The Psychoanalytic Model of the Mind:



Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Neuroscience: Course Syllabus

Elizabeth Auchincloss, MD

The Psychoanalytic Model of the Mind:

Auchincloss, E.L. and Glick, R.A. (1998) “The Psychoanalytic Model of the Mind,” in Psychiatry, ed. R. Michels, Lippincott, Chapter 1

Brenner, C: ,(1955) Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis, Anchor Books1973.

Gabbard, G. (1994) Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, DSM IV edition, Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Press,

Jones, Ernest, (1961) The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, ed. L. Trilling & S. Marcus, Basic Books, Harper, NYC,

Rothstein, A. ,(1987) Models of the Mind: Their Relationship to Clinical Work, Workshop Series of the American Psychoanalytic Association, Monograph 1, International Universities Press

Cognitive Neuroscience

Posner, MI, (editor) (1996) The foundations of cognitive science, Cambridge,

MIT Press

Gazzaniga, MS, et al (1998) Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind,

Ne York W.W. Norton

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Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Neuroscience

Bucci, W (1997) Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Science: A Multiple Code Theory

,New York, Guilford Press

Erdelyi, MH, (1985) Psychoanalysis : Freud’s Cognitive Psychology, New York,

WH Freeman and Co

Raz, A et al (2002) Hypnosis and Neuroscience: A cross talk between clinical

and cognitive research, Archives of General Psychiatry 59:85-90

Solms, M et al, (2002) The Brain and the inner world: An introduction to the

neuroscience of subjective experience, New York, Other Press

Wakefield, JC (1992) Freud and cognitive psychology: The conceptual

interface, in The interface of psychoanalysis and psychology, ed. JW Barron

et al, Washington, American Psychological Association

Westen D (1998) The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a

psychodynamically informed psychological science, Psychological Bulletin

124:333-371

WHAT IS THE MIND?

What is the mind? The mind-body problem. The concept of emergent properties.

Kendler, Kenneth, S. (2001) A Psychiatric Dialogue on the Mind-Body Problem,

American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(7) 989-1000

Searle, JR, (1999) The Rediscovery of Mind, Cambridge, MIT Press

Why do we need a model of the mind?

Mentalization research/Theory of mind

How do we know others’ minds?

Frith, C. and Frith, U. (1999) Interacting Minds-A Biological Basis, Science

286:1692-1695

How do we know our own minds?

Gopnik, A. "How we know our minds: The illusion of first-person knowledge:"

Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1993) 16:1-14

ESSENTIALS OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL OF THE MIND

Concepts of psychic determinism

The dynamic unconscious

What is motivation?

Pleasure/pain principle

Reality principle/Adaptation

Conflict

Defense

What is psychic structure?

What is the developmental/genetic point of view?

Cooper, A.M. (1985)A historical review of psychoanalytic paradigms in Models

of the Mind, A. Rothstein, ed. Chapter 1, pp. 5-20, Madison, CO, IUP

Brenner, C., ,(1955) Two fundamental hypotheses, in An Elementary Textbook

of Psychoanalysis, Anchor Bookspp. 1-14 (see above)

Gabbard, G. (1994) Basic Principles of dynamic psychiatry, in Psychodynamic

Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, Chapter 1, pp. 3-28 (see above)

TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL OF THE MIND I

The dynamic unconscious/preconscious

Freud S. (1910) 5 Lectures on Psychoanalysis SE 11:29-39 (Lecture 3)

Freud S. (1909) A Case of Obsessional Neurosis SE 10:176-178

Freud S. (1916) Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis SE 16:295-296

Arlow, J. & Brenner, C. (1964) Psychoanalytic Concepts & Structural Theory,

NYC IUP Chapters 2&3 (The Topographic Theory and Freud's Criticism of the

Topographic Theory)

Clinical Applications:

The Concept of Neurosis

“Making the unconscious conscious”

Kubie, L () The concept of neurosis, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association

Updating the concept of the unconscious

Evidence for the unconscious

The cognitive unconscious versus the psychoanalytic unconscious

Kihlstrom JF(1995) The rediscovery of the unconscious in Morowitz H, Singer J:L

eds. The Mind, the Brain and Complex Adaptive Systems: Proceedings of the

Santa Fe Institute: Studies in the Sciences of Complexity col 22, Reading

Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co

LeDoux, Joseph ,(1996)The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of

Emotional Life, N.Y.C., Simon and Schuster

Schacter, DL (1992) Understanding implicit memory: a cognitive neuroscience

approach, American Psychologist 47:559-569

Shevrin, H, et al, (1996) Conscious and unconscious processes:

Psychodynamic, cognitive and neurophysiological convergences, New York,

Guilford Press

Westen, Drew, (1999) The scientific status of unconscious processes: is

Freud really dead? Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association

47(4): 1061-1107

The role of consciousness in mediating psychic life

Posner MI and Rothbart MK(1998) Attention, self regulation and consciousness,

Philos Trans R. Soc Lond Biol Sci353:1915-1927

Fan, J et al (2002) Testing efficiency and Independence of attention networks, J. Cog. Neurosci. 14(3):340-347

TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL OF THE MIND II

The narrative mind

The concept of fantasy/universal fantasies

Eagle, M (1959) The effects of subliminal stimulation with aggressive content

on conscious cognition, J. of Pers 27:678-688

Edelson, M (1992)Telling and Enacting Stories in psychoanalysis in The interface of

psychoanalysis and psychology, ed. JW Barron et al, Washington, American

Psychological Association

Freud, S. (1908) Creative Writers and Daydreaming, S.E.: pp.141-154.

Makari, G. & Shapiro, T. (1994) A Linguistic Model of Psychotherapeutic

Listening Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 3:37-43

Palumbo, R et al (1984) Effects of subliminal activation of Oedipal fantasies

on competitive performance, J. Nerv. Mental Dis 172:737-741

The narrative brain

Damasio, A, The Feeling of What Happens:

Language as mediator for psychic life

Bucci, W. (1995) The power of the narrative: a multiple code account in J.W. Pennebaker (ed) Emotion disclosure and health, Washington, American Psychological Press

Pavio, A et al (1989) Referential processing: reciprocity and correlates of naming and imaging Memory and Cognition 16 :163-174

Vygotsky, (1934) Thought and Language, Cambridge, MIT Press,

Evidence for psychic scripts

Luborsky, L and Crits-Cristoph, P. (1990) Understanding transference: The

CCRT method, New York, Basic Books

Shank R. and Abelson, (1977) Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: An

inquiry into human knowledge structures, Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum

Concepts of primary and secondary process/evidence for non-narrative

coding

Bucci W. (1997) Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Science: A Multiple Code Theory New

York, NY, Guilford Press,

DREAMS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS

Do dreams have meaning?

Do dreams represent wishes?

What is the purpose of dreaming?

Freud, S. (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams SE 4: 106-121

Greenberg, R.; Katz, H.; Schwartz, W.;, Pearlman, C.: (1992) A research based

Reconsideration of the Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreaming. JAPA 40:531-551

Hobson, JA, (1988) The Dreaming Brain, New York, Basic Books

Solms, M et al, (2002) The Brain and the inner world: An introduction to the

neuroscience of subjective experience, New York, Other Press

Winson, J (1992) The Function of REM sleep and the meaning of dreams, in

The interface of psychoanalysis and psychology, ed. JW Barron et al, Wash. Am Psy Assn

STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND I

What is the Ego?

Adaptation

Homeostasis

The representational mind

Arlow, J.A. and Brenner, C. (1964), Psychoanalytic Concepts and Structural

Theory, IUP, New York NY, pp. 31-35

Brenner, C., ,(1976) Psychic Conflict & The Task of The Analyst. Chapter 1 in

Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict, I.U.P. pp. 8-34

Sandler, J et al (1982) The concept of the representation world,

Psychoanalytic study of the child 17:128-145

Clinical application:

Conflict, defense and compromise

“Where id was there ego shall be”

Evidence for defense

The modular mind

Chandler, MJ et al (1978) The child’s demystification of psychological defense

mechanisms, Developmental Psychology 14:197-205

Cooper, SH, (1992) The Empirical Study of Defensive processes, in The

interface of psychoanalysis and psychology, ed. JW Barron et al, Washington,

American Psychological Association

Perry, J.C., (1989)Defense Mechanism Rating Scales Cambridge Hospital,

Cambridge, M.A.(revised)

Pinker, S. (1999)How the mind works, NYC, WW Norton

Willick, M. (1995) "Defense", in "Psychoanalysis: The Major Concepts", New

Haven, Yale University Press, pp. 485-493

STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND II

The concept of the drives: psychosexuality and aggression

Freud, S. (1910)Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis, SE: 11:40-55 (Lectures 4 & 5)

Motivational theory updated: affect, pleasure and pain

Emde, R. (1988) Development Terminable and Interminable I. Innate and

Motivational Factors From Infancy I.J.P. 69:23-42

Panksepp, J. (1982) Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions,

Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5: 407-467

Lichtenberg JD et al (1992)Motivation in psychoanalysis and psychology in The

interface of psychoanalysis and psychology, ed. JW Barron et al, Washington,

American Psychological Association

The mind and the body

Damasio, A(1994) The Somatic-Marker Hypothesis, Chapter 8 in Descarte's Error,

Emotion, Reason and The Human Brain, Avon Books, pp. 165-201

Kagan, J. et al (1991) Tempermental factors in human development, American Psychologist 46:856-860

Melnick, B. Psychoanalysis (1997) "Metaphor and The Theory of Libidinal Development" International Journal of Psychoanalysis997-1015

Lakoff H.G. and Johnson, M.(1999) Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and

its Challenges to Western Thought, N.Y.C., Basic Books

STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND III

The super ego

The ego ideal

Brenner, C., An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis, I.U.P., 1955, pp.

122-137.

Freud, S. (1927) Humor, SE 21:159-166

Morality and altruism updated

Gilligan C, et al (1988) The origins of morality in early childhood

relationships in C Gilligan et al, (ed) Mapping the moral domain Cambridge,

Harvard University Press

Rushton JP (1986) Altruism and aggression: the habitability of individual

differences, J. Personal and Social Psychology 50:1192-98

Trivers, RL (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism, Q. Rev Biol 46:35-57

Wright, R. (1994) The moral animal : The new science of evolutionary

psychology, New York, Random House

OBJECT RELATIONS MODEL OF THE MIND

What are object relations?

Greenberg, J. and Mitchells, S. Press(1983) Object Relations and Psychoanalytic

Models, in Object Relations in Psychoanalysis, Cambridge, Harvard U.

pp 9-20.

Kernberg, O. (1976) Normal and Pathological Development, in Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis, Jason Aronson, Inc. N.Y.C.,Chapter 2. pp. 55-83

Segal, H. ,(1984) The Paranoid-Schizoid Position in Introduction to the Work of

Melanie Klein New York, Basic Books pp 24-38.

The interpersonal matrix of development

Developmental object relations

Attachment theory

Separation Individuation

Beebe, B (1988) The contribution of mother-infant mutual influence to the origin of self and object representations, Psychoanalytic psychology 5:305-337

Bowlby, J (1960) Attachment, volume I in Attachment and Loss, New York, Basic Books

Polan H.J. and Hofer MA (1999) Psychobiological origins of infant attachment and

separation responses in Handbook of Attachment: Current Theory and Research,

Guilford: New York

Mahler, M. (1972) On The First Three Subphases of the Separation-Individuation

Process, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 53:333-338

Main, M (1988) Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: a move to the

level of representation, in Growing points of attachment: Theory and Research

monographs of the Soc. for Research in Child Development 50(1-2) ed.

Bretherton I et al

Blatt, Sid Object Relations Inventory

Clinical applications:

“On the road to object constancy”

Severe character disorders

Akhtar, S. (1994) Object Constancy and Adult Psychopathology International

Journal of Psychoanalysis, 75: 441-455,

Auchincloss, E. & Weiss, R. (1992) Paranoid Character and the Intolerance

of Indifference, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association,

40:1013-1037

Kernberg, O.F.,(1992)Psychopathic, Paranoid and Depressive Transferences in

Aggression in Personality Disorders and Perversions, New Haven, Yale

University Press, pp. 222-246.

The social construction of the human brain

Relationships as neuroregulators

Eisenberg, L(1995):The social construction of the human brain, American Journal

of Psychiatry152:1563-1575

Hofer, MA (1984) Relationships as regulators: a Psychobiological perspective on

bereavement (presidential address) Psychosomatic Medicine 2 46:183-197

Schore AN(1994) Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of

Emotional Development, Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Association

SELF PSYCHOLOGY MODEL OF THE MIND

What is self psychology?

Meyers, H., ,(1989) (Introduction To section entitled The Ego and the Self), in

Cooper, A.; Kernberg, O.; Person, E.; Psychoanalysis Toward the

Second Century, Yale p. 135-142

Michels, R. ,(1989) The Mind and It's Occupant's, in Cooper, A.; Kernberg, O.;

Person, E.; Psychoanalysis Toward the Second Century, Yale p. 143-152

Schafer, R. (1989)Narratives of the Self, in Cooper, A.; Kernberg, O.; Person,

E.; Psychoanalysis Toward the Second Century, Yale,pp.153-167

How does the self develop?

Stern, D. (1989) Developmental Prerequisites for the Sense of a Narrated Self, in

Cooper, A.; Kernberg, O.; Person, E.; Psychoanalysis Toward the Second

Century, Yale, pp.168-180.

Clinical applications:

Identity

Narcissism and pathological narcissism

Kohut, H. & Wolf, E. (1978) The Disorders of Self and Their Treatment: An

Outline in The Search for the Self, volume 3, ed. Paul Ornstein, NYC, IUP,

c.1990 pp. 359-386.

How does the brain produce the self?

Consciousness and the self

Damasio, A. (1994) The Body-Minded Brain, Chapter 10 in Descarte's Error,

Emotion, Reason and The Human Brain, Avon Books pp. 223-244

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