AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE



Unit 3 Study Guide- Chapters 6,7,17Name: ________________Chapter 6 PopulationsDue: 2/15/17Opening Story – What are some key events in the re-establishment of the New England forest ? 2. Distinguish between each level of organization:What does this level consist of?IndividualPopulationAll the individuals of a single species living in a given area at one timeCommunityEcosystemBiosphere3. Five major characteristics help us understand how populations change over time:Why is this factor important?How could this factor apply to the New England forest in the Opening Story?Population SizePopulation DensityPopulation DistributionPopulation Sex RatioEcologists may study the percentage of female Microrhopala vittata beetlesPopulation Age StructureDetermines future growth potential (via individuals of reproductive age)4. Differentiate between density-dependent and density-independent factors. Forest fire reducing the communities of a forest ecosystem would be an example of ________________.Competition between hawks and snakes for mice would be an example of _______________________.5. The Exponential Growth ModelWhat does the intrinsic growth rate (r) for a species measure? Chart the growth of the following population of mice at a growth rate of 10% per year:Year:20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010Mice:1001106. The Logistic Growth ModelWhy is the exponential growth model usually insufficient to describe real populations?Why does population growth slow as it approaches the carrying capacity of its environment?Why population is overshoot always followed by a die-off?Reproductive Strategies and Survivorship CurvesCharacteristics of k-selected and r-selected species:CharacteristicsReproduction SpeedLikely to overshoot?ExampleSurvivorship Curve Typek-selected speciesType Ir-selected speciesSmall, short lives, many offspringWhich type of species, k or r, can evolve faster? Explain why.Which type of species, k or r, is at greater risk for extinction? Explain why.7. Describe the three types of survivorship curves- describe curve and provide an example of a species that follows thisSurvivorship CurveDescriptionExampleType IType IIType III 8. CompetitionWhy did Gause’s experiment growing 2 strains of paramecium in the same environment produce a different outcome from when they he grew them separately?Why can’t two species simultaneously share the same realized niche? Think competitive exclusion principle.Why is resource partitioning advantageous for species that would otherwise be competing?Identify each of the following as an example of the competitive exclusion principle, temporal resource partitioning, spatial resource partitioning or morphological resource partitioning:Several species of Warbler Birds hunt insects in the same types of trees, but each feeds in a different part of the tree When wolves were absent from Yosemite, deer grazed many plant species so heavily that other herbivore species were unable to establish themselvesMany different species of bats use a single watering hole, but each at different timesDifferent species of butterfly have tongues of varying lengths, each specialized to the shape of the flowers produced by the plants it feeds onInvasive species that out-compete native species for key resources often drive the native species to extinctionPredationList 2 distinguishing characteristics of each type of predation:Characteristic 1Characteristic 2PredatorsHerbivoresParasitesMutualism: +,+Under what conditions would natural selection favor mutualism between two species?True/false: In a mutualistic relationship, neither species evolves traits suited to helping the otherProvide an exampleCommensalism: +, 0True/false: In commensalism, both species benefitProvide an exampleParasitism: +,-Provide an exampleKeystone SpeciesWhat is a keystone species and why are they important?Why are fruit bats and beavers considered to be keystone species in their habitats?Primary SuccessionDescribe this.Which types of organisms transform bare rock in to young soil? Provide two examples.Where do the mineral and organic components of the new soil come from?True/false: the number of species present always increases as succession proceeds.Secondary SuccessionHow does secondary succession differ from primary succession?How is the progression of species in secondary succession similar to that of primary succession?True/false: The Opening Story describes a sequence of primary successionTrue/false: In the Opening Story, Goldenrods are late-successional speciesAquatic SuccessionDescribe how are lakes can become filled in during aquatic succession:Species Richness, Latitude, Time, Theory of Island BiogeographyInfluence of this factor on species richness?What do you think causes this?LatitudeTimeThe older a habitat, the greater its species richness is likely to be; younger habitats have lower species richnessHabitat SizeLarger habitats present more niches; smaller habitats offer fewer resourcesDistance from other habitatsMC p. 174-176 7. 8. 9. 10. 5. 11. 6. 12. FRQ #2 p. 176. Use additional paper to answer this question.Chapter 7DemographyWhat types of environmental problems are being caused by China’s large population growth?In addition to population growth, economic development is increasing resource consumption in China. Explain why this causes resource consumption in a country to increase.Considering China’s growth, do you think the strict measures taken by the country’s government to reduce growth (such as the One Child Policy) are justified? Or is this a violation of human rights?Do you think it is possible for China to meet the needs of its large (and growing) population for resources without putting it on a path of unsustainable resource consumption? If so, how can they do it? If not, why can’t they do it?The population and resource problems facing China are playing out all over the world in developing countries. Do developed countries have an obligation to help solve these problems, or are they things that each country must address on their own? Explain your answer.What was Malthus’ prediction about the carrying capacity of the Earth, and why was he wrong?What do you think the major constraining limits on human population growth are? (In other words, what will be the critical limiting resources that determine Earth’s carrying capacity for humans?)DemographicsProvide the formula for calculating the change in population size over a given period of time:r = Calculate the doubling time for country Z with r=5%. Show your work.If country Q growth rate in 2017 was 3%, in what year would the population double? Show your work.What does the TFR of a country measure, and why is it an important demographic measurement?How does Life Expectancy vary across the globe, and what are the major factors that influence it?What information do population pyramids show, and why are they important demographic information?What is underlying cause of the demographic transition that most countries go through as they develop?Complete the following chart regarding the demographic transition:Stage IStage IIStage IIIStage IVWhat happens?Why?Impact on pop?What major factors tend to reduce the number of children families have?Based on the experiences of Thailand, Kenya and China in promoting family planning, what do you think the key is to reducing population growth in developing countries? Is this goal beneficial or harmful?Population pyramids- Which of the following countries, A or B, would be characterized as having rapid population growth? How do you know? What stage of the demographic transition model would you expect Country A to be in?Development, Consumption, IPATHow do the annual population growth rates of developed countries compare to developing countries?Why does calculating the per-capita ecological footprint for a country allow us to approximate the affluence level of the society?What are the 3 terms in the IPAT equation that affect a society’s impact on its environment? Give an example of how a change in each would cause a change in the society’s impact. Contrast the types of environmental problems which occur from local environmental impacts (typically in developing countries) and global environmental impacts (typically from developed countries).How does the percentage of people living in urban areas in developed countries compare to developing countries? We find that countries with very low GDPs per capita have little impact on the environment, then the impact rises as GDP increases, until eventually the impact begins to decrease. What causes this pattern (low impact rising impact falling impact)?MC p. 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.8.10.FRQ #2 (p.200) Chapter 17Human Health and Environmental RisksWhat are the 3 leading causes of death in the world?What are the main pathogens which transmit infectious diseases worldwide?Explain the difference between a chronic disease and an acute plete the following chart regarding major infectious diseases:DiseaseDescription/Symptoms?Chronic or Acute?How Does it Spread? Where in the world is it a problem?Bubonic PlagueMalariaTuberculosisHIV/AIDSEbolaMad Cow Bird FluWest Nile VirusComplete the following chart regarding the major types of harmful chemicals to humans:DescriptionSources Effects on HumansNeurotoxinsCarcinogensTeratogensAllergensEndocrine disruptorsWhat does a dose-response study try to determine?What does the LD50 indicate for a given substance?Explain the difference between an acute study and a chronic study.What is the difference between a retrospective study and a prospective study?Explain how biomagnifications occurs when a harmful chemical is present in low concentrations.Rank the following in order of how great the risk of death is (figure 17.23):Fire or smoke inhalationAirplane accidentCancerFirearm assault (shooting victim)EarthquakeFallingHeart DiseaseDrowningStruck by a vehicle while walkingCar crashWhat is the difference between qualitative risk assessment and quantitative risk assessment?Complete the following chart regarding the two main approaches to risk management (figure 17.25):DefinitionBenefitsDrawbacksInnocent-until-proven-guilty principlePrecautionary principleWhat occurred at the Stockholm Convention, and why was it important? MC pp. 486-487 6. 7. 8. 9. 5. 10. ................
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