Yield gap analysis of field crops - Food and Agriculture ...
41
Yield gap analysis of field crops
Methods and case studies
Cover photograph: ?FAO/Daniel Hayduk
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Yield gap analysis
FAO WATER REPORTS
of field crops:
41
Methods and case studies
VO Sadras South Australian Research & Development Institute, Australia KG Cassman and P Grassini University of Nebraska, USA AJ Hall IFEVA, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina WGM Bastiaanssen Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands AG Laborte International Rice Research Institute, The Philippines AE Milne Rothamsted Research, UK G Sileshi World Agroforestry Centre, Malawi P Steduto FAO, Italy
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), or of the Water for Food Robert B. Daugherty Institute concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not, these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO, or DWFI in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO, or DWFI.
ISBN 978-92-5-108813-5 (FAO)
Recommended citation: FAO and DWFI. 2015. Yield gap analysis of field crops ? Methods and case studies, by Sadras, V.O., Cassman, K.G.G., Grassini, P., Hall, A.J., Bastiaanssen, W.G.M., Laborte, A.G., Milne, A.E., Sileshi , G., Steduto, P. FAO Water Reports No. 41, Rome, Italy.
FAO and DWFI encourage the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgment of FAO and DWFI as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO's and DWFI's endorsement of users' views, products or services is not implied in any way.
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? FAO and DWFI, 2015
iii
Contents
List of figures
v
List of boxes
viii
List of tables
viii
Foreword
ix
Acknowledgements
x
Preface
xi
Summary
xii
1. Introduction
1
2. Definitions of crop yield
4
2.1. Evolution of yield criteria
4
2.2. Yield definitions
5
3. Scales, data sources and overview of methods
10
3.1. Actual yield data: spatial scales and accuracy
10
3.2. Temporal scales
15
3.2.1. Removing the dynamic components of environment and technology
15
3.2.2. Capturing the dynamic components of environment and technology
15
3.3. Modelled yield
18
3.3.1. Desirable attributes of models in yield gap studies
18
3.3.2. Weather data for modelling crop yield
19
3.3.3. Modelling yield within the context of a cropping system
22
4. Approaches to benchmark yield and quantify yield gaps
23
4.1. Approach 1: high-yielding fields, experimental stations and
23
growers contests
4.1.1. Sunflower in rainfed systems of Argentina
23
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