Celebrating 200 Years at the Forefront of Medicine

Celebrating 200 Years at the Forefront of Medicine

a special collection of review and perspective articles published in 2012 to commemorate the nejm 200th a nniversary.

Celebrating 200 Years at the Forefront of Medicine

A special collection of review and perspective articles published in 2012 to commemorate the nejm 200th anniversary

Selections from the new england journal of medicine

Copyright ? 2013 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this work may be reproduced, displayed, transmitted, or distributed in any form or by any means or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher from the Rights and Permissions Department, Massachusetts Medical Society, 860 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451. This book is provided for informational purposes only, to complement other sources.

dear colleague:

In 2012, the New England Journal of Medicine celebrated 200 years of publishing practice-changing medical advances. Throughout the anniversary year, we published special content to commemorate this landmark event. The content that was published in print, a series of Review and Perspective articles that each explore a story of progress, is now collected in this book.

We hope that this collection continues to provide value and interest. The 200th anniversary celebrated the NEJM community -- from researcher to clinician reader -- that works together to bring discovery to practice every day. Thank you to all of those who contribute to this mission.

Jeffrey M. Drazen, M.D. Editor-in-Chief The New England Journal of Medicine

celebrating 200 years ii

the new england journal of medicine

contents

1 NEJM@200 -- Two Centuries at the Journal

3 A Reader's Guide to 200 Years of the New England Journal of Medicine Allan M. Brandt, Ph.D.

10 A Tale of Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction Elizabeth G. Nabel, M.D., and Eugene Braunwald, M.D.

20 The Perpetual Challenge of Infectious Diseases Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., and David M. Morens, M.D.

29 Patients and Doctors -- The Evolution of a Relationship Robert D. Truog, M.D.

35 A Patient with Asthma Seeks Medical Advice in 1828, 1928, and 2012 Erika von Mutius, M.D., and Jeffrey M. Drazen, M.D.

43 Major Trends in the U.S. Health Economy since 1950 Victor R. Fuchs, Ph.D.

48 What We Don't See Margaret Kendrick Hostetter, M.D.

55 The Evolving Roles of the Medical Journal Scott H. Podolsky, M.D., Jeremy A. Greene, M.D., Ph.D., and David S. Jones, M.D., Ph.D.

60 Two Hundred Years of Surgery Atul Gawande, M.D., M.P.H.

69 The Evolving Primary Care Physician Susan Okie, M.D.

75 Two Hundred Years of Cancer Research Vincent T. DeVita, Jr., M.D., and Steven A. Rosenberg, M.D., Ph.D.

83 The Burden of Disease and the Changing Task of Medicine David S. Jones, M.D., Ph.D., Scott H. Podolsky, M.D., and Jeremy A. Greene, M.D., Ph.D.

89 Two Centuries of Assessing Drug Risks Jerry Avorn, M.D.

95 Doctors, Patients, and Lawyers -- Two Centuries of Health Law George J. Annas, J.D., M.P.H.

101 Unfinished Journey -- A Century of Health Care Reform in the United States Jonathan Oberlander, Ph.D.

107 Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine Salmaan Keshavjee, M.D., Ph.D., and Paul E. Farmer, M.D., Ph.D.

113 Therapeutic Evolution and the Challenge of Rational Medicine Jeremy A. Greene, M.D., Ph.D., David S. Jones, M.D., Ph.D., and Scott H. Podolsky, M.D.

119 The Past 200 Years in Diabetes Kenneth S. Polonsky, M.D.

128 Two Hundred Years of Progress in the Practice of Midwifery Michael F. Greene, M.D.

137 A Glimpse of the Next 100 Years in Medicine Isaac S. Kohane, M.D., Ph.D., Jeffrey M. Drazen, M.D., and Edward W. Campion, M.D.

139 200th Anniversary Special Edition Poster Illustrations

iii

T h e n e w e ngl a nd j o u r na l o f m e dic i n ethe new england journal of medicine

editorial

NEJM@200 -- Two Centuries at the Journal

Two hundred winters ago, in January 1812, the ings celebrating the Journal's 200th anniversary

New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery was will appear throughout 2012.

born. In the centuries since then, the Journal has Thanks to our readers and contributing au-

chronicled the evolution of medicine and biosci- thors, the Journal has been fortunate enough to

ence. Immunization strategies have eradicated publish important work in many fields and is now

smallpox and have protected millions from other considered to be one of the premier journals in

formerly fatal infectious diseases. Thousands of the field. As we continue to evolve, our goal is to

new medicines, some targeted with precision, are serve the needs of the clinical and scientific com-

now available to clinicians. Novel, minimally in- munities. For example, our website, launched in

vasive techniques have changed the way we per- 1996, has become the preferred means of access

form procedures. Numerous human genomes have to the Journal for most of our readers. It facilitates

been sequenced, opening the door to an even the rapid online publication of written articles and

better understanding of diseases and their treat- offers rich multimedia content. Our special anni-

ments. And although health care delivery today versary website, NEJM200., includes a

is vastly different from that of prior eras, the timeline of important discoveries across the medi-

core precept of medicine -- one person helping cal spectrum, historical images with an enter-

another -- remains unchanged.

taining Image Challenge, videos that convey the

Now, beginning in this Northern Hemisphere history of the Journal and its editors, and other

winter of 2012, the Journal starts its third cen- exciting features.

tury of publication. We have special features that We want you to become involved in our anni-

highlight the remarkable progress that has taken versary celebration. Please post a story, video, or

place since the publication was launched. Our comment about your own path as a physician or

focus continues to be on the entire medical com- health care professional. Tell us who or what

munity, with its scientific insights and advances inspires your work in medicine, or share an ex-

in clinical care. We will emphasize the contribu- perience that has influenced your work. How

tions of the many clinicians, scientists, and study does the Journal help you with your practice, pa-

participants whose dedication, hope, and willing- tients, and peers? How does it help you with

ness to take risks have led to profound changes your research? And how could the Journal do a

in the health of the nation and of the world.

better job of meeting your needs?

Our anniversary series begins in this issue The Journal may be viewed as a mirror of our

with an article by Nabel and Braunwald that de- times and, we hope, a force for change as well.

scribes the first clinical descriptions of angina During the next century, we intend to continue

pectoris; in 1812, the first issue of the Journal publishing important new studies, discoveries,

opened with an article by John Warren on this and inventions in medicine, as well as to pro-

same topic. The current article takes us from vide current and innovative reviews and features.

those early insights to our current understand- We welcome your feedback, whether criticism or

ing of coronary artery disease and the remark- praise, as we continue to provide the very best

able improvements in its treatment, as well as information so that you can provide the best

the increased survival that has ensued. Offer- care to your patients.

n engl j med 366;1 january 5, 2012

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