwater, or ____________________ (11), biome and the ____________________ (12) biome. The first of these biomes is one of the richest in the world. Organisms that live on the ocean floor are called ____________________ (13), and organisms that float near the surface are known as ____________________ (14). This latter group can be divided into two groups. Those that are photosynthetic are called ____________________ (15), while those that are not photosynthetic are called ____________________(16).Understanding the Concepts.Answer the following questions with your knowledge of biology.1. Why are the abiotic factors of a region important?2. How are heterotrophs dependent on autotrophs?3495675139065003. How do animals obtain the nitrogen they need for their life functions?4. How might the light conditions of a region affect its biotic factors?5. A protozoan population lives in the gut of termites and digests the wood the termite eats. Some of the byproducts of this process provide food for the termite. What type of symbiotic relationship is this?6. What is an organism's niche?7. How are decomposers important to an ecosystem?3219450-372110008. What factors distinguish one type of biome from another?9. Why aren't there clear-cut boundaries between biomes?10. Why are there few, if any, trees in the tundra biome?11. With all the lush vegetation found in the tropical rain forest biome, one would think that the soil would be rich in organic matter. Why is this not the case?12. Why is the marine biome the most stable of all biomes?13. What can we do now to help alleviate our present ecological problems?14. How have chemical pesticides been beneficial?15. How have chemical pesticides been harmful?1. At which level of the food web is the supply of energy at its maximum?2. Which feeding relationship do first-order consumers have in common?3. Which feeding relationship do second-order consumers have in common?4. Why are plans called producers?5. Food webs and food chains involve multiple trophic levels. How do the trophic levels differ?6. Describe a food chain that includes a mountain lion and a shrub.7. How might the organisms pictured in the food web be affected if most of the mouse population was destroyed by disease?1. What is the source of energy for the ecological pyramids shown in the diagram?2. In general what are the organisms that make up the base of the pyramid? Give specific examples.3. Examine the pyramid of energy. Explain why only 10% of the energy available at one trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level.4. How is the energy loss from one trophic level to the next reflected in the pyramid of numbers?5. If a given ecosystem has a greater number of individual herbivores than individual producers how would this affect the shape of the pyramid of numbers?6. What quantity does a pyramid of biomass express?7. Explain how biomass is calculated.-7620020955000SUCCESSION1. What do ecologists mean by succession?2. Explain the process of primary succession in the diagram.3. What is a climax community, and which organisms represent this community in the diagram?4. How is secondary succession different from primary succession?5. Based on the diagram, if you hiked through a patch of land that contained a pine forest that turned into an area that only contained ferns, shrubs, and grasses, would you be moving from an older to younger community or vice versa?6. What parts of the ecosystem had to be established before primary succession could occur?022860000TERRESTRIAL BIOMES1. The graph shows two abiotic factors that influence the kind of climax community that will develop in a particular area. Predict which climax community would result in an area that has an annual precipitation of 50 cm and an annual average temperature of -100C.2. Which climax community would result in an area that has an annual precipitation of 250 cm and an annual average temperature of 100C?3. Which climax communities can be found at different points within the following range of temperatures and precipitation: 10 – 200 cm annual precipitation and 50 – 150 C annual average temperature?4. Which climax communities require an average annual temperature of approximately 200C to 300C?5. Which climax community is a little warmer and wetter than the tundra? What is its approximate range of temperatures and precipitations?6. Which climax community can exist in the broadest range of temperature?7. What type of climax vegetation do you think would be found at a low-lying area near the equator that gets lots of rain?8. Which climax vegetation would you expect to find in an area that has an annual average temperature of about 50C and a little less rainfall that would be needed to support a forest?9. What is the range of temperature and precipitation for the area in which you live?Review QuestionsChoose the best answer and mark it on the space providedChoose the best answer to match the statement. Choices may be used more than once.a. mutualism b. tropical rain forestc. selective harvesting d. biomagnification e. commensalism f. grasslands g. hydrogen sulfideh. carbon monoxide i. nitrogen oxide j. recycling k. parasitisml. temperate deciduous forest m. eutrophicationn. sulfur dioxide o. biodegradation p. tropism q. terracing r. tundra s. rotation t. inversion u. taiga v. desert___ 1. the relationship existing between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria___ 2. the relationship existing between Indian pipe and certain other plants ___ 3. the relationship existing between tapeworms and certain other animals___ 4. the relationship existing between termites and certain microorganisms___ 5. the relationship existing between pilot fish and sharks___ 6. areas around the poles___ 7. the plains of North America___ 8. areas in northern Africa and central Australia___ 9. Common plants include pines, firs, and spruce.___ 10. Common plants include oaks, maples, and hickory.___ 11. Temperatures remain constant throughout the year.___ 12. Common animals include caribou, lemmings, and ptarmigans.___ 13. caused by excessive nutrient input into lakes___ 14. resulted in excessive levels of DDT in fish-eating birds___ 15. breakdown of sewage and wastes by microorganisms___ 16. resulted in the mercury poisoning of many people in Japan___ 17. reacts with hydrocarbons and sunlight to produce smog___ 18. reacts with oxygen and ultraviolet light to produce ozone___ 19. produced by the manufacture of paper pulp; smells like rotten eggs___ 20. reacts with other substances to produce some of the acids found in acid rain___ 21. produced by the combustion of fuels; reduces hemoglobin's capacity to carry oxygen___ 22. important practice that reduces or prevents soil erosion___ 23. involves digging flat areas in hillsides for planting crops___ 24. involves growing different crops each year to prevent soil depletion___ 25. involves marking some trees for cutting while leaving others undisturbed to growThe map illustrates the general location of various terrestrial biomes in selected areas of North, Central, and South America. Select the biome that is most closely associated with the following statement.___1. Deer nibble on low-lying shrubs while cardinals sit on branches of trees in a large deciduous forest.1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 5) 5___ 2. Snowy owls hunt mice that try to escape among the lichens growing on ground that has permanently frozen subsoil.1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 5) 5___ 3. Prairie dogs hide in their burrows in a vast area of tall grasses that provide food for herds of pronghorn antelope and bison.1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4 5) 5___ 4. Knowing the type of food consumed by an organism helps to identify the role of the organism in the community. This role is known as its1) nesting site2) territorial range3) biomass4) niche___ 5. Which factor determines the type of terrestrial plants that grow in an area?1) percentage of nitrogen in the air2) depth of the ponds in the area3) number of secondary consumers present4) climate of the area___ 6. Termites can be found living in dead trees partially buried under soil and stones. Within the tree trunks, the termites feed on the wood fiber, creating passageways having a high humidity. The wood fiber is digested by protozoans living within the digestive tract of the termite. What are the biotic factors in this habitat?1) tree trunk, stones, and protozoans2) soil and humidity3) termites and protozoans4) humidity, soil, and stones___ 7. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram shown of the nitrogen cycle and on your knowledge of biology.Which substance, acted on by A in the cycle, would most likely be included in the area labeled "Wastes"?1) urea2) sulfur3) carbon dioxide4) mineral salt___ 8. In a self-sustaining ecosystem, which component cannot be recycled because it is lost from food chains and becomes unavailable?1) carbon2) nitrogen3) water4) energy___ 9. Which sequence represents a correct order of succession that would involve these stages?1) 2 3 1 4 52) 2 1 3 5 43) 3 1 2 4 54) 3 2 1 5 4___ 10. Although three different bird species all inhabit the same type of tree in an area, competition between the birds rarely occurs. The most likely explanation for this lack of competition is that these birds1) have different ecological niches2) share food with each other3) have a limited supply of food4) are unable to interbreed___ 11. The diagram represents the nitrogen cycle. Which letter in the diagram indicates the activity of bacteria of decay?1) W 2) X 3) Y 4) ZFor questions 12 and 13, select the type of symbiosis that best identifies the relationship: 1) Commensalism2) Mutualism3) Parasitism___ 12. A tapeworm lives in the digestive tract of a human.___ 13. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of legumes.___ 14. In the nitrogen cycle, which type of bacteria converts nitrogenous wastes into ammonia?1) bacteria of decay2) nitrogen-fixing bacteria3) nitrifying bacteria4) denitrifying bacteria___ 15. A student measured some abiotic factors present in an aquarium in a biology laboratory. Which data did the student most likely record?1) the weight and color of each type of scavenger2) the number of each type of green plant and each type of snail3) the size and number of each species of fish4) the temperature and oxygen content of the water___ 16. Starting on bare rock, what is the usual ecological succession of organisms?1) grasses shrubs lichens trees2) lichens shrubs grasses trees3) grasses shrubs lichens trees4) lichens grasses shrubs trees___ 17. The diagram represents a pyramid of biomass in an aquatic environment. Which statement best explains why mass decreases from one level to the next in this pyramid?1) More organisms die at higher levels than at lower levels, resulting in less mass at higher levels.2) When organisms die at higher levels, their remains sink to lower levels, increasing the mass at lower levels.3) Energy is lost to the environment at each level, so less mass can be supported at succeedingly higher levels.4) Organisms decay at each level, and thus less mass can be supported at succeedingly higher levels.___ 18. The first organism in most natural food chains is1) an herbivore2) a decomposer3) photosynthetic___ 19. Which statement best describes the pioneer organisms involved in ecological succession?1) They do not require sunlight.2) They are the last organisms to appear.3) They modify the environment.4) They are restricted to desert biomes.___ 20. An ecosystem is not considered to be self-sustaining if1) there is interaction between biotic and abiotic factors2) some of its living systems incorporate energy into organic compounds3) cycling of materials occurs between organisms and their environment4) it lacks a constant supply of energy___ 21. Which group has the greatest biomass?1) omnivores2) herbivores3) carnivores4) producers___ 22. In the diagram below, which processes are most closely associated with the arrows labeled A?1) runoff and respiration2) photosynthesis and decomposition3) respiration and transpiration4) nitrogen fixation and synthesis___ 23. The diagram represents a tree containing three different species of warbler, A, B, and C. Each species occupies a different niche. A fourth species, D, which has the same environmental requirements as species B, enters the tree at point X. Members of species B will most likely1) live in harmony with species D2) move to a different level and live with species A or species C3) stay at that level but change their diet4) compete with species D___ 24. In a swamp ecosystem, the heron and the snapping turtle feed on the same species of minnow. These feeding patterns will most likely result in1) ecological succession of plants in the swamp2) competition between the heron and the turtle3) extinction of the turtle4) evolution of a new type of climax fauna___ 25. Some characteristics of four different biomes are represented in the following chart. Which biome is characterized by moderate precipitation, cold winters, warm summers, and climax plants that lose their leaves in the winter?1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D___ 26. Which term would be used to classify the patrons of the restaurant "Chez Rotting Carcass" in the cartoon?1) herbivores2) parasites3) scavengers4) saprophytes___ 27. Which factor is not necessary for an ecosystem to be self-sustaining?1) a constant source of energy2) living systems that incorporate energy into organic molecules3) a cycling of materials between organisms and their environment4) an equal number of producers and consumers___ 28. This diagram provides some information concerning an ecosystem.Which title is most appropriate for the diagram?1) Energy Flow and Material Cycles in an Ecosystem2) Evolution in an Ecosystem3) Succession in an Ecosystem4) The Water Cycle in an Ecosystem___ 29. This diagram shows an example of interdependence among aquatic organisms. During the day, the organisms either use or give off substance A or B, as shown by the arrows. Which substances are represented by A and B?1) A represents oxygen and B represents carbon dioxide.2) A represents oxygen and B represents carbohydrates.3) A represents nitrogen and B represents carbon dioxide.4) A represents carbon dioxide and B represents oxygen.___ 30. Base your answer to the following question on the chart and on your knowledge of biology.Which stage represents a pioneer community?1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D___ 31. An aquarium ecosystem is shown in the accompanying diagram.A community in this aquarium consists of the1) plants and gravel 2) fish, water, and snails3) fish, plants, and snails 4) water and gravel___ 32. Which group represents a population?1) all the vertebrates living in New York State2) all the Homo sapiens living in New York State3) all the plant and animal species found in New York State4) all the flowering plants found in New York State___ 33. Which statement regarding the ecosystem shown in the diagram is correct?1) The community within this ecosystem consists of seven guppies and one catfish.2) The energy source for this ecosystem is the gas from the air stone.3) A population within this ecosystem is the three snails.4) Cycling of materials is not necessary in this self-sustaining ecosystem.___ 34. Which is an example of an ecosystem?1) a population of monarch butterflies2) the interdependent biotic and abiotic components of a pond3) all the abiotic factors found in a field4) all the mammals that live in the Atlantic Ocean___ 35. The use of ladybugs and praying mantises to consume insect pests in gardens is an example of1) biological control of insect pests2) exploitation of insect pests3) abiotic control of insect pests4) use of biocides to control insect pests___ 36. Which human activity would be more likely to have a negative impact on the environment than the other three?1) using reforestation and cover cropping to control soil erosion2) using insecticides to kill insects that compete with humans for food3) developing research aimed toward the preservation of endangered species4) investigating the use of biological controls for pests___ 37. Which human activity would most likely result in the addition of an organism to the endangered species list?1) cover cropping2) use of pollution controls3) use of erosion controls4) habitat destructionUse the diagram to answer questions 38 and 39.___ 38. A carnivore in this desert community is represented by the1) lizard2) sage3) yeast4) desert rat___ 39. Which is an example of the nutritional pattern of a primary consumer?1) grasshoppers lizards2) scorpions bacteria3) prickly pear cactuses desert rats4) lizards roadrunners___ 40. Which concept includes the other three?1) competition2) survival of the fittest3) natural selection4) overproduction___ 41. In a natural community, all the living things that directly or indirectly affect the environment are known as1) pioneer organisms 2) secondary consumers3) climatic limitations 4) biotic factors___ 42. A fungus is an example of1) an herbivore2) a saprophyte3) an autotroph4) an omnivore___ 43. Several years after a building had been tom down and the ground cleared, grasses began to grow in that area. After 10 years, small bushes replaced the grasses. This pattern of plant growth is known as1) biological control2) ecological succession3) land-use management4) cover cropping___ 44. In order to preserve the biosphere for future generations, humans must1) make use of technology to develop new herbicides2) put all wild animals in game preserves3) explore ways to drain and fill wetlands along the seacoast4) understand how living things interact with their environment___ 45. Which organisms would most likely have a predator-prey relationship?1) tapeworm and dog2) barnacle and whale3) hawk and mouse4) rabbit and grass___ 46. Eggs of a wasp species are deposited inside the body of a gypsy moth caterpillar. The wasp eggs hatch into larvae, which feed on and destroy the caterpillar. The relationship that exists between the wasp larvae and the caterpillar is known as1) mutualism2) parasitism3) commensalisms4) saprophytism___ 47. Which processes are involved in the water cycle?1) respiration and photosynthesis, only2) transpiration and excretion, only3) respiration, photosynthesis, evaporation, and condensation, only4) respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration, excretion, evaporation, and condensation___ 48. In the food pyramid represented, which level has the greatest biomass?1) eagles2) snakes3) mice4) green plants___ 49. Which factor promotes competition between organisms in an ecosystem?1) cycling of minerals2) decomposition of organic matter3) limited resources4) presence of saprophytesUse the diagram to answer questions 50 and 51.___ 50. Decomposer bacteria are indicated by letter1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D___ 51. Denitrifying bacteria are indicated by letter1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D___ 52. All the interacting populations in a given area represent an ecological unit known as a1) biosphere2) community3) world biome4) saprophytic relationship___ 53. If birds eat insects that feed on corn, which pyramid level would birds occupy?1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D___ 54. When animals excrete nitrogenous wastes into the soil, certain soil bacteria convert these wastes into nitrates, which are absorbed by plants. These soil bacteria function as1) autotrophs2) secondary consumers3) decomposers4) abiotic factors___ 55. Which organisms would most likely be the pioneer organisms on a newly formed volcanic island?1) conifers2) lichens 3) deciduous trees 4) tall grasses___ 56. The diagram shows a relationship between altitude, latitude, and tree growth. What is a valid inference that can be made based on this graph?1) Deciduous trees cannot grow at an altitude of 5,000 feet.2) The effects of increasing altitude and latitude on tree growth are similar.3) There is less light available at 10,000 feet than at lower elevations.4) Trees do not grow rapidly in the tropics.___ 57. Which statement is best supported by the diagram of the carbon-oxygen cycle?1) Decomposers add oxygen to the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide.2) Combustion adds oxygen to the atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide.3) Producers generate oxygen and utilize carbon dioxide.4) Consumers generate oxygen and utilize carbon dioxide.Base your answers to questions 58 - 60 on the information shown and on your knowledge of biology.The Long Island Pine Barrens is a natural woodland that once covered more than a quarter of a million acres. The dominant tree in this woodland is the pitch pine. Plant and animal distribution and abundance are controlled by fire and soil conditions. Dry, sandy soils encourage frequent wildfires, which periodically consume all or part of the vegetation. Fires are natural and important in maintaining the Pine Barrens. Pine Barrens plants and animals must be fire adapted; that is, they must have the ability to survive fires or to colonize burned areas rapidly. Some Pine Barrens insects, for example, escape fire by burrowing deep into the ground during times of the year when fires are likely to occur.___ 58. A pioneer organism in the Pine Barrens is one that1) migrates to a different habitat2) is the first to repopulate areas where fire destroyed the vegetation3) burrows out of the ground after the fire is extinguished4) is destroyed by the fire___ 59. In the pine barrens, pitch pine trees are part of a1) tundra biome2) pioneer community3) climax community4) grassland biome ___ 60. Which event normally takes place after a fire in the Pine Barrens?1) ecological succession, which helps reestablish the Pine Barrens2) hibernation of the insects in the ground3) increased mutations in the pitch pines4) rapid interbreeding of animal species that survive the fire___ 61. Which is an abiotic factor that functions as a limiting factor for the autotrophs in the ecosystem shown?1) grasshopper2) light3) fish4) hawkUse the diagram to answer questions 62 and 63. ___ 62. Which organisms are represented by box I in the chart?1) nitrifying bacteria 2) nitrogen-fixing bacteria3) saprophytic bacteria4) denitrifying bacteria___ 63. Which term belongs in box 2?1) tropism2) gradualism3) saprophytism4) commensalism___ 64. In an attempt to prevent certain species from becoming extinct, humans have1) placed all endangered species in zoos2) increased the trapping of predators3) increased wildlife management and habitat protection4) attempted to mate organisms from different species to create new and stronger organisms___ 65. Which group in the food web represented would most likely have the greatest biomass?1) corn and oats2) hawks and owls3) mice and rats4) snakes and raccoons ___ 66. The science of ecology is best defined as the study of1) the classification of plants and animals2) the interactions of living organisms and their environment3) technology and its effects on society4) weather and its effects on food production in the ocean ................
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